Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Wireless Communication
4th Chapter
Introduction
Frequency dependence
Propagation Models
Propagation Models
Propagation Models
G=4 Ae /2
9
= c/f.
c is speed of light,
Pt and Pr must be in same units
Gt ad Gr are dimensionless
An isotropic radiator, an ideal radiator which radiates power with unit gain
uniformly in all directions, and is often used as reference
10
the ERP will be 2.15dB smaller than the EIRP for same
Transmission medium
11
PL = - 10 log { ^2/(4)^2d^2}
12
The far field or Fraunhofer region that is beyond far field distance df given as
:
df=2D2/
The Friis free space equation does not hold for d=0
Large Scale Propagation models use a close-in distance, do, as received
power reference point, chosen such that do>= df
13
Example
For 900MHz
=3*10^8/900*10^6)=0.33m
df= 2D^2/ =2(0.5)^2/0.33=1.5m
14
Example
15
solution
16
Propagation Mechanisms
Reflection
Diffraction
Scattering
17
Propagation Mechanisms
Explains how radio signals can travel urban and rural environments
without a line of sight path
Reflection
19
20
Reflection- Dielectrics
21
Reflection
()= / =
()= =
=permeability,=permittivity
22
Reflection-Perfect Conductor
Here we have r= i
(parallel)= 1
(perpendicular)= -1
23
24
25
26
27
28
Path Difference
29
Phase difference
E0 d 0
ETOT (t ) 2
sin
d
2
2 hr ht
0.3 rad
2
d
E0 d 0 2 hr ht
k
ETOT (t ) 2
2 V/m
d
d
d
=
30
Diffraction
31
Diffraction
32
33
34
where
35
36
Fresnel zones
37
Fresnel zones
38
Diffraction gain
39
40
Numerical solution
0
20 log(0.5-0.62v)
20 log(0.5 e- 0.95v)
20 log(0.4-(0.1184-(0.38-0.1v)2)1/2)
20 log(0.225/v)
-1
[-1,0]
[0,1]
[1, 2.4]
> 2.4
41
Example
42
43
Example
44
45
46
47
Scattering
rough surfaces,
small objects,
or by other irregularities in the channel.
48
Scattering
49
Scattering
Outdoor propagation
Environment
Based on the coverage area, the Outdoor
propagation environment may be divided into
three categories
1. Propagation in Macro cells
2. Propagation in Micro cells
3. Propagation in street Micro cells
51
Outdoor propagation
Environment
52
53
54
Transmission frequency
Path length
Polarization
Antenna heights
Surface reflectivity
Ground conductivity and dialectic constants
Climate factors
Okumura Model
56
Okumura Model
First of all the model determined the free space path loss
of link.
After the free-space path loss has been computed, the
median attenuation, as given by Okumuras curves has
to be taken to account
The model was designed for use in the frequency range
200 up to 1920 MHz and mostly in an urban propagation
environment.
Okumuras model assumes that the path loss between
the TX and RX in the terrestrial propagation environment
can be expressed as:
57
Okumura Model
Estimating path loss using Okumura Model
1. Determine free space loss and Amu(f ,d ), between points of interest
2. Add Amu(f ,d) and correction factors to account for terrain
58
Okumura Model
59
100
Urban Area
ht = 200m
hr = 3m
Amu(f,d) (dB)
50
40
30
20
d(km)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
2
1
10
100
2000
3000
60
f (MHz)
60
61
Example
62
Hata Model
63
Hata Model
The Hata model for urban areas is given by the empirical formula:
L50, urban = 69.55 dB +26.16 log(fc)- 3.82 log(ht) -a(hr) + (44.9 6.55 log(ht)) log(d)
64
Hata Model
The correction factor a(hr) for mobile antenna height hr for a small or
medium-sized city is given by:
a(hr) = (1.1 logfc 0.7)hr (1.56 log(fc) 0.8) dB
To obtain path loss for suburban area the standard Hata model is
modified as
L50 =L50(urban)-2[log(fc/28)]2-5.4
Indoor Models
Indoor Models
Indoor Models
68
70
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
Effect of frequency
Effect of Height