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Kickoff Presentation
Kickoff Presentation
Preface
In This Presentation explores some papers to come up with an idea about what we can do as Farhoud s Thesis. Four Papers are explored in the presentation and sorted out in a way to give us an idea about the topic we are talking about then the kind of work that can be done.
1.6 Researchers
path loss have been carried out in the past by several researchers like Grosskopf (1987) in Germany, Rama Rao et al. (2000) and Prasad (2006) in India, The Perez-Vega-Zamanillo (2002) in Spain and Hosseinzadey (2003) in Iran among many others. The Perez-VegaZamanillo model is a simple propagation model for the VHF and UHF bands.
1.8.2 Cont,.
3. Scattering occurs when the properties of the object interacting with the radio wave is on the order of the colliding wavelength (e.g. from rough surfaces such as sea, rough ground and the leaves and branches of trees). 4. Absorption (e.g. by walls, foliage and by atmosphere) 5. Refraction (e.g. due to atmospheric layers or layered and graded materials) 6. The directional characteristics of both the transmitter and the receiver antennas.(Saunders 2005).
As you can see the Rain drops causes or at least being part of the above Multiplicative factors. This is why the DSD study is important in the wave propagation field. Some kind of the study approach is mentioned in Papers No 2&3.
1.8.3 Note
it is more conventional to subdivide the multiplicative noise factors as path loss, shadowing (slow fading) and fast fading (multipath fading). Shadowing (slow fading) Shadowing is the loss of field strength typically contributed to a diffracted wave emanating from an obstacle between transmitter antenna and receiver antenna (Saunders 2005). As passing through a shadow area requires considerable time, the name slow fading is commonly used. The shadow effect is modeled with a log-normal distribution of the mean signal. Fast Fading (Multipath Propagation) As radio waves are reflected or diffracted or scattered by trees, hills and mountains, buildings and other obstacles, they establish various transmission paths from the transmitter to the receiver antennas. Many reflections are produced in an urban environment and few reflections in rural areas. The multipath creates the most difficult problem in the digital broadcast environment.
Hata Cont,
For a terrain category such as the north of Mauritius, the antenna correction factor is given by
2. Second Paper
Raindrop Size Distribution Using Method of Moments for Terrestrial and Satellite Communication Applications in Singapore. K. Isaiah Timothy, Member, IEEE, Jin Teong Ong, and Emily B. L. Choo The aim is to optimize the values of DSD parameters, with distrometer measurements supplemented by the S-band radar data Although natural DSDs are highly variable, it is known that the three-parameter models, such as the gamma and the lognormal distributions, can model them reasonably well. The measured DSD can be fitted directly to three-parameter models through several methods of which maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and method of moments (MoM) are the most notable. The lognormal model is more advantageous in the sense that each of its parameters has a clear physical significance. Moreover, the parameters are linearly related to the moments of DSD. Therefore, we consider the lognormal model for describing the DSD. The Guys proposed a model that gives maximum(close to unity) APR and minimum RMS error when compared to any other set of DSD parameters.
The Above gives the impression that modeling these parameters as functions of Rain Rate (R)alone would not be adequate, because they take different values even at the same rain rate. In other words, DSD parameters are not only functions of(R) but also of some other controlling factor such as the type of rain.
3. Third Paper
Truncated Gamma Drop Size Distribution Models for Rain Attenuation in Singapore Lakshmi Sutha Kumar, Yee Hui Lee, Member, IEEE, and Jin Teong Ong, Member, IEEE Here is another kind of the work that can be done in this area. The work here is mainly about the Small Drop diamters and the effect of ignoring them in the total rain attenuation. A model that is less sensitive to errors in the extreme small and large drop diameters, the gamma model with central moments (3, 4 and 6), is proposed to model the rain drop size distribution of Singapore. This is because, the rain rate estimated using measured drop size distribution shows that the contributions of lower drop diameters are small as compared to the central drop diameters. This is expected since the sensitivity of the Joss distrometer degrades for small drop diameters. The lower drop diameters are therefore removed from the drop size data and the gamma model is redesigned for its moments. The effects of the removal of a particular rain drop size diameter on the specific rain attenuation (in dB) and the slant-path rain attenuation calculations with forward scattering coefficients for vertical polarization are analyzed at Ku-band, Ka-band and Q-band frequencies.
3.1 Conclusion
The Guys proved that the sensitivity of the Joss distrometer although affects the rain rate estimation at low rain rates, does not affect the slant path rain attenuation on microwave links. Therefore, the small drop diameters can be ignored completely for slant path rain attenuation calculations in the tropical region of Singapore.
4. Fourth Paper
Mobile Radio Propagation Path Loss Studies at VHF/UHF Bands in Southern India T. Rama Rao, Student Member, IEEE, S. Vijaya Bhaskara Rao, M.V.S.N. Prasad, Mangal Sain, A. Iqbal, and D. R. Lakshmi The Work in this paper is very similar with what has been done in the First Paper. But in a different band, and Different conclusions. The Propose Correction factors as well. Field strength measurements at 200, 400 and 450 MHz (VHF/UHF band) were conducted with the field strength meter placed on board of a vehicle in Southern India. Observed field strength values were converted into path losses and are compared with different path loss prediction methods like Hata, Egli, Blomquist Ladell, COST 231 Walfisch Ikegami, Walfisch Bertoni and ITU-R. These path loss studies are carried out in urban, suburban and open areas in this region. The results showed that Hata s method gave better agreement with observed values in urban, suburban and open regions. COST 231 Walfisch Ikegami model is also in good agreement with the observed values in urban and suburban regions. Egli and Blomquist Ladell methods showed moderate agreement in open region only. The agreement of Walfisch Bertoni and ITU-R methods with observed values is not good. Irrespective of the prediction models deployed, estimated values always have to be verified by measurements. If necessary, correction factors have to be derived and introduced in further predictions
4.3 Results
The standard deviation of errors (error observed path loss calculated path loss) of some of the famous prediction models are predicted below
A comparison of different prediction methods with observed path losses showed that Hata s prediction method gave better agreement in all cases The advantage of this method lies in its adaptability to different environments by incorporating correction factors for various environments. COST 231 Walfisch Ikegami method is in agreement in urban and suburban areas.
5. Conclusion
propagation models, and the coverage areas and failures can be carried out in many methods. The main resource in the research is taking a measurements, then analyze them and come up with conclusions and results. Which was expected based on Dr. Amr comments in the last meeting. The Results and some times a correction factors can hugely increaser the performance and QoS of the communication system under the study in a specific city or a country. Study the DSD will not add much, as Egypt s weather is not considered a rainy one.
6. Next Step
A. B. Deciding the Communication system that will be studied. Is it a broadcasting system, Satellite, Microwave, Mobile System etc? The prediction methods that will be employed, should be studied, understood and digested by farhoud.This includes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. M. Hata, Empirical formula for propagation loss in land mobile radio services, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 29, pp. 317 325, 1980. J. J. Egli, Radio propagation above 40 Mc over irregular terrain, Proc. IRE, vol. 45, pp. 1383 1391, 1957. A. Blomquist and L. Ladell, Prediction and calculation of transmission loss in different types of terrain, , FOA report, 1974. J. Doble, Introduction to Radio Propagation for Fixed and Mobile Communications:Artech House, 1996. J.Walfisch and H. L. Bertoni, A theoretical model of UHF propagation in urban environments, IEEE Trans. Ant. Prop., vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 1788 1796, 1988. ITU-R recommendation P.529-2, , Prediction methods for the terrestrial land mobile service in VHF and UHF bands, , 1995.
c.
Farhoud should find out away to rent a field strength meter (FSM) of the chosen system.