Magnetism

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Magnetism


Refer to the ability of the lodestone to attract iron. Lodestone- way-finding stone Magnetite- modern name for lodestone

Magnetic materials
 

(e,g, iron, steel and cobalt) Can be magnetized by

  

Stroking it with a permanent magnet Electric current Induction from Earths magnetism

Common Shapes of Magnet



Bar

Horseshoe

Ring

All magnets have north and south poles. North attracts south, south attracts north. North repels north, south repels south.

Magnetic Field of a Bar Magnet



Un-magnetized iron brought near a magnet becomes magnetized. Iron filings line up around bar magnet. This shows the shape of the magnetic field.

Compass Needle


Compass needles are just small magnets which twist into alignment with the magnetic field.

Theories of Magnetism


Wilhelm Weber

Each atom of a piece of magnetic material is a magnet itself Atoms arranged themselves in a magnetic domain

Magnetic Domains


The magnetic north-south axes of groups of iron atoms line up in the same direction. These groupings are called domains. In unmagnetized iron, the domains are randomly oriented. An external magnetic field will twist the domains into alignment

In unmagnetized iron, the domains are randomly oriented. In slightly magnetized iron, there is incomplete alignment of domains. In strongly magnetized iron, virtually all of the domains are aligned.

Theories of Magnetism


Hans Christian Oersted

Considers moving and spinning of electrons as sources of magnetism Electron is the smallest known magnet

Types of Magnetism


Ferromagnetismmaterials that are strongly attracted by a magnet. All electrons are spinning in the same direction.

Paramagnetic materials- weakly attracted to magnets



Include the transition metals, palladium, platinum and the actinide elements

Diamagnetism- weak response to a magnetic field



Instead of being attracted, diamagnetic materials are repelled by a magnetic field

Geomagnetism


Cosmic rays are electrons and protons streaming in from the Sun. Most of these particles are deflected by the Earth's magnetic field.

Law of Magnetic Poles



Like poles repel; unlike poles attract.

Magnetic Field


The region of magnetic influence around either a magnetic pole or a moving charged particle.