Two-ray ground-reflection model

The two-rays ground-reflection model is a multipath radio propagation model which predicts the path losses between a transmitting antenna
and a receiving antenna when they are in line of sight (LOS). Generally, the two antenna each have different height. The received signal
having two components, the LOS component and the reflection component formed predominantly by a single ground reflected wave.

Mathematical derivation[1][2]
From the figure the received line of sight component may be written as

and the ground reflected component may be written as

2-Ray Ground Reflection diagram including variables for the 2-ray

where is the transmitted signal, is the length of the direct line-of- ground reflection propagation algorithm.
sight (LOS) ray, is the length of the ground-reflected ray, is
the combined antenna gain along the LOS path, is the combined
antenna gain along the ground-reflected path, is the wavelength of the transmission ( , where is the speed of light and is the

transmission frequency), is ground reflection coefficient and is the delay spread of the model which equals . The
ground reflection coefficient is[1]

where or depending if the signal is horizontal or vertical polarized, respectively. is computed as follows.

The constant is the relative permittivity of the ground (or generally speaking, the material where the signal is being reflected), is the angle
between the ground and the reflected ray as shown in the figure above.

From the geometry of the figure, yields:

and

Therefore, the path-length difference between them is

and the phase difference between the waves is

The power of the signal received is

where denotes average (over time) value.

Approximation

If the signal is narrow band relative to the inverse delay spread , so that , the power equation may be simplified to

where is the transmitted power.

When distance between the antennas is very large relative to the height of the antenna we may expand ,

using the Taylor series of :

and taking the first two terms only,

The phase difference can then be approximated as

When is large, ,

and hence

Expanding using Taylor series

and retaining only the first two terms

Reflection co-efficient tends to -1 for large d.

it follows that

so that
and path loss is

which is accurate in the far field region, i.e. when (angles are measured here in radians, not degrees) or, equivalently,

and where the combined antenna gain is the product of the transmit and receive antenna gains, . This formula was first obtained by
B.A. Vvedenskij.[3]

Note that the power decreases with as the inverse fourth power of the distance in the far field, which is explained by the destructive
combination of the direct and reflected paths, which are roughly of the same in magnitude and are 180 degrees different in phase. is
called "effective isotropic radiated power" (EIRP), which is the transmit power required to produce the same received power if the transmit
antenna were isotropic.

In logarithmic units
In logarithmic units :

Path loss :

Power vs. distance characteristics

When the distance between antennas is less than the transmitting antenna height, two waves are added constructively to yield bigger power.
As distance increases, these waves add up constructively and destructively, giving regions of up-fade and down-fade. As the distance increases
beyond the critical distance or first Fresnel zone, the power drops proportionally to an inverse of fourth power of . An approximation to
critical distance may be obtained by setting Δφ to π as the critical distance to a local maximum.

An extension to large antenna heights

The above approximations are valid provided that , which may be not the case in many scenarios, e.g. when antenna heights
are not much smaller compared to the distance, or when the ground cannot be modelled as an ideal plane . In this case, one cannot use
and more refined analysis is required, see e.g.[4][5]

Propagation modeling for high-altitude platforms, UAVs, drones, etc.

The above large antenna height extension can be used for modeling a ground-to-the-air propagation channel as in the case of an airborne
communication node, e.g. an UAV , drone, high-altitude platform. When the airborne node altitude is medium to high, the relationship
does not hold anymore, the clearance angle is not small and, consequently, does not hold either. This has a profound
impact on the propagation path loss and typical fading depth and the fading margin required for the reliable communication (low outage
probability).[4][5]

As a case of log distance path loss model

The standard expression of Log distance path loss model in [dB] is

where is the large-scale (log-normal) fading, is a reference distance at which the path loss is , is the path loss exponent; typically
.[1][2]This model is particularly well-suited for measurements, whereby and are determined experimentally; is selected for
convenience of measurements and to have clear line-of-sight. This model is also a leading candidate for 5G and 6G systems[6][7] and is also
used for indoor communications, see e.g.[8] and references therein.

The path loss [dB] of the 2-ray model is formally a special case with :
where , , and

which is valid the far field, = the critical distance.

As a case of multi-slope model

The 2-ray ground reflected model may be thought as a case of multi-slope model with break point at critical distance with slope 20 dB/decade
before critical distance and slope of 40 dB/decade after the critical distance. Using the free-space and two-ray model above, the propagation
path loss can be expressed as

where and are the free-space and 2-ray path losses; is a minimum path loss (at smallest
distance), usually in practice; dB or so. Note that and also follow from the law of energy conservation (since the
Rx power cannot exceed the Tx power) so that both and break down when is small enough.
This should be kept in mind when using these approximations at small distances (ignoring this limitation sometimes produces absurd results).

See also
Radio propagation model
Free-space path loss
Friis transmission equation
ITU-R P.525
Link budget
Ray tracing (physics)
Reflection (physics)
Specular reflection
Six-rays model
Ten-rays model

References
1. Jakes, W.C. (1974). Microwave Mobile Communications. New York: IEEE Press.
2. Rappaport, Theodore S. (2002). Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice (2. ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 978-0130422323.
3. Vvedenskij, B.A. (December 1928). "On Radio Communications via Ultra-Short Waves". Theoretical and Experimental
Electrical Engineering (12): 447–451.
4. Loyka, Sergey; Kouki, Ammar (October 2001). "Using Two Ray Multipath Model for Microwave Link Budget Analysis". IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Magazine. 43 (5): 31–36.
5. Loyka, Sergey; Kouki, Ammar; Gagnon, Francois (Oct 2001). Fading Prediction on Microwave Links for Airborne
Communications. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference. Atlantic City, USA.
6. Rappaport, T. S.; et al. (Dec 2017). "Overview of millimeter wave communications for fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks
— with a focus on propagation models". IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 65 (12): 6213–6230.
7. Rappaport, T. S.; et al. (June 2019). "Wireless Communications and Applications Above 100 GHz: Opportunities and
Challenges for 6G and Beyond". IEEE Access. 7: 78729–78757.
8. "ITU model for indoor attenuation" (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ITU_model_for_indoor_attenuation&oldid=10
12075065), Wikipedia, 2021-03-14, retrieved 2022-01-24; see also [1] (https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/p/R-REC-P.1
238-8-201507-S!!PDF-E.pdf)

Further reading
S. Salous, Radio Propagation Measurement and Channel Modelling, Wiley, 2013.
J.S. Seybold, Introduction to RF propagation, Wiley, 2005.
K. Siwiak, Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications, Artech House, 1998.
M.P. Doluhanov, Radiowave Propagation, Moscow: Sviaz, 1972.
V.V. Nikolskij, T.I. Nikolskaja, Electrodynamics and Radiowave Propagation, Moscow: Nauka, 1989.
3GPP TR 38.901, Study on Channel Model for Frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz (Release 16), Sophia Antipolis, France,
2019 [2] (https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=3173)
Recommendation ITU-R P.1238-8: Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning of indoor radiocommunication
systems and radio local area networks in the frequency range 300 MHz to 100 GHz [3] (https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/r
ec/p/R-REC-P.1238-8-201507-S!!PDF-E.pdf)
 S. Loyka, ELG4179: Wireless Communication Fundamentals, Lecture Notes (Lec. 2-4), University of Ottawa, Canada, 2021
[4] (https://www.site.uottawa.ca/~sloyka/)

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