Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller)
UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller)
Donsin
UPFC - Coupling of converters' DC terminals offers a fundamentally different range of control options The UPFC combines together the features of two FACTS devices: the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). The DC terminals of the two underlying VSCs are now coupled, and this creates a path for active power exchange between the converters. Hence, the active power supplied to the line by the series converter, can now be supplied by the shunt converter, as shown in the Figure.
24/08/2007
VIGO (Spain)
Donsin
UPFC - Coupling of converters' DC terminals offers a fundamentally different range of control options
This topology offers three degrees of freedom, or more precisely - four degrees of freedom (two associated with each VSC) with one constraint (active powers of the VSCs must match). Therefore, a fundamentally different range of control options is available compared to STATCOM or SSSC. The UPFC can be used to control the flow of active and reactive power through the line and to control the amount of reactive power supplied to the line at the point of installation.
24/08/2007
VIGO (Spain)
DC -AC CONVERTER
STATCOM
SSSC
While operating both inverters as a UPFC, the exchanged power at the terminals of each inverter can be imaginary as well as real.
24/08/2007
VIGO (Spain)
Donsin
24/08/2007
VIGO (Spain)
Donsin
24/08/2007
Donsin
24/08/2007
VIGO (Spain)
Donsin
24/08/2007
WITHOUT UPFC
u
Donsin
( VA + VSERIE ) VB sin( u ) Ps = X
WITH UPFC
X = LINE REACTANCE
24/08/2007
VIGO (Spain)
Vserb r2
x2 r
V 0
Ps & Qs
xi
Vi i
UPFC
Donsin
The mathematical UPFC model has been derived with the aim of being able to study the relations between the electrical transmission system and UPFC in steady and transient conditions.
Ps
2
Ps 0.8
0.6
1 6
0.4 0.2
0 0 1 2
Qs 4
2
4 s
24/08/2007
VIGO (Spain)
Vi i Iij
Vb Vm - + Ii
Xs
Vj j
It is shown that the active and reactive powers can be expressed as below:
Vb .Vi . cos b Xs
. cos(ij + b )
Vm Iij
Vii Psi+Qsi
Qsi =
Vb
Qsj =
Vjj
Vi
Donsin
Vb .Vj Xs
Psi = Psj =
Vb .Vj Xs
. sin(ij + b )
Psj+Qsj
T1
S. Carregado
220 kV 55 km
T2
MP
Donsin
Scc=4400 MVA
UPFC
24/08/2007
T2
MV/LV
S. Carregado
Xp
Xf
Rf
Scc=4400 MVA
The complex nature of these phenomena does not favour a physical approach to the study of arc-length variation. Therefore, flicker investigations have been performed on the basis of the harmonic analysis. The arc furnace load looks like a voltage source of harmonics behind a series of impedance consisting of the secondary cables to the electrodes. A typical arc furnace model for simulation will include the furnace lead impedance and a constant voltage source behind it at each harmonic of concern. A typical arc furnace system is shown in the figure.
24/08/2007
(1) The bore down, lasts one or two minutes. The electrodes have to dive deeply into the scrap to heat it, thus inducing a high instability of the arc (succession of arc extinction and short-circuit between electrodes and scrap). (2) When the scrap is hot enough, the electrodes arc set higher to begin the melting phase (about 10 minutes). Due to collapses in the scrap, the arc is still quite unstable. (3) As the scrap becomes liquid, the laden phase takes place for another 10 minutes. During this phase, the operating point is quite stable.
24/08/2007
Donsin
Flicker is usually linked to the variation of arc length which is proportional to the arc voltage value V. Hence. We represent the flicker phenomenon by imposing a 10 Hz sinusoidal variation on V which provides the worst case of arc furnace operation. It is useful to investigate the effects of flicker compensation by UPFC. In order to approach periodic flicker behaviour, simulations can be made attributing to arc length a sinusoidal law with frequency close to the most sensitive for flicker perceptivity. For example, the frequency of 10 Hz can be chosen, which lies in the centre of the sensitivity range, close to the minimum of the flicker perceptivity threshold curve for sinusoidal voltage fluctuations.
24/08/2007
Donsin
24/08/2007
Donsin
24/08/2007
The main cause of harmonic problems in arc furnace operations is the interaction of power factor correction capacitors with the inductive reactance of the system. Donsin