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KB Swo
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1 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BTwBM a wBw B zkA SiB{ /A ~
1 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BTwBM a v SB /1 yhM
4 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BTwBM a AnwA yM /2 yhM
9 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Aj B Ap BQoM /3 yhM
12 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Aj B] BT]A jB~TA nBTiBw /A
15 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / wBw Bv AkQ /4 yhM
19 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /SvCkA KT /j ~
19 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /tw /1 yhM
19 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / tw BT{ kp /A
24 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / tw zkA s /J
28 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Sj o /N
32 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Se o /R
36 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /a gnBU nj tw BB] /V
37 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /SvCkA KT AoQ /2 yhM
37 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / vUv ,tv /A
39 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BvA L /J
41 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Sj SB /N
43 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / JA BU /R
47 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / AoSL KT /w ~
47 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / vU /1 yhM
47 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / kp bo{ /A
49 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /vBU /J
51 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BU B s /N
53 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / hnBU Sj /R
55 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / AoSL KT AoQ /2 yhM
BTwBM a wBw zkA . nBa
55 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / vUAa ,vUB /A
56 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / AoSL yM /J
58 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / oM{C Aiji :vUB /N
60 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / AoM{C :vUAa /R
62 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / vUAa vUB hnBU BB] /V
65 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Aokjw KT /nBa ~
65 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / tw /1 yhM
65 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / kp bo{ /A
68 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Aokjw o /J
69 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /Sj BTwBi /N
71 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Sj s nB /R
74 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Sok /V
76 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / tw hnBU BB] /Z
79 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / AoB Ao A KT /\Q ~
79 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /vU B /1 yhM
79 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / kp bo{ /A
82 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / gnBU /J
85 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BvA L /N
87 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Sj SB /R
89 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B oUoM /V
92 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Sok /Z
94 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / gnBU nj vUB BB] /^
97 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BwnoM MpBM
102 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BMBT MB
105 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BB B
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(Yu-chao)
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bo AU oj Un M An A /1<jnAm kp oM oU SwA oYFU
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nj B Tvh BrAzAj BrA oU AoMBM /knAjnioM <@jM pBTA> pA BC
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1. John koller, Oriental Philosophies, 2nd ed. (New York: Charles Suribner's sons. 1985) P.245;
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1/jo AkT An zoMA S q nUAoPA A ov
opBC BnqM A ,a T{C qn pAn oQ BTwBM BnwA BBvA M BM BA

jBTA BUA BC pA yQ kw AnAq yoC jAkin M ,kjL ozM B{pC BTwBi
A oM BvA kB
RBAe ,BvA BvA jAoA AnAq oj k C nj /SwA jM
ZBU ShU oM Bw 18000 M jq pAnj Bp BC pA ioM kAkAn Bo B]

jC ,BC pA yQ M ,Sv B] gnBU pBCow jAoA A B{jBQ nj p BA /kAjM
1. C.P. Fitzgerald, China; A Short Cultural History, (London: The Gresset Press, 1950) P.14.
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pA uQ SiAjoQ B] nB M C ya BM A BA ;jM BBwM T{C B] ,jB
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Bo] nBMj k A BU kj n BBvzi Bqp ,BjBMjo ,BMw a
/kwoM o M AnBkM kMB
(1348 ,poQ RAnBzTA :AoU) j NBa ,Se o A ]oU ,BjA B] gnBU ,tB B] /1
/223 | ,B /2
/221@|
BTwBM a wBw zkA . 6
BA ji o jM gnBU oj M Ba kj Bz BnwA A
M A TBn j{ kj BBM A nj `C S kBM BA /kAT{Aj nATwA
Anj jM oa BTwBM a l oM Ba oBwA yM /SwBnAkkQ BjAkin ov
Kve oM BkkQ /kz AkQ BjAkn LU Bn AkQ AoM To pAnj
a oBwA l ,oj hw M /k{ TvAj BwC MBU p kk{ ]U BBvA
BB{jBQ SwA pA /SB AUB BwC nBM S@ Bo oMAoM nj An p Bjo
k jAnA C o kTvAj oUoM nB Bo kB B ,n B <BwC ovQ> An ji a
Rnk ,KUoU kM /k U Bjo kp oM An o BBvzi BMw BM kAU
zkA Bp BU /jM BwC Bo pA Bjo toU pA kC oM Unk ,BB{jBQ
/SwA nAkBQ Unk a kB kkQ
pA yQ Bw nAq jke kB{ /jM AnwA a jo M BnB LU pAnj Bkw
ioM k{ AkQ a l nj Ao Be nj zkA Bn cv j
j qa o nj kjAj o kjM a AkzkA Tvh kB{ B Bjo
A /@ (Yin) oj C (Yang) B :SwA ThC M od o B B
zU o j A MBT
MAn pA jnAj j] Tv B] nj a o kjM kT AkzkA
:jnAj j] Bz oYA ,j C o pA qa o nj AoMBM SwA k{
n RnAoe ,(SB) SB S~i AnAj Ajo o <B>
oB Th AA M o RAj] BU B] nj An qa o SwA
kp B pBC jnAj B A S~i jB o <
> BA /kA<B>
L] <
> SLX S] <B> /SwA wBU kAU AAo nnBM
1/kTv SL B]
1. Paul Monroe, China; A Nation in Revolution (New York: Macmillan Company, 1928) P.69.
RAnBzTA :AoU) B{BQ ]oU ,BTwBM a v gnBU ,B] oL B]a :M k B n

/73 | (1354 ,nBpB
An S]n RBLYA RB ,B> RB SwA Be nj qa o

KLw AkM A jjo SYA SBe () BA o oj Be nj kj Bz
oj Rn M Un pA kLU o nj j o qa o nj B j SwA
nB{C An <> o p BB An <B> o BwC ,BX AoM 1</jnAj nAo
:j{ BB BC pA Bh o kC nj oj Un M d o SwA kAjo@
,nBU {n ,B k{ni ,p BwC nj j A uQ /SwA jB o B>
2</ko Bkp
nj M ,Sv BC UAl jB pA {B Bqa TiA ,B AkzkA A B M

C o jB KUoU kM /SwA o TBe ji M M SwBC jo a
M Un pA j{ oj Bs RB AnAj SBe o> nj kj SBe oU
a AoT ,oj hw M 3</kMB B@Ak] B Un o kC nj oj Un
BTBe kLU nj TwQ An qa o M ,kT{Ak AzkA n~U <RAl> B A jB pA @
BC S ]nj BM KwBT An Bqa M TiA Aq ,kkj BUn oU
/kjo oLU <Soe> <> M C pA kT{AkQ
BC Ap AkQ RAj] kLU a BM AoM a k AoT
An BU B /kjoM B <BU> A M C pA kjo AnA Ao ,kTiAjoQ An BM o
v AoQ k{ TvAj An B M B SL An B M B rA A SwA
M B kzkA An> tBwA nj BU /kkqoM joi M ThC kp AoM TvBU
,SwA Bwnjw RBXeBL nj
dw oA o ,BAoBU o nj Aop ,SwA kzk
:jo q\U An (Wu-Wei) M BU C 4</SwA yhMBp oTzM kp AoM o
/225 | ,B ,tB B] /1
/172-173 | ,zQ ,B]n M k B n /B ,B] a /2
3. Ibid. P.80.
/198 | (1356 ,oLoA RAnBzTA :AoU) Jo oMAoM nj BwC ,BB{ xnAj /4
BTwBM a wBw zkA . 8
BA </SwA oB nA BM /k \U (oYFU k) jo An pA

BU>
L B Bh jM o pA nAjji M ,Sv d M ,M
B B BvA /jM BC ji yn M BnB jo Bn M ,oj hw M /k{BM B]
nj Uke M j{ z oU BM j{ oTv nj jM v ,SvBU nB
:kMB B@C Sv B] Anm BnAkkQ uQ
a o ow
A ,kMB yB pn M pn qa ,BU w ow nj
nB o jAj B\A pA B o kwn M M jC ,j{ oTzM
C kB nB jo
l /// j{ B\A qa BC ,j{ nAjji
BU S oe /// jn uQ ,kMBT{ ,Bqa tBA oMAoM nj SwA
yhw SwA C kB yw ,JC An kB ,SwA oM
1/SwA

B nj keA B { B] ,k Soe BU B M BM RAj] B o

kT BU o AnAkLB] /jQ kAi An RjBw w M jo kAi Be KwBU
BM nUAoPA j A jBTA BUA (Shun) { (Yao) B nUAoPA nj nj TBe a kjM
owAow BC nBpn ,n A pA ;kkAn e B] oM C nTwj M BM BU B M joM Q
np nBpn B kMB Bo] BU B M BM pBM Be o@A Be jM kio
SvM kw nj { B BTe pA a gnBU nj) /k{ kAi nAj nBMj BjCoM
(/j{ joM B BwnBQ Se A M ,j pA yQ w
nj k o An SL oCT{ AkB] ,qCpAn oB vBU
v BzkA ioM B{ q ,BA RBAoi BB kB vw kooM nj Be
2/SwA jM To nAo C oM a Bjo Ben kp SwA Bo
/122 | ,zQ ,B]a cU M k B n ;206 | /B /1

2. Ibid. P.102; and Fitzgerald, Op. Cit. P.265.
Aj B Ap BQoM /3 yhM

<qBQ nBM> hnBU Bnj kooM nj <BTwBM nj> nj a v B{ o~
B w Ap nj ,jM //N 221 BU 480 pA <BTj ]> //N 481 BU 770 pA
p nj kkC j]M v <KT k> o nj A nj /Sn nB{ M Aj
KT ,BLT A oUnAkB oUlBM pA /kTiAjoQ SMB n M BT]A Bv BzkA
vBn KT tw Aokjw KT ,TvBU KT ,ww@
,jo jB\A An a wBw oU BA BKT /kjM ,vU B AoB
Tv]oM BLT A Ao]B M TiAjoQ pA yQ BA /kkoC An a wBw zkA BjB
BManBa Aop ,jo nB{A Aj B BT{Am nAo BjBM M SwA p a v
kk{ U Aj B nj j] Be \T nj jBp ke BU wBw zkA A
/kjM Aj nj Akpo ,a BTwBM AoT
BnwA nj C wBw gnBU sM a gnBU BBpBC k{ T n B
Se jqw ,k{ koC p BwC C pA uQ ,BnwA A M BM /SwA BQ
j] M ,kjnC Aj Bw 81000 ozM Se p Se jpB ,BwC
A k{ nAkkQ ,v BTeA M ,jnp nUAoPA j pA yQ T SvM kw nj /kkC
A Bp pA Tw nBT n M a gnBU /jo BQoM k Se jM BvA Tvh
Apo BB{jBQ nBTiA o@nB M BTwBM k wBw BBvA oT j{ pBC
,BBvA A MBM /kTvp j pA yQ w SvM kw nj SwA Mo { B
BwnBQ kjoi op ,{ M An C M ,jo nAm@A ji kpo M An ShU ZBU B
Tvh ,kqoM zB] M An(Y) B M oj jo { /jAj BTA ,jM
nBa pA yM jo BQ oM An (Chia) Ba B (Hsia) Bv ,Yn AkBi jM nUAoPA
nj kj Bz wBzBTwBM BTB 1/S{Aj Aj //N 1766 BU 2205 pA ,kw
1. Lin Mousheng, Men and Ideas (Washington: Kennikat press / port, 1942) P.18.
BTwBM a wBw zkA . 10
1/k{ nAo oM a nj nAjjoM B nj
k\ kw nj An vw A /j{ pBC (Shang) B{ vw BM a oLT gnBU

An MA A /jo BQoM ,jM TBA @Be pBC nj ,(Tang
Wang)
A BU ,j pA yQ
jM (Chieh) a B M oTw Se op Bp C nj An Bv AkBi jo oLn

TBA @Be A (Wu
Wang)
A ,j pA yQ jpB kw BBBQ nj /SiAkAoM
SiAkAoM (Chow) a B M oTw Bp nj An B{ vw jo pBC An oj MA ,jM

A M ,pAkAoM Ak A B ,JA j A pA a gnBU nj /jo BQoM An (Chou) a vw
/kAjo jB AoTw BTe TiAkAoM e zQ
An a SBA @Be ,kwn nUAoPA M ,<k{ BwC ovQ> A Bp
ji opSvh M ,jM Aj nqM nUAoPA kBpBw v oj u o pA yM
Bp kzhM BM jo BQ oM nkT Te nUAoPA ,opSvh BU M BM /kqoM
,k BAoe BkBpBM ,nBvM AoA ,Aop ,B{jBQ jABi BA M pnBz@
A /jnC j]M jBp (BwA) kBzSwj BTBA ,jBTA oM vw B{jBQ oiC ovQ
Twj [Q M Aj KUAo vw o pA ,pnBz Bp BLeB B ,Aj BMBMnA
,Sv ,nA ,unB ,j An BC AU Jo Aj BrA joMnB BM) /kk{ vU
2/(kB nBM
jM Aj rn ji ,oj B B jM zj ,kBz Swj SBA o

B BTwjop M ,kjM nUAoPA kzhM B ,An ji SBA pA BzhM nqM JBMnA
,BQkM RBB ,A op /jo nAm@A ,kT{Aj LUAo vw BC ji BBwA
nAo vw A BM KUAo nj LUn BQ AkzAj BQ B
AkzAj ,nkB AkzAj
~d p pA BjoM nB BM Tv ji B o A BTwjop BkBz Swj /kT{Aj
/175 | (1353 ,oL{ RAnBzTA :AoU) iowkM / ]oU ,k

Bj gnBU ,n /J / /1
2. Ibid; and Fitzgerald, OP. Cit. P.59.
Bp kAT /kjAj nB]A Bow B Ao]BTv M An ji Bp B ,kTo

nj qo nq nj nB /kk{ vU JoB Jo M pnBz@
Sz JBMnA AoM An nq C Bow /jM ~i C AoQ Bnq
1/kjo nB ji AoM ~i Bnq nj ,kjo
nj nUAoPA /S{Aj AjoTv KUAo vw Aj nUAoPA j{ kj KUoU kM

BSv ,BnA ,BunB ,Bj) kT{Aj nAo B\Q RBL A pA uQ ,BM
AkzAj ,LUoB RBB ,BA op q jAoA A pA Ak o Bo op /(BnBM
zU An nUAoPA @Be L Bo A /kT{Aj nAo LUn BQ BQB
,BQkM
L kjM BjoM Bow ,jo BjU ,KUAo vw w BBQ nj /kjAj
B jBM A /jM B o { M nUAoPA owAow /kjAj zU An oLBo
C oM qA /SwA BLUA @Be nUAoPA AnA KeB nUAoPA jM A Aj
kC JBve M q Ben AzQ oUBM ,S{Aj BwC ovQ A M B KLw M
Ben BnB M M ,SiAjoQ jo opn kp Bj BnB M BU A oMBM
Bd pA ,Aj o~ ,KUoU kM /jo kwn jo kp nUAoPA
AnUAoPA ,o~ A Svh nj /j pA yQ 221 BU 1122 pA ,kB nAkBQ kw o
Bnj M ji ,j BA ,kjM ji S@Be BA e M njB yM @
Ap BdA M n [nkTM Aj B ,j{ vU <BSj ]> <qBQ nBM>
o BBo] BU jnC j]M Ap UoQ nj A> BA ,k{ jMB B\Aow S{Am@
B M RdU A Bo] nj 2</k n ,kjM AodM AoM hwBQ BLkM Bi
Tv Rnk kAq n M MBU BTBA ,jAj Swj pA An Te nAkT A nUAoPA ]nj
/kjnC Swj M
1. Idid. P.19; and Fitzgrald. P.60.
/167 | ,zQ ,B]n /2
o kT{Aj j] Aj Sj 1800 jke Aj o~ pBC nj SwA T@

AoA Bnq pA An o{ dTv nAj /kAk{ zU C e o{ pA Ak@
Bo{ A /j e BBM xn oi pA An e oTa BnAj jo Ak]
,(Ch'i) a kB , TBA BTj 1/kjnC j]M SBA 55 kTwQ M [nkTM
BAj oM poQ An pA ,(Sung) w ,(Chin) a
,ji nj BC Jm] nBvM a
,jBTA Ap nj qo Rnk ,kk{ kUnk nUAoPA @Be L pA yM Te

nj ,<a> Bk A Tvh /kk{ nUAoPA oLn BAi TBA nkT BTj
pA ,ze Ao{n oMAoM nj k e An nUAoPA @A kA A BM //N 681
B] ,kB SB ,kjM TiAkAoM An a Bjj //N 770 nj kC a Mo pow
B] A nj SM M <w> <a> BSj ,BkM /jAj BpBw An Aj BTj
oM poQ BM //N 221 BU (Ch'in) a AoBo op ,a Sj ,B\Aow ,kTB oUoM
M An a ,ji B jo joTv An ji o B{jBQ B uwFU BM oj Bpow
An nz C ,Ba ji o ,B] jo poA 2/jAj ji Se op pow owAow
B\Aow ,@A a ,Bw ,A U An ji nz Ba) ;kwB{ B M
M pA B\Aow Aj B ,kw nm pA uQ ,KUoU kM /(kB A a
BTz oM B{jBQ AkQ vAj S{m /k{ nAo oM C B] M B{jBQ B Sn
B Aoe w op a ,C pA kM kw 21 nj Aop ,jnC j]M a gnBU nj An nqM
/kB B{jBQ
Aj B] BT]A jB~TA nBTiBw /A
/jM Bji BTwn SB] Aj B] o ,Aj nj A Bkw nj
/894 | (1347 ,BLA :AoU) nPBnC /b/A ]oU ,kU nAB p oz :kU gnBU ,SAnj /1
/894 | ,B /2
[An Q _ S{Aj j] Aj A] M BBLUnA RjBL /jM jBw kp

,[oM ,RBL jB~T A k R~d jM pnBz jo A BT{A /jL nB nj
,nUAoPA ShTBQ kM Bkw nj BA /kjM B@B tBL ,zQ SwQ ,k@
nj kk{ Twj B BnpBM q@Ao Aj BTj BThTBQ (Lo-Yang) B
nqM Bo{ M a BnApBM pA BThTBQ A /SB xoTv SovM o{ kU BB\C
/kjnC n BC M ji BB jBL AoM nA\ BTB] kk{ kLU
,j A M RBAe R jp h{ AoM B pA jBTwA C kU BM
BnpBM /So n BTj Bo{ M BnpBM B\Aow SB yAqA pnBz ~d
pA kk] L \T nj SB wU C MB pA jBTwA jo AkQ SA Rnk
1/S{Am oYA Aj jBTAo Ap oM L A AkQ ;kC kkQ BnpBM AnAm@Bow
pA An pnBz Bp Ao]FTv pA nBvM T SozQ pnBz SMB yAqA

/kk{ B onB BB\C nj jo An Bo{ M koM BBTwn
RAnBhTA RBozU wn ,BAj BnBMnj nj Ao{A |~h JAjC AkQ BM
/kkC nj Lm RAkT Rn M B] o RBL M kTB SA Ba [nkTM
jnAm M j pA yQ 510 530 BBw jke nj a (Cheng) a BTj
BT]A BUjB o BAi jo M kk{ y@Bz C \T nj kTiAjoQ B
o pA B jnAm p nj BTj nB /So nj ,jo SBe A pA Se kjM
cB~ BM TLA k{ jnAm A /Sn nB{ M BAki zi kqAoM nBLTze BBj
/kk{ B A A SBn pA Te B BC kjM k{ B Ao{A B
B{
B Se kjo xpBw ,B o Bh o j B\Aow
a ;kkB B] M o o nj B` q] BnB k{ BT]A BnB@
/k{ oa B oM o ,kjM q] oTzM BvA BnB@
1. Fitzgerald. Op. Cit. P.65.
Sj> :kjo no U kM Bw nAqj BU An nAjnz xn A A ,Be o M

S BM ,BwC ovQ kB nUAoPA /jo Aop ,Ao{A ,nUAoPA pA k{ zU
U An pA o yQ v pA o :kjM o j Ao{A 1</jo Se AU
ZAjpA jo Bn ,B Bi BnB kjM o y{ Aop ;kkwn BQ kM SMoU
An RBki SAk nAo oM ,] nAjA nAkU ,RAjBTA o A ,BA]
SBA jABi AnkQ pA kBM ,kjo nBTz wB{ BM kBM jo ;kT{Aj k oM
A 2/kjo SBij BT]A BnB nj BA ,kjM koM k e pA jo ,k{
nj kkC oM AoLn BMo\U pA BTeA M kjM B ji ke nj A
AoT B oT l pA M ,kjM n M n A jo BM kT{Aj Swj nj An Rnk
/kkAoU
Rn M kk{ kB (Hsieh) v kjM BB L Aj nj nj
vw B Anjq A o nj /kjM d AnBo{ BAoe Ski nj njq
A ,Aj nj BBBQ nj BA /kjAj zU An B Aow S{Aj j] ] KUAo
M kp Anm AoM kk{ k@AoQ a owAow nj ,kjAj Swj pA An ji BB] BB
3/kjnC n @B Boe
BMp ,nj nj /S{Aj nqM n{ a kp ,Be a nj

o jB~T A BpBw kU SoM M So BQ a o v RBMjA
p ,jM kz o\dT B{jBQ Se \T nj TB ko BTw oYA nj p
/kC Ao a o gnBU nj oT i BT]A
1. Ibid. P.82.
/897 | ,B /2
3. Yu-Lan Fung, A Short History of Chinese Philosophy , (New York: The Macmillan press,
1948) P.50.
wBw Bv AkQ /4 yhM

pA yQ Bv pA BA /ni oM v M ,oM K M a gnBU nj a o
a,cv j pA yQ \Q z{ kw nj /SwA kB Tvv L B B q] ,vU
BT{C ,B] /jnC nBM M JjA v nj Bzinj BMB B AoA ,k kB q
B] An o{ jo ,pBM An zkA SozQ An BBLUnA BT]A
MAn ,BT]A
BpB A M gwBQ nj /kpBM BC M An o Bo BU jo kpn AnBpC
nAkT A S{ BLeB BA /kkzkA BjBMCB\@B K nj kTwBioM jo B pA AnBpC
S@ M An BC pA ioM B ,kTB BC Tz pA oUnA{j An jo AnBpC BM MB @
A] pBC nj ,(Teng
Shih)
{ U ,zkA B] Bzow A oUnAkB /kkBwn
,(Lieh-Tze) vU JBT T{ M BM /k{ AkA a nBo{ Swj M tw@

yB{j /SiAjoQ omQBBBQ UBXeBL M jo U An BM e SLv A> {U
oj pn SMBY An oA pn SwA oBe k{BM xAjBQ kA An o@A kTvM SU kM
TiB{ Jo zkA nj B
vw n B Swnj ;1</kBwn RBLYA M An C
A pA nB{A BM JBT A nj AoMBM ,Sv TiB{ Aka { U zkA /kAk{
/pAjoQ wBw jB~T A oTvM nj BTwBM a zkA ow wnoM M nm
BA ,S{Ak j] wBw zkA ` a Aj o~ A Bkw nj
BjB jo jk nj wBw AoT ,S{Am Ap M n Aj B BC
C Swnj /kjAj nAo e jn An BC oj o B kkC oM Aj B BT{AmnAo
A kB ,vU tw ,jM jBTA yBwo Be nj Aj rn o Bp
nj
wT RBL M pnBL B nj /kjo o An ji wBw BT]A v ,wnA
kp pe owAow k{ nAkkQ v <KT k> Aj Tw SAo{A AkQ Be
:jnC y\w op An wBw
/902 | ,B /1
,wBw SB [BSj ] qBQ nBM] Anj

A owAow nj
yQ BjB B
C C nj ,S{Aj ZAn Shw BT]A
Bp Ao{ /kk{ To
BM jBTA M ,jM k{ jB jBM
A pA
]nj M a AoTA jBTA
A jM k jziB AnB{C Ba
1/kk{ zkA BTvMj ji o ,kTB dU Ak`Q nBvM
KT A nj jM KT oUloQ kjoUM ww KT Aj o~ nj

pA B@C BM tw /jo AkQ nAkBBw S Aj rn nBM Tvh AoM nB@Bd
Tvh A M ,<kTz An AnkQ AovQ BAoBo Aop> jBp B
,Aj Tw KUAo vw SLXU AjopBM An nj ,Ao{A L pA o{n oTnqM
nAkBBw S pA jM vPw SiB{ vBw A nj /jo pBC o BAM pnBL
B] jB~T A BT]A BBQ /jM k{BQ Be nj SovM wBw BT]A
;S{Ak jBTvA JBU C pA yM wBw nBTiBw kjM kwQ Be nj Aj
/kAjooM An gnBU kTvAU vU v tv :A Tv]oM AoQ tw@
tBve AkzkA pA o ,Aj o~ AkT BBwM BT{C nB nj
An SozM jBw j Anj ,L kk{ kjoM BQ {BM AqA M AonAkQ
pA vU B ,vU B{ ,AoSL KT A oT Tvh vU /kAjopBM
A pA oQ Ao SL KT A /kjM C oLU KT A AnAkLB] oTo
hnBU Sj nAkT A owAow C AnAkLB] jM Sv{nBC ,jM SvBU AoMBM ,BU
pA uQ yTwoQ A nj vBU /kjo jn An Sj S o kkAi pnBL M An
/jM kz nj k nj Bi TzM ,jM BT]A kp o
RBwBveA AnB{C kAi qTw M An Aj SAo{A o ,kC kkQ oj KT
,KT A /jo BM An pnBz nzQ RBL ,BQ
wT RBL BzkA
~h{ jw jo z /jo o An MBT B] o Twj A
/25 | ,zQ ,B]a /1
wT RBL v oTM KT A /jAj zU An C A BBQ Ao{n

rn iAj nj An qqT Aj nUAoPA S{Aj o nj C nAmBM tw jM BQ
B] M ,C @Be L k{ oTv BwC B j A tBwA oM kdT B{jBQ
,k{ JBhTA BwnBQ TvB{ jo M pA ,k{BM k{ zU Yn SAo{A pA A
pn kMBnj SvAT Aop ,joL yQ pA nB ,lBM KT A BA /kj BpBw nBMj
C j] BM Te tw /SwA B Rnk ,k{BM MBT B] o C pA yM
tBwAoM kBM o jn Sj jAk }hzU BA ,jo MyQ An kdT B{jBQ rn
/jo JBhTA tBwA oM j{ uwFU B poQ
B BQ oM B] nkT B{jBQ
BU So nAo ,M A B ,AoB KT k oM
oT oTnqM ,vUB Bp nj /k jBzQ k{ e C SA B Rnk BM An

_ kjM k{ wBw Tv BkeA pBTM Aj BTj ,BTwBM a Ao A
B] MA o oTzM ,AoB B ,Ao A KT /kT{Ak nUAoPA BM kQ jBdUA
BBnpBM v pA BAoBo M nB pA kCoM o ,jo o An Ap M n Aj
SB nj Ao An jo Se o /oj w pA AnA BLeB kUoY
jo A BC AoQ AnAkLB] tw tw S{Aj zn Aj
MAn
BM vB nj /kjB yQ An B Se o kjo jn tBwA A pA BAoB kjM
jn An BwC nAkT A iA l KUoU M ww KT ww KT
Aoe op a Sj /kjM B Rnk nB{C ApnBL BAoB ,kjAj nAo k@FU
B{jBQ nAo oM nUAoPA owAow Rke M njB AoB KT v xomQ BM ,a
/kB nAkBQ Bw nAq j BU ,k{ a gnBU nj jAkLTwA
Bs pA TiB{ oT o wBw zkA nj AoM kATomQ B
wBwA ,Aj B BTwBM a AoT jn nj ,A nBpo BT]A B Ba
kTv ji }hz Bkj BMo\U kLBQ ,i AoT Te ,BBvA /SwA
/SwBC BUo~M wAo k MBpnA n M An Bo kAU
nj ,Aj nj Bv A /kjL nB M A A pA a A wBw Bv

M wBw BT]A BnA{j BM ,kjo SB kTvp ,jM k{BQ Bo]
BA
Ao{ ,a nj An v A BLT /kk{ nBn ,kT{Aj pB n BeAn
j]M BTj ] qBQ nBM Bnj nj AkT BQ BA ,BLZo Zo AeA
a Bv /jo U An BLT C wBw ysQ B{n wnoM Bpe jnC
Bp BTjkd M ]UM M ,kjL a M Mo
kk{ onj Bv BM
L ,jo Se o ,hnBU Sj BU kB Bv ;kjM B] yM ,B
nqM Bl kTv Bv BA /BC kB ,wBw BT]A j] A M BvA
/kATiBw onj An BT BAnj
Bv LU B{ zkA Bs ,B] Bv A AvB wnoM
Aop ,jM SvCkA ,ww KT /kj Bz An Jo wBw Bv a
A Bv ;kA SwBw iA B SwA ThC iA BM SwBw SomQ
,Aow v BM pAoT tw wBw v ,Bd A pA /kTv iA ,wBw
iA ]U iA jBM BM Aop ,jM AoSL ,SvBU KT /jM wnA A
o pA KT A /jo jn L M SzpBM jw M An BC jM Bh hnBU Sj
nj wn ,1 BTwBM B BnQA BL ,B@B{ pAoT jM Sv{nBC Aojo
A BQ oM Sj nBMnj jM Ao kjw tw KT /kC nB{ M kk] o~
,Bv BMC pA ,Tw@C Sw <BwC o{> BM kwn o M Tj ,jo onBA BwC
BM ,vU B AoB KT /k{BM kB BTvA wBw v ,qMB BUB B
A ,Bd
A pA /SvAj iA pA Ak] Tv o An SwBw ,ji s MA
/jnC JBveM JoAoASwBwnqM jBTwA ,B@BxpnA BM BzQAUAn KT
BU pB C pA) Jo wBw v gnBU ,B eoAkL :M k B ,BKT A nBMnj B AoM /1

/z{ ~ ;1376 ,]nBi nA RnAp RAnBzTA NBa vw :AoU (B Bkw BBQ
j ~
SvCkA KT
tw
/1 yhM
tw BT{ kp /A
nM AU SwA SA BM Tv]oM Ba a gnBU nj tw S
uQ ,tw /jAj cU nB~TiA M An nqM oT A BzkA KwB {n M kvM
< {B> v oTnqM Tvh ,(j pA yQ 645 o) (Kuan
Tzu)
vU A pA
An ji BM oU A Swj M BTwBM a TikA ] Mo\U jM a gnBU nj

Te jM nAjnioM nqM AoTeA pA nBpC oUA A M a gnBU owAow nj A /SB
iA S~h{ oTnqM TvM kw BU tw /k{ kTwoQ uk Rn M
Uk nj AjoTj B AoT pA ` /SwA jo o B] M a jAs jM
/kAT{Am B] M a Sl oM nqM l oYFU Ba a
k{ bo{ Ji ,a BjA zkA gnBU nBMnj BJBT nj tw kp
l k{n M wnoM A nj 1/jM kAi B C pA eo
B\A nj AoMBM ,SwA
/jo Ai ]U qBQ nBM nj nj AkT wBw Be BM BLUnA nj A S~h{
RBB KhT ,ozAoA jApB ve :M k B ,tw kp nBMnj ~ eo{ AoM /1

]oU ,nqM Bv ,toPwB nB ; 3-24 /| ,1334 ,BwMA {oMBT So{ :AoU ,tw@
,JBT A nj tw M Mo ~ pA ;266-269 /| ,1353 ,BQ RAnBzTA :AoU ,ozL AkwA
,pnAi RAnBzTA AoU ,w keA ]oU ,tw ,toPwB nB :SwA Swj nj oj ]oU
/kAk{ o T{ A Buop nj BJBT KA M k B q ;1363
(K'ung
Fu Tzu)
vU An A yAjo@B{ (Kung
Chiu)
a @
S{p ovQ> ,kkB tw ji xn M A B jo U nj BMo ,jBTwA @

SBA nj A (Chufu) a nj ,j pA yQ 551 nj ,<ow SwQ n j BM n
Bw 72 //N 479 BU 1;k{ jAp k{BM (Shantung) TB{ BTwA B (Lu)
/Sv Twnj B@C Aka tw A] j kp nBMnj /jo kp S{Aj
Bw 60 pA yM oQ BPw ,(Shuliang
Ho)
B{ M ozB kQ pA kAT@
{ bAnA M xnjB jAj Swj pA nkQ Bw w nj /kC BjM A] oTij BM ,S{Aj

,k{BM Swnj A o@A 2/jo nAjji nkQ k jAj Bz pA S{Ak jBTA BC
[n kBM jBp BTeAnB BAo pA A] j B M ,ji Fz nBMnj tw@
o nj tw k{BM BkjoU S ke BU A S kB{ ;k{BM joM
/SwA jo bo iA nAkT A o nBMnj
,S{Ak w Ao{A RApBTA pA BA ,jM Ao{A BjABi pA tw@
ApnBz L v pA Aj @Be L M jM Ao{n o pA jo Tvh
An Aj rn BT{m nAo BjBM A] B M /So nAo oj w pA BjoM
AoM An ji ,<S{Aj TvLj Lm JAjC pA kU BMo wAo M j pA> ,jo wnoM
j ovQ AnAj A pA jo nBTiA ov Bw 19 nj /j jBC Te RBki
nj /jo oU An BC B\Aow jL k Aka ji Akpo ov M BA ,k{ oTij
o ThQ BBw nj 3/k{ (Chi) a Ao{A BjABi nAkAj pnBz nBzQ w
BTwA nj Bw 32 nj ,k{ KeB~ jBp BAoBo BM ,kj An Aj BTj pA nBvM
j BBpBw nj B AoM kM Bw SiC Aop pA AovQ M An k JAjC
BqTw nj B{jBQ A /jo ow B M a B{jBQ BTw JAjC
/911 | ,zQ ,SAnj /1
2. Georg Catlin, A History of the Political Philosophers (London: George Allen and Unwin
Ltd., 1950) P.17-18.
3. Ibid. P.18.
21 . SvCkA KT
B Ap M n AjopBM AoM To \Tv] nj A /jM n Aj Bz@Bz@

w ,jo nAkj vUBM S{Aj Bw 36 T ow nj /kCoM Aj
oTvjAj RnAp M> :k{ Tj BTv ioM nAjk B\Aow ,SiC
pA AkA nTwj ,ji Tj B Ao]A nj /<k{ J~ a nAjo M uPw
a An ji e jo njB jnAj Bp a Sj AoM xj] jAj }hzU An Ao{A
:jo ]U
BM EU joU :SwA oU
oUS{p RnB jpj pA jnAj j] Ao]
M o TAkM M Awn l ,BMpJoa BM Ao nj ,e
k{ KUo An RBB] Ao]
A \ ,jo
A /nB n
vdU
oQ BM An jo jU /jAj zU ATwj kq SBA B] o /SwA
AoMA BM /SwA T o qCAq Bk BM ,BiBTv Aoe
T /kwn j~ M B\C BU jo odU An
A ,owoi
B] ,kC Ao nBM kMM o Rn M AnBT{p B{BMA
1/SwA Ao yzU
k{ J~ uQ kBo nA RnAp B M A> :S{ UB@

o An nz BnB@> a B{jBQ C pA uQ BA 2</jo SBA A op An A SBnj
oM a SBA pA Ski Bw ka pA uQ A ,jo ]U tw BnAkz M <S{Am@
A B jo ow TBA M TBA pA> :jo pBC An SBA C M A pA Ajoow nj k{
kA Ajoow BBw A A /<jkM nB M wBw p nj An ji o C BU Sv]
nBpn BA /<!jooM o@A !jooM o@A> :jAk Swj pA An a kBBw wBw SMoU oLn M
</kk{ oPw njM BBw kjM nB Uo~M o pA nBpn jo> :kwn jp oQ
/307-308 | ,toPwB /1
2. Ibid. P.19.
nj An o BM kC pBM SBA M ,jniow BA kAB ,Ajoow BBw pA uQ 68 wnj

pA oTM tw 1/kAnm Av TiAjoQ ,nBYC TwAo T{ ,xpC M B\C
:jAj bo{ a An ji kp
,joPw yAj M j BwjqBQ nj
,jM nAkBQ k An nj Bw w nj
,jo nBTn zkAnj BM Bw a nj
,TiB{ An [BwC S{ow ,Ming] Bw B\Q nj
,TBnj An Se Bw S~{ nj
ue jo BBQM ,An j pnC AU Bw jBT nj @A
2/ BLj ,ojAj
Bz Ji An v iA o k{n SwA ATv]oM kp bo{ A

jo Bw a nj /SwA T{Aj j] eo j A kp nj kwn o M /kj
k{BM jo TwAoM kz Bw 70 BU BA ,T{Ak ji nj kjoU _ jM B
TiB{ An BMp M /k oQ L RBU pA jo e jo BBQ kM @
Bz@Bz BjBU pA 70 w nj ,Bn l BAo BkjoU pA a w nj ,poA
3/SwA jM jApC (Id) B@B Bod BqA oUoM RdU pA kCoM iA
BM /SwA jM a gnBU jBT BS~h{ oT pA tw kjoUM

AU BA /kz nB C pA ji jAnA M pBM jnC n wBw SB kp M ji jAnA M
BnB bA jAnA M pnBL Ak TwQ tw l o jnC o nj A q]
B ,Sv] BQ AqA M jo Bn An Bj kBM B> :SwA jM C pA zK M BU ,B]
nj SB A AU /// jAj Un ow An B] ATM BU jnC ow M B] jo BM B] nj kBM
1. Ibid. P.21.
/37 | ,zQ ,B]a /2

3. Fitzgerald, Op. Cit. P.86.
23 . SvCkA KT
kM ,{PM za jo SLeB~ pA AhM o@A /jo JBhTA An Aod BM BkoQ B

jBM BznkQ Bz@B{ pA nBvM kj BM tw 1</jo Bkp v a BM kBM
A /kAjo pBM An Aj SwBw iA tBwA k{ ,jo Ao BQ pA An B]
BA /k U An C wBw BnB SvAU kAi Bw w nj ,k nAjA An Tj o@A jM kT
nj ` ,kz qqT Sj jnA> :jAj pnkA Ajo@B{ M B M xi a v
An ji ,kMB ZAn B] owAow nj BC ;k kp SwA M nBaj Tj
</koLM BQ AqA { M ,k{BM C An RnAo{ B M BA ,kj Bz
> :S{ A /S{Aj AnC jBw kp ,o BBw vQA nj tw@
BjnBTwj jB{ M ,k xAo An ji @Ani BT{A nj Tv jo jBvM
BA AU </SwA kwn Ao oQ BBw k L kAU ,joM jB pA An ji
Ba A wBw SBwn B@B /SwA jL pnBL ,v oiC Bpn A nj Te S{Aj
pA yQ Swnj /kBzhLM k xAo An B] SvAU jM yl oM w p
op o{ ,SnF B\A kM o ,SwA jq o jM kj Bn nj pn cL ,o
kjoi ,k{ nj ko Sinj ,jqn o nqM @> :jo qp o{ Ak nj An
,j{ kj Apo B{jBQ> :S Ajo@B{ pA M ;</j{ jMB josQ kB
tvA /// SwA kwn Ao o SBw /kAi ji jBTwA Ao B{jBQ o nj u`
T _ , ypow An u` /nAk A okU pA /SiBz Ao u`
Ao C /AT{Aj BLUnA BM B BM AjM \Tv] M Bj A nj /nAj An jo oM
//N 479BTvMBU ,o Bp /S{mnj oj T jBTA oTvM nj 2</SwA BwC kwB{
R joBw An [a] Bw j B pA pn k\ poA> S{Aj Bw j jBT
3</ko jMjB kAj tw@
/268 303 | ,B /2
/287 | ,zQ ,toPwB /1

/176 | ,zQ ,B]n /3
q\M kB{ ,An BC

A B SwA kB B] oM JBT y{ tw pA
M nAj BA BTwBM RBB M /oC , T > :SwA jnC]
nj nC SwkM An BzQ RBdU SwA C nB ///> B 1</pn z BC
j] tw Bp pA yQ JBT y{ A 2</nAj mL M w BC nj
,kAjAj zU An a Bjj Aj Bkw Ao{A SMoU tBwA kAT{Aj
,Be o M /kAjo unkU An BC kjM o BTho B (Ju) ] M AnBpC
B (Shih
Ching)
a{ ,BC JBT B (Li
@) okU JBT B (Yi

B (Ch'un
Chiu)
Ching)
Ching)
a :pA kARnBL JBT y{ A
a ,gnBU JBT B (Shu
a a ,w JBT B (Yao
Ching)
Ching)
a{ ,o{ JBT@
a B ,(kC nj wnB M
pA An a SBA BjAkin kATvAj tw T{ B An C B ,qBQ nBM JBT@

BpnkA /k BA An kMow A ,SwA jnC C nj /@/N 481 BU 722
B op C pA zhM @) BT BU B (Lun
nBMnj ,nqM xpC B (Ta
Hsueh)
Yu)
:kjnC ] A Ajo@B{ An tw@
vBU ,(kC nj wnB M tw pnkA nAq
kp kA nBMnj ,Aq pC JBT B (Chung
Yang)
B a ,SwA nAkTe
3/SwA
tw zkA s /J
pA Ak{ nBpBw nBTiBw ,nBT v BTwj M tw jq
An ji A /nioM ,k{BM A o MBU SwBw iA A v
l o oM SiAjoQ xpC M ,jB l BM
kk AjoTv BTwj a kpB
pA ,joLM nB M Te BnB nj An v SwAi a /S{Am oYA Ajo@B{
/246 | ,zQ ,tB /2
/66 | ,zQ ,B]a /1
,zQ ,B]n ;66-75 ,zQ ,B]a :M k B BMBT A ATd nBMnj oTzM A AoM /3
/246 | ,zQ ,tB ;171-179@|
25 . SvCkA KT
:kAjooM BwC B nAjpAn Bv pA An Ajo@B{ l k{ SooMn LAo v

e BM /jL {B Lm k wBwA JnB\U pA tw nBA
jC RBe S{Ak k ,SiB{ An C S{Ak BLUnA BA
BAojo op pA q /jL Joz jo \BM /k{ kAi kk\U
An C k{ jB{nA ozM RBBT]A o pA A o /Sz Jvd
kAU BT]A Bnm pA ozM jM C oM SvAj qa
BT]A Tv ]T A o U /kB Kv BvA
U S~h{
1 /j{ BvA BvA ,C oYA nj jM
An A xnBYC poA Aov jM Ajon U Bv M TiAjoQ pA nkM A

A k\ A v nj tw v pA AT BU /kAj (Agnostic) AoAk
SL B Swnj nBTn kA M k{ kj Rke Bj nj A jM
/kMBM nAkBQ B
]U BvA nBTn kA C ,@(Li) M ,iA M qa o pA yM tw@
M ,An Aj B Ap M n Be B ji nBpn BT]A M /jo@
BA /jo{ BnBM BTw jBTAo k{ AUB \T An C SvAj iA
kBM M ,jnC n BTw M
kBL iA M A jo@nBa AoM jM kT
k A pA 2/jo kp An iA ,jABi kp jB\A BM jnC Swj M oTzM yAj
SwA jo B] jBM j{ pBC jABi pA BT]A BBw kjoi kC oM
jM qoT B A oM tw wBw > Aop , AjABi nj iA kjoi
kC j]M jAoA Bjo pA jABi 3</SwA B] wBw
MAn AkQ d jABi
/306 | ,zQ ,toPwB /1

2. Richard
H.Solomon,
Mao's Revolution and the Chinese Political
Culture (Berkely:
University of California press, 1972) P.28.

3. Olga Lang, Chines Family and Society (New Haven: Yale University press, 1946) P.9.
/kwn eo M BBvA Ro{B oYA nj

1BT]A BnB M jAj BBw ow pA SwA RnBL SwBw tw k M
o A M ,vBw kwn o M ,kA iA SwBw A zkA nj
Aop ,SwA TvCkA i A pA jn A nj ,jo Se o A M Sj
nBTn kA BC] B <> M An Se Se TvB{ AoM p o{> A
nj ,@(Tatung) UBU B nqM B] ,tw J B 2</SvAj [BvA BT]A
BM /SwA T BnB Swnj B\A nj jo Se o ;SwA iA TB B A
SwBw ,ww KT AoQ BT{ owAow nj SwBnBM RBo A M
/knAj kQ BM B iA
nj ] Rn M z ,jL BU j] qo BvA tw o M
nj
jM kT wnA ,B v kB a v /SwA jo kp BT]A
/k{BM kM B Ji kAU BU nj kwB{ An BvA ok BM BBvA Ro{B
,vB nj /kMB B@C kBM BvA M TB Swj pA yQ BA kzkA tw@
nBMnj op nBT /SvAj BQ An C tw ,SvAj UAl An B@C yAj Aow
:SwA B@C AkQ tw zkA iA wBw s pA {n xnAq ,xpC
yhQ [ kp] owAow nj An A S kTwAi BzQ>
BTA AoM /kkzhM BTA MhM An ji BRnBA Svh ,k @
B AoM /kjAj B BABi M Svh ,ji BRnBA M kzhM
AoM /kjAj xnoQ An
Tzi Svh ,ji BjABi M jAj
BL jo @BQ AoM /kjo @BQ An ji BL Svh yi jnoQ
AoM /k{BM }h jB yi nBA nj BU kk{ Svh ,ji
oUoM BU An ji yAj Svh ,k{BM jB yi nBA nj C

1. Liang Chi-Chao, History of Chines Political Thought (London: kegan paul, 1980) P.41.
/282 | ,B /2
27 . SvCkA KT
1/SwA B{A AeA nj ysQ jAp yAj xoTv /koTv po
,yAj B pA ,@[kC Swj M] B yAj ,B{A AeA nj ysQ pA>

,BL @BQ pA ,j{ @BQ BL ,BzkA @BQ pA /j{ @BQ BzkA
B pA /jo B BjABi ,Bv xnoQ pA /kMB xnoQ Bv
BnB Swnj xjo pA /kMB Aj RnBA BnB ,BjABi
TB
2/kwn RjBw yAnC M kp owAow ,RnBA
jo a BU Aop /k{BM BwnBQ Tho BvA kBM AoBo S tw@

c B] owAow M kzhM kp M ,k U An BjABi kp kAU
An pA M ,B nAmB nAkT A B B Rnk An pA An BnB A kAU A/kzhLM
/jnC B\A M ~h{ iA l
A /S{Ak j] {n po Aka jABi Sj M tw zkA nj
joTv ke nj jABi Se q] Se Sv nqM AjABi q] Sj S
,Ji nkQ Ji AoBo /SwA Akpo BM nkQ MAn kB ji BLUA BM AoBo MAn /Sv
A B tBwA nj q wBw
MAn oM @Be A /kTv Mi kpo Ji LU
A nj iA SwBw j{ kj oj nBM /SwA @Be jABi
MAn oM SwA
/Sv Aka RBU jABi Sj M q ,kTv B kAk{ TvAj
L ,joM ow L @Be Ao{A L ,k L j tw Bp nj
RBL ,kT{Aj j] (Hsiao
Jen)
]Bv B A L (Chuntzu) vUa B JBMnA
Be nj Ao{n ,BB joi B pnBz Bp Tv BLeB ,BnpBM

wT
Sv S{ AoMBM /jM Ao{A L hw tw B A nj /kjM AkQ
/k{ a nj @Be L wn pC vBw B\Aow
Lang, Op, Cit. P.16; Mousheng, Op.Cit. P.33.

2. Mousheng, P.33.
922-923 | ,zQ ,SAnj /1
Sj o
/N
[Q M B] /SwA jAoA M
MAn pA LoU B] tw zkA B nj
@Swj ,njAoM njAoM ,p o{ ,ovQ nkQ ,nAjoLBo AoBo :SwA k{ kLzhM MAn
M MAn M ,SwA Mo LB]ka
MAn A pA M
Se B Sj /Swj
j] BM tw /SwA B] Aq]A pA
AoMBM ,nAjoLBo AoBo
,Sj wBwA |Bi oB M ji Bhw nj ,kkM Sj pA wn oU k{
jo An Sj tw SBnj AU AoMBM /S{Aj BnB{A Se pow ,jo
/jo oU Se AnAj pow nj
pA yQ eo ,A o M ,SwA BT]A BU ~d Sj jM kT tw@
BM ] C nj Sv qMB ] SBe wn SL SzM ,BvA k{ wBw
,AqA BU nj pA uQ kUM BvA C nj jM AkTMA TBe jBvM M ,jM
B ] M ok BM jM p Bjn nj oB M jnC j]M An BL BjABi
jnCn k`Q M jBw pA BT]A BU \nkU kn nj hnBU Sj /SiAjoQ nB
jL S@Be AnAj jo B jo B{jBQ M BT]A nAo \T Sj A k M
/SwA
M o\ SwA BT]A BU eAo M Mo {n jBw BM op BnBT@
:k{ hnBU Sj AkQ
,jA kC j] M pA uQ /kkC j]M jA ,
p BwC AkQ BM
nkQ {Bp pA ,k{ AkQ {Bp ,jo p j] BM ,kC jo p
pA /kC kkQ oLBo AoBo kpo nkQ pA /k{ oB kpo
RB U BLj M /k{ nAkkQ Twjo TwjAo ,oLBo AoBo
1/kk{ AkQ jM B SB BjB Swjo SwjAo
M
1. Ibid. P.35.
29 . SvCkA KT
A nj ,kwn U BAoSL o M ,BT]A BU o A

jM A S{Aj j] B] pA n~U B A nj /S{Aj nAo TvCkA i cw nj
AoMBM /SwA jo oU iA KUAo vw Kve oM ,k`Q M jBw pA L Tv
BU iA ~d An Sj A S AU tw TvCkA xo Too nj BM
L AkkQ An oLBo AoBo B Swjo SwjAo M RBU SvAj BT]A
~d A M SwA iA jB Sj A k M AoMBM /jo ]U B] nj
BA /SwA TBk{n Tv [nkTM ,k{ xAo BBp pA BT]A RkpAnj BU B
kB , jAnA n~U B iA kA An Sj tw S kBM nBM A nj
SvCkA a v ,jM LAo SvCkA BC v /SiBz
rn tw ,jo ]U LAo Bd pA An toQ AoM kLTv Tj / iA
/j ]U iA Bd pA An a Aj
vw An Sj tw ,TiB{ B] Bd pA /jo ]U kBM q oj T M
UBL jBU wn { Sj jL kT BA/kj nAjoLBo AoBo RBL pA LUAo
BTwjAo M ,nAjoLBo AoBo M BT]A B oBB An Sj M ,SwA
B] BnB B] oM SwjAo L Bkj pA B A nj ,SvAj iA BTwjo
/Svo
C v\U Aj ,BT]A KUAo vw zkA ,tw k M
BM M /T B SwA A ,BQ p ,SwBM BwC> :SwA TL L B oM ,SwA
pA B] /Bqa BvA ] pA ,<RAj] BpBw SwA A /jnAj j] RBU BQ
k{ vU Bo op L @Be L M ,BQ BM M AoMBM ,k oQ SL
BT]A KUAo vw zkA oM ozM L M ,SL B BU ,B A nj /SwA
l A ioM ,SwA kz koC oMAoM BvA jM kT tw /SwAk{ TvAj TL
y RAl M ioM /knAj
wT l ioM oUoM l ioM /knAjoUo oj ioM oUoM
BA <kwB{ L SMoU xpC> Be nj /kAjB jo RAl M Aoj ,knAj Ao{A

An BT]A BnB JBMnA /knC nBM M kM JBMnA ,BT]A AeA BA SL
A /SwA o{ B ozM BC S AnB{C tw /SwA LU
kM ,k nAjA
/SwA vUv tvA o Ajo@B{ M qTw A nd
B nAoTwA AoM a z Ao{A kBpBw B M nBM Tvh tw@
Bp tw ,tv T{ M /jo LU An Aj B jM iA ,Aj
kwB BzkA ;kjM kB nB M A jBTA BdA K{Aow nj Bj> jo kp
AovQ ,kTz An BB{ kjM Aop ;kjM jo oQ An kp nj BpB
oTM An Aj k{ S{Aj nB@Bd Bkj A nj A </An AnkQ
A BM BA /k o] BznkQ Bz@B{ pA BU kAjopBM SvAj
nAo AoM Ai A /SwA SwnjB ,jM Aj B M jkd B tw v xo
BM tBwA nj k{ n~T BnC AB] , o oU An nj B S A pA
pA M Bp ,UBU ,BAoTz nqM B] nBMnj tw /jM jBT Aj
:S Ajo@B{
BLeB /S{Aj kAi B] ,nqM An yBz B M
c MBT jBTA k{ JBhTA ji BAU joi Kve oM B
,
kA An ji
kA jo
AoMBM /SwBoe B] oM
oQ Anj pA kAU AoQ /k e B j An ji B j @
An nj ko oM ji BjAkTwA pA kAU BA] /koLM Rm ji
,BU BT BM kp Anm AoM /Sv B _ BBM k{n
Bp knAj BT{A ji KwB nB M Bjo /SwA k{ nAooM UBBA
AnAj A M BA ,kAkz Swj RoY pA /k nAjA An BBi
kM /Sv jo SozQ AoM nB /j{ T{BLA ~h{ SB
31 . SvCkA KT
nj xn{ B ,jn
M pA BAiji BBoM ,KUoU
Anj SwA
A /kTv pBM z oM Bnj ,\T nj /jo
1/B @AoT{A o~
Tv iA B kdM BnC B] a jnoQ j] BM tw@

, A nj BM AoMBM /jnC j] M An C kAU BvA jo tBveA ,Tv{nBC
,UBU BM MAn nj Aj kAjopBM , oTM nAo oM An nj
:jo xU ,kB (Hsiao-K'ang) BBv B a c
BjABi M B] n
A pA ,k{ kAh jz nqM An Bp BA
B j An ji B j AnkQ An ji AnkQ jo /SwA k{ vU
pA o /ko nBTiA nj ~h{ B AoM An BnB BB /kM
BnBM Bo{ ,Bj AoM @B BTj ,SwA To jBM SAo{A
nj BT]A A Rn M ,jM B SB A /kATiBw

kA ,BLUA BAoBo BB] jo A C M BM kAkC
,knAj d An Aov Ao{ ,a nqM AnjAoM ,Akpo
kAkC j] M BT]A BjB /k kp B ko jB
BB]
oUBM M Ak{ Bko /kAk{ pU BBi Bp
,oa Aiji B]
A nj /k ji Ba Ak o kATn
SwA
A /// kC Q nj ] qo@B ,SwA k{ n SB{ SB\{
2/a c Anj
Be nj ,jo xU <a c> nAoTwA An nj tw S A A

SvQUQ A kj Bz ,jnoQ Bi nj nqM BAoTz B] pA M B@
1. Ibid. P.37.
2. Ibid. P.38.
/46-47 | ,zQ ,B]a :M k B , pA oj BM AoM
,nqM B] jB\A An nj y{ A TvAj BM /SwA jL o pAjoPBi d

B SB A ,Se o M An ji kp ,SwA oUAo A BAU ke pA ,UBU
c B]> kA A BM ,jAj |B~TiA BBvA M
MAn nj oi BnC M ,jM
/k AkQ B ,k{BM T{Aj S A SwA <a@
Se o /R
Tvh kjoUM ,jM jp Bz Aj BTwBw oM znkQ z@B{ ZAn
T{C J{C A ,znkQ z@B{ jo o A /jM tw zkA qA
,kTA BUA pn B K{ nj B@BM Sv jAkin ,k{BQ o An B] BBQ wBw
/SwA wBw BT]A jBv RkpAnj kn \T M
BM B M wBw BT]A BnB\B A S jM kT tw@
Tvh ,j{ nAjk An nz nAjA tw o@A kwoQ A pA jo@B{ T /SwA Mo
jo@B{ /</SwBB yBQ bA SwA p `C> :jAj gwBQ A ,SwA Ak k nB@
Bqa Se BM BMp k{BL Swnj BB o@A> S A /<?k{ bA BB kBM Aoa> :kwoQ
;kwn B\A M S BM BnB ,k{BL MB Bqa Se BM BMp o@A ;jM kAh MB
w iA o@A ;SB kAh k{n w iA ,kwo B\A M S BM BnBo@A
jo ,k{BL Swnj SAk B T /jM kAh Swnj SAk B ,kMB k{n
Swnj nj An BrA kBM> uQ ;1</kwn BBQnBa ke M Te k{ ShM
2</SBpBM An BC ATd kBM /joM nB M BC
oU BB yBQ bA BM kBM Ji Se tw k M AoMBM

}hz oTw SAk ,SwnjB Swnj M RBU n ,k pBC BrAzAj
1. Marcel Granet, Chinese Civelization (New york: Alfred A.Knopf, 1930) P.84.
/295 ,zQ ,toPwB /2
33 . SvCkA KT
BrA T > </j{ SC nBaj qa ,jjo T{C BMp T > Rn A o nj ,k{BM
Ao]A RBB ,jo n BnB /Sv {n Be ,k{BM nB Sd S j pA
B{pnA AoM kBM Se oj hw M 1</knC nj nB pA ow jo ,k{ K
J{C BT]A nBpBwB ,BnB a jL /jnC j] M BnB iA
tw B M ,jz Zo Zo xhTwj BT]A A AoM /jnC nBM M wBw
/SwA iA BxpnA B BnB nAo oM p Ak A Tvh
wBw BT]A BT M BC ,k{ bA kBM BB B pA
gwBQ A kwoQ tw pA Se nBMnj Ao{A pA jo /knAj jBp SA ,kAMo
nkQ knAmM /k{BM op kB op knAmM /k{BM AoBo kB AoBo knAmM> :jAj
2</k{BM ovQ kB ovQ knAmM /k{BM nkQ kB
B B M j BA ,k nB{A }h{ B M AoBo M AoBo rA Tvh

nkQ ;J op , A op :n M ,jnAj o J B AoBo
SBi Ak BMp M BA> :jqA hw AjA nj A /J ovQ , A ovQ ;J nkQ , A
C /k{ Ak] ok pA BMp Tv /knAk S MBji k BM BrA ,j{
KeBHq ,SwA RB KeB u C BA ,SwA q RB KeBSwA KeB
_ <k{ B KeBRB KeB> C pA uQ S tw 3/<[Sv] SwA
/jM kAinAooM c B]owAow nj S{AjkAhj]znkQ z@B{
nkQ ,op ,AoBo qU AoM ,J B ovQ nkQ ,op ,AoBo oU AoM
,k{ T oTzQ n B B ,(Ch'un
Ch'in)
qBQ nBM JBT tw , A ovQ
C nj S{ An j pA yQ 481 722 BBw M BjAkn pA hnBU xnAq@

nj tw /jo SLY An Aj BTj Ap BznkQ Bz@B{ pA jBp Bjn
/45 | ,zQ ,B]a :M k B n /2
/B /1
/zQ /toPwB /3
BM Aj rn kAjopBM AoM jo o An iA B{pnA nB k{ qBQ nBM
MAn xpC oM tw JBT A owAow nj jqA AU /jnC j] M ,SwA SA

nBo{> :knBvM A JBT nj kC op nj `C kB BUnBL /S{Aj o ozM Swnj
,Aov ov ,Ao{ o{ ,AovQ ovQ ,AnkQ nkQ ,Aop op ,k{BM AnBo{ kBM
RB a jAj Bz BM jo oU S j M <BTwj Swj AnjAoM njAoM
j] M An Twj njAoM ,(Fatherliness) nkQ ,(Princeliness) nBo{ UB
/knC
nB A kBM Se nj v a kwoQ AU ,k bA An BB kBM Se o@A
Ji AoBo o@A /k yBQ An BB kBM AoBo jM A tw gwBQ ?kM An
S~h{ ,SwA jBM kB B C jo S~h{> :jM kAi Ji L M jo ,k{BM
pA yQ kBM AoBo AoMBM </jnC jo ow jp jBM T ; kB B jo
nAqBo S B SwA yhM\T T BnB@> :k{BM BwnBQ kjoi ji ,jo oTwAn
1</jjo L i BM
SwA ozM BpBw M ,Sv BjB BT{Am nAo JanBa

Se
Se ,AoBo kM B M /SwA Ji Se ,k{BM Ji BAoBo BC>
n pA Se :jnAj j] Se j S tw /<k{BM Ji kAU
iA Se B S Se M A /B n pA Se oj ,BwnBQ S
kB An B{ K nBTw ,k Se S n pA nz oM @Be> :jM kT
oTnqM iA l S A /</kjo C nj BnBTw oj SwA SMBY ji B]
nBTn oM
B BA ,k K] An jo BL S Aop ,SwA B nBL]A pA oT
,k{BM B{nBTA nj o j{ Se B MBM jo oM o@A> :kB RnB BC oB
BwnBQ SBM jo o@A /knAk o{ tBveA _ k nAo Akp pA jo kAi xU
/294 | ,B /1
35 . SvCkA KT
C oM qA jo kAi nBhTA tBveA ,kMBM AjJAjC kA MBM k{ oLn

1</jM kAi Ji
B Am jo AoM> :jnC B\A M s nB w kBM Se S tw@

nj jM kT A /</jnC Swj M An jo jBTA ,k q\ KwB An yUnA ,k Ao
Te _ BA ,kBM nAkBQ kAU B Am kM yUnA kM Se ,q Rn
Se jjo jBTAM Sj M T o@A> :jnAk Aj AoBo M SLv jo jBTA kM
BwnBQ kjoi AoBo Tj o nj B B 2</jM kAh BC oM jo@
/k K] An jo n{ oQ SBe kAU A iA oYFU l SwA
MAn ~h{ S~i pA BvA Se zkA ,tw o B nj

tBU Swjo BM SwjAo ,jBw B] nj /SwA TwBioM BTwjo BTwjAo M Aj
RAkU B\A M kT SwjAo BzQ nj jo ~h{ n M Swjo ,jnAj Tv
pA tBwA nj jM ~h{ Te ,Aj Se tw zkA nj /SwA BU
pnC nj A j M /jM RBT wBwA B oM TL ~h{o Se
Bd pA /jo ]U AoBo S~h{ M oTzM L n M Aj rn AjopBM
An jo A /S{Aj |B~TiA AoBo S~h{ l xnoQ v M A o BTwj owAow
ji S~h{ S kj xnoQ JBMnA /jo vU B kM L JBMnA L M
SwA Swnj qa a k JBMnA /SwA B jw \Tv] nj B kM BA ,SwA
o kBM JBMnA /SwA n uQ B ,jn yQ M JBMnA /SwA AUB C pA B BA
3/kAk BA ,k SBA kBM B ,kAkM jo jB An Se
1. Mousheng, Op. Cit. P.40.
/282-283 | ,B /2
/282-285 | ,B :M k B ,tw o pA Se nBMnj oTzM B AoM /3
a gnBU nj tw BB] /V

A v /jM B pBM ,k{ oB A o pA uQ C j] BM tw BT
A kM Bkw nj /k{ Ao Shw Ba o nj S{Aj wBw T~i
kzAj L kkz yQ B l Kv w A M An tw o
jB\A a nj jBp Bwnk tw v xpC AoM /kjnC j] M ww@
M a /kB nAo oM a o q@Ao Rn M wBw BdA Bkw nj k{
kj M An kjoi xpC ,SB Swj jBT BT]A kp M tw v
ke M An ji kU SvAU k{ AjBM T o KeB Svo qCyBTw nBvM
1/k ko SB@
jM T ni nj
ww zkA , o BoYFU A j] BM
A /k{ Rnk jnC Swj M AUB Zo ZopA ji RB\ AoM @
nj /SwA kM k ,k{BM BU oU pA qo@B B] SMB n KLw M T AoM BzkA
,SwA iA BT]A B BvA BT jB\A Bzk BzkA , a
/jnCnj oU MB o SMBY Be M An kp wBwA BTB j{ U LB
B nB@Bd A j{ nB@Bd nBTo a S k{ KLw ww zkA
Ai c> :S{Aj RBB BC oU SozQ BM ,jnC c jo A AoM pAkA
BU kBL An tw SwA nB{C TLA 2<///jo BL{A An a o owAow vBw@
pA /S{Aj nBTA AU oT pA An kw SvM o ow /SvAj BnA{j v
Bl BzkA nj Aoa ,oU U o oYA nj nBTwAi
oT
3/k{BM Tn oTzQ tw pA nBM A nj BC kAkA ,jpoAoM
ioM A M AvB Sv SLwBM tw BzkA wnoM BBQ nj

/918 | ,zQ ,SAnj /1
2. Catline, Op. Cit. P.21.
/312-320 ,zQ ,toPwB :M k B ,tw hnBU BB] nBMnj oTzM B AoM /3
37 . SvCkA KT
A kB tw /jnC M ,kAjM q A oB ,Jo v BTv]oM

B kz nBo{ Bv Bp BU S A o@A /jM y Ao{A L M wnA
SvBM tw C BM pAoT ;k{ kAh Bnj Sj Bjnj ,jz v nBo{
kAh c kA B] owAow nj ,kz AoBo yAj S Ajo Bp BU> :S
kAJBMnA L M Ak ;kARBT BBAU Bd pA BBvA ,wnA o MBM /</jM
kAU
kAjoM L M oj Ak ,k nAjA An BnB kj Bo kAU
k{ L M oUoM L M An jo tw ,n /k Ao]A An RAnTwj
oUjo L M jo Se AoM kATB xnoQ o Bd pA kTv kjoi

/jo vU k oLBo SBA kAU
kp A kLzhM dU M ,wnA A kB B tw@
rn jo qCkA M ,kTiAjoQ wAoTvnC S kAjopBM wBw
JBMnA nqM AozBTw pA A /SiAjoQ ,jM To nAo k{BQ Ap Bo] nj ,Aj
wnA oT ke BU A kB Swnj ,jM Aj B A kj BpBw ,a
S AU \T nj /kjM UC RnBPwA AnAmB ,w to oYFU op
Ao{n ,k{BM kC kM yQ C pA oTzM ,wnA A ,tw Bv
Ap pA B kAjo pBM An T{m BT]A wBw kTwAi w o ,kjM BT{m@
/k o] j] oTzM
SvCkA KT AoQ /2 yhM

vU v ,tv /A
tw K~T AoQ pA j o ,@(Hsn
Tzu)
vU v (Mencius) tv
ka o ,jM RBT M BC B{n BA ;kjM vBw TwAn B ovU xU nj

M B ww KT AoQ T{m Bkw /S{Ak o Aka B{nB [BT @
iB{ j M nj vBw ,kATomQ An vU v ovU B kAko tv

/SwA k{ vU vU v AnAkLB] tv AnAkLB]
pA yQ 320-235 jke) vUv (j pA yQ 372-289 jke) tv
,kjM oB Bw ka C j] BM kjo kp tw pA uQ kw j (j
BC jM wBw BnB ]T tw kB BC l /kkk An ok qo BA
kTB So S _ BA /kzhM jLM An Aj rn Ap M n kTwAi
/k An ji wBw BzkA
M jM A U kM BA ,(Mang) B Ao{A Bv jABi pA tv
SB oU jBTwA B (Mang
Tzu)
vU B M (Mang
Ko)
B pA B B{ Bo
A BBw nj /kjo tv An A B U BMp l op BQnA AozsQ oj nBM

k SMoU Ba An A k{ AoQ jM pAoQkM p xnjB jAj Swj pA nkQ kp
BM /kAnm pnBL BTj M An A] pA ka BBw tv /kC nBM kzAj nAkTwBw
xU nj (Teng) U (Sung) w ,@(Tsou) vU (Ch'i) a ,(Liang) B BAoBo
B B o xpC B] M BA /jo SLeB~ kjM ji BTj jo kUoY kUnk
,\T nj ;jo An tw iA A ,BAoBo M jB~T A wU An jAj Bz
] _ qo> :jo A /kwo B RBB M qo BA ,k{ T{Aj oTd a o@
1</kAkM oTM oj pA An SwA v a o ;SwA T{Ak j] Mi
Bj M (Chao) Ba SBA nj A /Sv TiB{ _ vU v kp A BBw

oMAoM nj k] WdM A v A M B\C nj Sn a SBA M Bw 50 nj ,kC
AkzAj oUTv]oM Tj BTvo nj nAkB ,Aoj BAoB ,BBMvw
ka /jo oU An a SBA vUv \T nj k{ kM B{ yQ A pA BTeA M /k{
/j zU B SB oU M An BAoBo jo ow Ba a BTBA nj Bw
1. Ibid.
39 . SvCkA KT
J~ a SBA nj ,jM a { ,eB BMo{ A M S{Aj Bw 65 Bp

/Sn nB C pA o pA yQ Uk BU A BU jM B C nj Bw 15 jke k{
AjopBM ,tw BUB SnF kBM jo tBveA vUv
Bp C Swnj /jM Sv{ M d ,tv kB A BA /jnC BBQ M An Aj
A BTA j BjBdUA Be nj Shw Rnk pAU jB\A AoM Aj BSj
,jM Ap Be nj SovM vAj jB~T A BT]A nBTiBw Be nj ,kjM
Tj nj Te kj ZAn An tw iA pC A kk{ vU v tv
Zo nj pA k L np oM kAU BwnBQ kjoi AoBo ,yUnA kM a@
nj j o jM BC kzkA S A i B M Ao pA 1/koBM Zo
/kjAj |B~TiA xpC T{ M An o BM ,kkBpBM B RBB M kwn pA BBQ
/kB BUB tw SnF oj nBM
BvA L /J
/SwA wBw BT]A j] BvA vBw AoQ nBM nj
M BBvA kAkC j]M KLw AkM B] Sj kjM kT vU v tv
An Aoj jnj [n kj jnAj l BvA o> :S tv /kTv q L
pA oUkU Sv ko o B nkM BvA> :kj oj n An v vUv /<kMBUoM
gwBQ ?kTv BBvA jBTwA jn KwA o B SwA a Be /jkM kAU KwA
2</kTv RBAe BA SwA omQB] BvA SwA A
/kjM jq M qMB wn pAkA M BvA L jn nj vUv tv

BvA ,jnAj JBT{ opAow nj JC n B> :SwA Ji BvA L jM kT tv
/938 | ,B /1
pA /S BvA L nj wn SwA qa B Swnj A </jnAj yAo M

L M BBvA S qMB kB ;SwA o{ BvA L S vUv ,oj w
pA Ajo@B{ BM AXeBL Bo] nj /koM ow M ok BM ] Be nj kAAi@ji
k{BM SwA M ,o{ SwA BvA :jo bo An w w o A BC
:S gwBQ nj tv /oo{ oj ioM kAJi L M jo ioM AoMBM ,o{
SwA
A /jM kAi k oQ ji A RBwBveA pA BBvA o@A
A ,j{ no{ BvA o@A /SwA L M BvA C S

,jnAj j] BBvA nj eoU tBveA /Sv A RBwBveA o~U
Twnj ,AoTeA tBveA ,SwBBvA nj nBvo{ tBveA
SwA qa B eoU tBveA ,j{ SB BBvA nj TwnjB
An AoTeA tBveA ,wB{e An nBvo{ tBveA ,B Aioi
BA /iA B@C An TwnjB Twnj tBveA ,AjJAjC
1/kTv B BM RAl M M ,{BM jnC Swj M B kTv Bqa
SwA o{ BvA L S vUv ,tv BM A oMAoM nj

j{ kj BvA pA oi ///> 2<jnAk kB B] bA An nj y{ AoMBM>
nB M ,Sv BC L nj ,Sv UAl BBvA B oi ,<,SwA TiBw
/SwA SMoU U BT]A BjB
,SMoU U B{n k U jBp ke BU BvA L M AoT ]U
pA oQ nj An B{n A tv /SwBC o pA Se { BT]A BpBw
jM kT vU v BA /kj ozM S{ow L B SiB{ nj BvA L RBwBveA
/SwA TMoU xn oTM iA A An pA BvA Bqo L RBU oM L
iA nAkT A q oM vU v BA ,jo k@FU BvA jApC kBM k{n oM tv
1. Ibid.
2. Fitzgrald, Op. Cit. P.80.
41 . SvCkA KT
BM SwA l UAl SBe iA tv o M S AU AoMBM /kpn nAoA LU

BM oM B iA vU v o M BA /jnAj BLUnA BvA BU po Bod
/SwA nBTn BnB BM BT]A k{ TiB{ kA
B{n nBMnj BvA L jn nj vUv tv j] BM ,KUoU kM
kTomQ An BBvA iA oMAoM j o BA ,kT{Aj nBvM TiA SMoU U
BC L] oMAoMB M Mo ,koUjo ioM oUoM BBvA pA ioM A kjM kT
:S tv /SwBC k{n a SMoU nj RBU KLw M M ,Sv
nmn jo C> :S vU v <,k{BM [Apo BB{jBQ] { B B kAU u o>
C j] BM AoMBM /</k{BM B nqM [Bv AkBi nAmBM] nkM kAU
o A M ,kjo pBC BvA L jn nj Th B BM ,vUv tv
iA B TB jBC ,UAl oMAoM KLw M ,BBvA kkwn BM xi TvCkA
/kTv AoM
Sj SB /N
vw BpBw An Sj ,kT{Aj An Aj rn KB] vUv tv
Rno ,kjM kT BBvA T{ow oMAoM M j o C j] BM kkj B] KUAo
nAo WdM jn An nAjoLBo L @Be L ,oUjo oUoM RBL M BUBU j]
/kjAj
AjB nj jo ,k{BM T{Aj j] Tj C pA yQ pBC nj jo kTwA tv
/kTvp ze AnB] L BM pA Aj toU BvA
MAn M SLv d
kTBnj An BC kB pBwBi ,pnBz Bo kk{ AkQ BTwBM Akjoi uPw
n M k Bj ji pA ze AnB] BM oMAoM nj a kjAj jB jo M
,kk{ @Be L n M q Akjoi /kB kp ok BM qCSBv
jM kT tv /kC j] M hnBU Sj An A pA /jM jo oM Se BC

/koUoM oU iA We pA jnAj U BC M L n M Se Sv
Tv{nBC o KT BM qTw nj A /k nAjA An Tj BnB kAU jo
oLn k{ nBTwAi S{AoA oM An AonB AoBo ynj @
(Hs Hsing)
vv
BM ioM> jo kTwA 1<,k{BM onB kBM BBMo{> S j{ joPw BC M Sj

oM k nB ji zkA BM BC /ji v] o BM ioM k nB ji zkA
/knAj nAo Se SdU k nB ji v] o BM BC k Se Aoj
M kBM BnB nAjA 2</SwA A A /k BLTzQ ok pA o j A
k{BM BC Swj nj kBM RnB\U S ,pnBz A kB ,k{BM kzkA L Swj
A /SwA Sj BpBw k U wBwA A nB vU /knAj RnB Bp A nj @
a nj /SwA Ao kjMB o> :S SvAj Bk{ Se jw M An Se
A pA To a ,kAT AjBL kwoU kj RB\ o pA An ji k{ Ao
k U Ba An jo kp kjoi AoBo ?SAk Twk xnoQ AoM oTM
TwoQow kpo p pA ,k nAk ji kA pA BU knAj B nkM kMB BA BC @
RB\ S@ oi pA kM BBw nj Svp kAi AAo nj Ji BBw nj ,k@
3</SB kAi
omQBJBT]A \T ,nAjoLBo AoBo M B] vU ,vU v k M

nBo{ o@A /SwA qo@B qTw AoMBM /kA Bqa BA jBp BBvA BpnC /SwA BvA oo{
M nj nz ,k{BM AoBo oUjo oM k{BL oUoM o@A ,k Se BLUA oM k{BL
BM ji RBU M jo SwA kC j] M KLw AkM Se> /jn o Zo Zo
BC pA kBM @Be L kzkA A /</k nB An ji A BqA kkoQ
/B /2
3. Catlin, Op. Cit. P.22.
/939 | ,B /1
43 . SvCkA KT
U An pA BA ,koMAoM AjB joi nj BBvA A nj> :koUoM joi nj j{ zU

AjB nj BC oM kBM kAk{ kjoi BC 1</k{ RBT SozQ k{n SMoU
kM l nB vU n ,AjB joi RBU A k M ,k Se kAkB
/SwA Sj nBTiBw jBM A ,jo jB C pA tv @
AnAkLB] pA vUv tv C j] BM BT]A KoU oM {o a BM
Yn SAo{A kTwAi BC /kjo Bj vAj Yn A pA ,kjM Aj B
kj KUoU kM /k kLU Aj jB KB iAj nj o iA SAo{A M An
pA j o S A A M ]U BM BBvA wBwA oMAoM M ji jBTA nj BC j{
L A oM ji o nj BA ,knAj RAoj S ,kjM U AM o{n L
A SwA nB{C /kjM yAo{A ,j{ zU zkA iA BMBMnA pA kBM @Be
j A ,j M ;SwA TL iA BTB xpC oM Sv Yn SAo{A
poQ Se Ao{A J B BvA L UAoj A jo B nj oT
/kk{
J A BU /R
pA ,k`Q M jBw pA SwA AB] tw zkA wBwA B pA
B jM kT tw /kwn iA kT kp nj M L AkTMA Rn
o An ji o owAow A ;kj Bz An BT]A BU eo oUBM Aj
/jo C BL jk\ dU Aj B kAjopBM
M <kk] BB{> pA vU v < BB{> pA tv ,tw pA oQ M
MB BU kTvo T{m M j o C kkAn hw B] BAoBo B A
tv kwn o M /kk{ RBT pA BT]A BU SB e nj ,kMBM BA
1. Ibid.
/kjM gnBU Soe nBMnj nBTiA o M jM kT vU v oL] o M kT

o kwn o M SwA Anj RAl M gnBU SozQ kzkA tv
B{jBQ jM nAkA SvAj kk] nj An <pnBL BTj> nj A /k{BM kw [Q nj
/kB n nj C nj k nAo oM An kATM kjoi
jo kTwA S{Aj gnBU pA nBTiA o vUv ,oL] o a oMAoM nj
Aop ,jnAk BwC M BLUnA ,Zo Zo BM AU B k{BM BM Anj A pA T{m@
Bw o Aop ,jnAk BLUnA Bp M ,kMBU oTw cB @Be oM B B k{ni B
z SwA B Ji p Aop ,jnAk BLUnA B M ,jnAj An qBQ B nBM B
nB oTw @ AoM jB @Be pA SBe AoM ,SwA Aj SL B /SwA jM
nj nj nj nj ,kk] o~ nj BTwBM o~ nj ,SwA z ozM L /k
nj B] ,k AoBo BwnBQ BM Akjoi B{jBQ B /SwA Bv ,nBU
M BwC jAnA /Sn kAi o Zo Zo nj Bj ,k{BM nBkM AjB o@A ,jM kAi
1/k An gnBU Bo] BvA jAnA
A /kjo nj An BT]A BU TwAn SB vUv tv ,Be A BM

(@) BB{jBQ `C BM kB kk] o~ M <pnBL BTj> nj kjo o j
o JA pA UAoj o jn A nj k{ kAi kLU ,kjo nAo oM (kk])
/kjo@
BC /jnAj TvM jo jAnA M B{jBQ S@Be T{Ak kzkA tv
pA An jo BL o@A BA ,jnC Swj M An nUAoPA ,k K] An jo BL B{jBQ
,jAj M An C A { M An ShU ZBU B /kj Swj pA An nUAoPA kkM Swj
j A M M ,kT{Aj ShU ZBU nAm@A nBTiA Rnk kjo S AkM An nB A
/kjo SBe JBhTA pA jo @
1. Ibid. P.49: and Fitzgerald. Op. Cit. P.81.
45 . SvCkA KT
S A /jL pAjoQhw tv pA oT jo S@Be e pA Bj nj vU v

/kjM jAj Swj pA S@Be koM M pA C pA yQ i a a kB AoTw
n M nUAoPA ,BC o pA uQ Aop ,kjAk Swj pA An nUAoPA ,{ B : BB{
B kB nBo{> S A /k{ joPw kjM jo SBe jn BC Swj M L
</k rA An C B k e An B kAU JC /JC kB jB jo ,SwA
C AoTw kjo MyQ An \nkU qCc MA vUv tv
T BA /kBz kAi ZBU ShU oM An cB jB TwAoM @Be kA kAioM An nj
ow RBL B AkQ Be nj
wT RBL ,AnB RBL eB pA MA BC SwA
BM A }hzU nj TvCkA yM BM kjo MyQ Tw SAo{A joM
oT j A /kkB B@B kC kAi kkQ BjB { v\U nj Aj SwBw
,jM jo d S@ M An Aj rn kp jB~T A BT]A Bo pA B@CB
K oM SvAU kAi BwnBQ kjoi nBo{ kjM n AkpnC zkA A nj
tv S kBM B\Aow /jnC pBM nUAoPA M An anBP j{ poQ jo
rn iA nAkLB] BkBpBM oiC ,tw KT Tv]oM Ajo@B{ vUv
/k{BQ pA B\Aow jM jBTA B k{BQ eo nj kjM
w ~
AoSL KT
vU /1 yhM
kp bo{ /A
(Tao
Teh Ching)
a UBU JBT B kv ,(Lao
M BM /Sv TiB{ B n M ,(Tao
Chia)
Tzu)
vU S
BaBU KT B TvBU KT nAmBM
oB ,k{ o oQ jBTwA ,vU M BA jM (Li
Er)
nA yB A ,BTAn
j pA yQ 604 nj jM a pow J] BA pA kAT jM tw nBpC

M ow nj tw /jo kp a AkBi ShTBQ nj nB gnBU { nj BkM /kC Bj M
pA oi nj KA oT BjC> :S A M vU /jo T RB vU BM a
oi nj An ji kp AnB{ AkzAj /k jBTA jo pA Aop ,kAkp jAj Swj
Tj BnB M B Bp nj v /k nB{C An jo B Aop kj nAo
AoM /1</nAkP nBMnj op An ji qo /jnAj nAo oi oUShw o nj ,kp Swj
Bhw ,jo U B] nd An op B{ M ovQ nkQ M
MAn tw@
A ,jM nCSM ,jM nj MB o ,jM K Zo Zo Ao jo ,vU
j C M T ka nj B BA 2/jo vU BzkA ]T An ji pnBL oUkk{
nAmM ?zM An v A kBM Aoa ji Aoe nj> kB jnA ;S{Aj j] o AU
RApB\ An v jM kAh p oj k{BM An nj U nB{C BTwAi
Catlin. Op. Cit. P.20.
;41 |,zQ ,B]a ;265 | ,zQ ,toPwB /1

/307 | ,toPwB /2
Rke KLw kj kQ M An B iA j] SBnj qa jo AkQ> B </@

An j] B jo > </SwA ozM jnBTwj oTnqM A nj ,j{ B] BM B
1/kAjo jB j C M o AU jnA ioM An BC kB <B iA B
An j kp RBT A j ,a AoT oTnqM ,vU tw@

vU B{ A tw ,nj C nj /kjo o zkA Bh
wBw BT]A RBeA M jM Ao tw /kjM a J] A
e BM tw /k nAo B] pA k{ pAjoQ o vU BA ,S{Aj ]U
vU BA ,S{Aj nBow kjM TB v\U BT{Am nAo BjB nj iA B{pnA
/SwA TiB{B BBvA BnB@Bn BjB B] ,jM SL M SzpBM kpnC
B{ Bv BAkBi nqM BSw kjM BB{ pA A A AoQ tw@
AkTMA eo nj Bp C nj kjM a SBA pA KA BTvBU Be nj /kjoM VnA M An
/S{Aj nAo BT]A BvA BU
koC a v SvBU nqM B qo kB{ ,kB a SBA nj vU o@A
nj ka C pA uQ kAT /k{ nBPvn B{ BzhM qo nj SB A k~ M A /k{
Sv TvAj /joPw {Ao M An Bj Bj So nB ji B pA jo kp a SBA
S{ An a UBU ,Twj zU M ,ow oiC pA yQ /kwn BBQ M A kp B\@
pBC pA JBT A /jnAj oM nj An A pA \ BA ,Sv v ABwn kao
ka pA o T{ BLqM jnAj BT BTva k] BnBT pA jn BBQ BU
miF JBT A kkT AozsQ /kAk{ TwAnC \v oX a BkM BM
j] vU pA yQ BUk BU v ,AozsQ o M BM /SwA vBU T oT
k Rn M kM M vU Bp pA BA ,SwA TB nBvM BAk A pA uQ T{Aj
2/kC nj Ba pA jBp k tk
1. Catlin, P.20.
/117-118 | ,zQ ,B]a /2
49 . AoSL KT
vBU /J
An B SL An C pA j~ SwA An B M BU k{ T oTzQ nB
o M a SwA kzkA An tBwA nj BU /kAjo JBhTA v A AoQ SwA
,k BU k{ TvAj yhLBp oTzM kp AoM dw nB kzkA v A AoQ
nj ,oU jo BM kjM kT BTvBU /jM kzk An A nj BU S AU
BC /k{ B C BM SB An SL M AU ,Ao { jBw kp To yQ
S ,SwA T{Ak j] L n M kAjnC Swj M BBvA `C ,yAj kT@
/SwA jqA lAnA nB{ oM ,SwA k{ oUjoTv BBAj B{pC Aj a o M ,Sv
jBp RBU kzAj nB kjoi M Aop ,SwA nj M joi pA yAj
/SwA Bv Se jo n~U AU Te oUkM kT BTvBU /jnAj j]
BC pBwnAkQ nhw Rnk k gv ji o BM An SL BBo] Bv
yAj jBp pA Se nB nA{j ///> :nAjo Bo nj AUB pA SwA ABz
a u C SwA BpBU e nj k Se ji yAj BM k{M u C /SwA
A RAno KB nj Aop ,kpAkA oi M An Sj Ao{n /1</SoM B k
A kMB nj ,k U wk xn M An B] kAi kzkA
nj An yAj , nj An Apo> :joM M pA An B] BA UBe n{ jApC ,RAno
oj nBM jo ,A nj An nBTwn , nj An SBvA /koM jw oMAoM k jo ,A
Ao jApC BM An nB Rm ~h{ BMo\U nj jjBw /2<k{ pvj BMo
qa B kAj ji Aop ,jnAj oi oT kwn Rnk M a ,SwA TBnj k{BM
nB nj oT kATM a o nBo{ a /kBwn Bp ji kB pA yM SwA @Boi
,kj w Bk`Q BBU M An BC kB oLn An S o@A k SBij jo
1. Carrington Goodrich, A Short History of the Chinese People (London: George Allen &
Unwin Ltd., 1957) P.74.
/134 | ,B /2
Bw Bo] Q nj ,kp AoQM nBT jBw M An BC jBvM M

ji M ji jB~T A BqA BC /k oLn ,SwA An SL AoJBveM
BM An kp foa ,kAkB nj RAno KB kLB nj - pno B { - jo
nAkkQ kp nj BnA{j k oLn a nBo{ o@A /kAjo kAi Bw jBw Toe
oM Se /kATvM AAo BUBB BAoBo Aoa kA[n nj wo pA jo> :k{
1</k SBij BC nB nj BAoBo a SwA nA{j jo
pA M An SL A /Sva k ji oLn kAi vU TL kj kBM BA

L nAjo SB ,SL pA vU j~ /jo wn nB B ,jo Ak] kU
BU B SL /kj n L B C M BM BjAkn xBi Bo] ,jM
Akjoi B ,}hzUM oM B /SwA kj nBTw oh jn o nj SwA
B C BM An ji nBTn kBM koM ow M yAnC joi BM kAi jo SwBqa
S vU /SwA kp An nBTn B B` ,SwA Tv B] An Bqa B /k@
Tv B] kp pA q] ji BvA kp Sv yM Se nj An j A @
SL pA BvA SwA C nj ,SwA BvA nAkBQ RjBw B SB joi pAn /SwA
pA jnAm jo jBTA BM SwA kMBU pBM BB Bqo nj SL BeA M ,k oQ
Akjoi Bz ,BnB L Bo] nj SBij pA nAjji /k SBA SL wn An
:S A 2:SwA
An ji ow B z
p BwC a zkM SwA C oTM
B nj BBQnBa ,kj AjA An ji pAoQ BkoQ ,kBQ
Ai BC /koTv ji B] nj BUM BTinj k S oe
SAk AoU Bk jpBw AoU An nj o M SiC
/134-135 | ,B /1
/906 | ,zQ ,SAnj ;130-131 | ,B M k B /2
51 . AoSL KT
M jqM BC uQ /nC jo owSL ow M {BM vU k

M z SAk yBTw AoM BU S{Aj Ah pB wn B
1/{BM T{Aj kB\
ka M pB ,ozM
BU B
s /N
o iA B oM BBvA
MAn nj kBM jM A A ww KT BM
M Tv B] B S B ,A A oBB jM BU ,vU KT A B BA ,jo@
SL BvA
M MAn M vBU BvA BM BvA MAn M vBw/Sn nB{
RAl nj ,omQB oU nj SwA B T BU jM k T vU /kjM Mo
B S
A jM k T A /SwA o@] RBwvd BnAkkQ nj ,jnAj j] Bqa
:SwA ZnBi BvA @AnjA pA ,SwA A BnAkkQ wAo jnAj j]Tv B]nj
AU ,
x C M ;jnAk { C B ,LM AU
B C M
B ,oM Swj nj AU ,qM a CoM ;SwAkM C B ,zM
nj
oMBM kTv nj MBo w o
A ;SwA U C
2/kqC
;kAT{ ,B pA oj TAn nj
;kAkAi (Yi) An C ,kM An C qo jo oi za a
(Shi)
{ An C j{ An C qo kj Ao x ,x a
An C ,jo An C qo Swj SwA toTwj nj a ;kAkAi

M Aoa ,k{ j AU
A pA yM w
A nj ;kAkAi (Wei) @
3/k{ kL
/309 | ,zQ ,toPwB /1
2. Mousheng, Op. Cit. P.63; and Granet, Op. Cit. P.75.
/121 ,zQ ,B] a /3
,Ao SL M ,Sv BAo Ajq iA ,B S vU k M

oM SwA ~ oM A BU ,oj hw M /SwA BvA BU SwAi pA nB M
j jnAj BvA Shn BvA S A A oM vU kwn o M /jnAj w Bqa
Aioi ,ji Tzi nj B] jM kT tw ,BX AoM /kApw
BA /kAi oi SwA o w op B] S{Aj nBM tv ;SwA
iA B] kjM kT BTvBU /jL B] jM BvA oYFU op n _ M vBU
,BvA C nj SwA jBw JB ,jBT ,oM B] M ,Sv BAo Ajq

RBT w AoSL MB] A /k SB kp ,SwA RAj] pA
/jM a v zkA nj vBU
kzkA vU /k{BM L o kBL BvA uQ ,SwA L B] o@A
iA B{pnA BnB ,BnB\ ,kABvA Swj TiBw BT{Am nAo BjB
jAs BThM BnB`M \T BBvA BnBTo pA nBvM ,SwA SL An Bh
BvA Bz{ BA ,SwA o@Ao AkkQ L yoC kkT BTvBU> :SwA BvA
,k JAoi An C ,k Ji An qakAhM u o /k{ B w M C Tn B
oi o@A S vU /1</kj Swj pA An BC jo nBTiA nj An Bqa kAhM u o
:S{Aj kAh j] T{p ,k{BL BLp o@A ,S{Aj kAh j] o{ k{BM T{Ak j]
oi An oi Bj o@A /SwA T{p ji u nj nB A ,kwBzM BLp An BLp Bj o@A>
nB <Bno> <BHTe> ,<BkBM> knAmM /2</SwA o{ ji u nj nB A ,kwBzM
,SwA B p BM BvA> :Sz kAi pBM @BQ L jBw M jo BC ,koM
[SL
An]ji BM BU ,SwA B BU BM BwC ,SwA B BwC BM p
o pA qo SL M SzpBM nP{ vBU S AU AoMBM /3</SwA B

1. Liang Chi-Chao, Op. Cit. P.74.
2. Mousheng, Op. Cit. P.65;
/124-125 | ,B
/119 | ,B M k B /3
53 . AoSL KT
\ owAow M gnBU BU ABBjA vU a UBU /jM kU

,oMAoMB BTwBi nj nBT , Bo nj nBT :kB kB{ ,jM ozM jAs o VAo
v AkT /kjM ozM jAs JBT j oT k M ,wn T{ j
j jAnA A> :kjnCn SBn M kTBU oM n B] pA ,kM Bv nj TvBU
Swj ojB] M ,kTvp pAnj ,kjo o@B ,kkjo oo{ bAnA ]A
1/</kjp
hnBU Sj /R
l ,jM Tw iA hnBU Sj kFU M BT SLX vBw l o@A
RBno nAkT A k nBA ojBTA v bo jBC ,kj KUoU AkM TvBU
BM M vU ,iA SwBw nBMnj KT j A RB nj /jM k]nA iA
Bz@B{ pA tw o@A /k SBh Tw iA hnBU Sj Sj]
jBp BnBTo \T nj jo jM kwoiB vU ,joM [n ji Bp BznkQ
SL BM B qCc kp ] Q pA SwA jnC j]M @Be L @
nB AkBzi B ;To B pA An C U ,T{B An ji nAq B> :S A 2:kAkBpBM
</zhM An AnBB j [n An B@BQ U ;jo Bnj pA U ,jM
jo joTv BThM BnB`M Tv v An Aj BTe vU
kp BjB{ c nj @BQ jBvM k{ T{Am ji Be M jo o@A S SvAj
/jM kAi oUAM jo k{BM oUyM BoA BSjkd a o B] nj> :jo kAi
op a o jo /k{ kAi oUT{C nz ,k{BM T{Aj oUqU Bew ao jo
BB ao /jo kAi AoTiA oUnC Bp BnBAw ,kAkM oUyM koU
/310 | ,zQ ,toPwB /1

/307-312 | ,B :M k B ,vU tw vB AoM /2
vU o M /1</k{ kAi oUyM qAn jpj ,j{ dU BC M oUyM BBo

BB{ /B][zU T{C S oTnqM ,SwA ozM B] nBMAoi oTnqM Sj
Tvv BC nB nj BA ,k{ wT ] B M c e AoM AnBo{
SL B BM knAk xpnA BnAqMA A jAj nAkz vU /SwBBvA RjBw L An
/kTA nB pA nBMnj ,k SBA jo o@A BA ,kAi An jo SBA B /kAnBT
w A M An ] vU /SwA jM M SAk w A M B AoMBM
MB o A o M /2</SwA T{Ak j] Mi ] _ qo> :SvAj { SwBw
Rnk nj An BTe jBv zn A 3/k{BM kwoi ji B Tz pA BvA jM n~U
/k{BM [,t]BU BM B SwA k]nA Te C
> :SvAj wBw
4</SwA qAjBv Bi kU oj Bqa
o pA oUAoOa BQnA k\ kw jB~T A pAjoQo o pA oUMA vU

iA BMn BM M ,jM Tj jBdUA iAk Bh BU ,v AoOa
wBw BT]A BnB\B S ww KT /jM Bh q B] o{n
Bz An lxnoQ S ne vBU BA ,SvAj iA B{pnA nB Ak An
B oi KLw An `C BvA ,L nj KT A AoQ k M /SvAj ozM nBM
AoT AkQ pA uQ
/SiB{ k{BMTwnjB B Twnj ,T{p B BLp ,o{
5/SwA joM [n l xBzTA iA T{C pA Bj SwA AnBo{
A /kC pBM oj nBM kBM SwA Tn Swj pA B

BM B] ,vU B]
:jAj Bz a A o nj An ji BnC B] Rn~M B]

nB M Bw nAqMA BC /kA ,yjo ;SwA a BnC nz @
/133-134 | ,zQ ,B]a /1

3. Goodrich, Op. Cit. P.48; Mousheng, Op. Cit. P.68.
5. Ibid. P.18-19.
55 . AoSL KT
nj o Boi pA BC /k{BM BzwoTwj nj ao@A Te ,koM

a o@A ,Bw
kM /kkM o w nBM Swjnj Bnz M k]
,Sv ] BnAqA ao@A /kz C nj v ,Sv Tz MAnA
Bz @B{Q pA ,kjzi ji @Ani pA jo/////kj Bz An BC v @
,ji oTz S{ow pA knAj yAnC ji BBi nj ,kkwoi
Bw tnBQ Ak o BU k nB nj Bv B
pow /kjB{
1/kzM An oj C Bwoi BM
nj An kp ,kTz pBM L M BBvA o@A jM M B] B A

B Tvh L @BQ jBw MSzpBM AoM vU o M ;kjo Mo\U C
BL kB vBU /jM Ao{n BpBM BMp iA BnB jo jMB
2kT{Am nB An Bo ,RBMjA ,L v B owAow BTwBM B
S kBM AoMBM /jo An U kTwA BnB w BnB BkB

/jM iA o Tv{nBC M ,wBw Tv{nBC BU vU
AoSL KT AoQ /2 yhM

vU Aa ,vUB /A
(/@/N 360-290) vU Aa (Yang
Tzu)
(/@/N 400-330) vU B
Bj kjM Bv op nj ,TvBU KT B vU AoQ pA o j (Chuang
Tzu)
nj ,kT{Aj RBT xn j An j ,oT j A ,Be A BM /kTo kjB B n M An

o M /kjL Swj zkA l Bd pA AoMBM kkwn Th [BT M \T
Bz pAn oB{ en vUAa BA ,jM jApC en vU B kwn
/S{Aj
/167-169 /| ,zQ ,B :M k B /2
/136 | ,B /1
kp pA iA o TBnj nj jM nAkB AoB TwoQ ji M vUB

An A ATM kB{ Jo v BLT pA jBTwA BM /S{Aj o nBMnj okU Ak
,jM Ato RnBLkvjBp BTeA M,jo kp B nj o@A /SvAj nQA
M <,jM Ah B kC Ao o B] ,Sv o Tv B B\C> : RnBL A
nBpn kAi {BM BC pA kpnC> : jAj gwBQ Aow M tTvnC B]
</kAnmM {i jBw M ke BU An ji
B B\C BA /jM Tvi BvA Bj pA vUB nkM BTeA M vUAa
S{Am joM BQ SL M B] pA vUAa ,joM BQ ji Tzi M Bj pA vU
,BLp~ A /kwoM Ao Rke Be M Tv B] BM ,A ji Tzi
:k BM MhM An vUAa o
B\C B\A ;Tv AAoQ kj JAi ,vUAa ,
,nBpn pn
TvAj /nAj An AoQ Bqo RBU , pAoQ
BvA A M ji pA , oQ AoQ Bw pA
nj
Aj Be /jM kz pAnj B\C ;koQ JAi pA B@BM /jLB@C
Tv AAoQ Be B AAoQkj JAi jM BvA C
1/SwA BvA kM JAi
/jM SL BM vUAa Ao Rke oBM ,~ A

AoSL yM /J
Se Tvh jM kT SvCkA tw ,k{ T n B
e M SwnjB Swnj M }hzU n ,SwBqa BB yBQ bA
AoM SwA A Se S A ,oj hw M /k{BM BM
57 . AoSL KT
M ,kjM Ao SL vUAa vU B BA /jnC j] M nB iA B{pnA

o BM pAkA M j o ,kTwA TiA j] BM ,kkzkA tw i
/kjM Bh Se AoM TiBw nB
AoM /kAk@Ao ,kM Ji ,BB jAj o gnBU M B@B{B BM vUB
oUShMoU A nj BA ,knAj Ji BB ,Apo SwAo BM AnBo{ { B ,BX
BA ,kAo{ kM M ,nAkB AoTw a a /kAkC p n oM kABkoC
/kjoM kp pA An Rm oTzM
B BrAzAj B k{BM B ,BB kzkA vUB A pA oT
BT A ,knAk S A BB> :knAj j] pA Ak] Bqa
/knAk A j] ,
,nBo{ kB J B T{Aj S A A 1</kATiBw BBvA An BB /knAk B
nBA An iA B{pnA nB o nM ,jo KmU An kpo nkQ ,op
/j
nj SwA L Ba BvA S U nB ,vUAa o M
oM U o@A , WdM U o M> :S A /SomQ nB A M An C Sv
oa U oM o@A B ?SwnjB Swnj U Hq BC ,U oM { poQ
Swnj j o ke BU BC B ?SwnjB U Swnj Hq BC , oM U {
AU U ? Swnj B B SwnjB M j o B / SwnjB j o
nC M TiA vUAa k M </SwA B Se pA Bj C \T ,M An A
SkMA qa ,SwA TiBw
,LT MBU,JB\A Kw , SLX ,C A ,
M BSkMA B\C ,Tv B] qo nj ,SwA SkMA C ,SwA SkMA A ,SwA
/kqC AoM nj C A ,LT MBU , SLX ,kAo
:S Bp kjM vU TwAn Ako vUAa vUB ,Bd A pA
1. Ibid. P.78.
T{p Bj BC ,SwA T{p ji u nj A ,SiB{ BLp An BLp Bj BC>

oT j A So \T AU </SwA BLp ji u nj A,SiB{ S{p An
/kTv TiBw Lv yAj S BnB kAjM kT vU n
oM{C Aiji :vU B /N
Bo BM pnBL nj tv /jo o oM{C Aiji An vUB ,tv
Aiji vUB> :jo e vUB oM RnBL A BM ,Aj kkkU BC
,j] Ak /</SwA nB] A> AoMBM </jnAk S@Be pA zAj SwA
,jzkBzo oM{C Aiji A <AnBMAoi > <Ao o> o@A S tv
/kM An BvA ,BvA jjopBM oze eo M B]
M ;jL ZoZo @B B M A ZA vUB oM{C B v{nBC BA
nj k oQ ji L Bqo pA jM Tv jApC BAo
ji BnC
B]
,nAjoM Swj Aoj oM MBMnA pA> :S TBA @Be M vUB /knAk iAk nB@
/S{Aj Ah B] jo BL nj BA ,k{BM kCnB SBA nj nB A Uk SwA
BLUA -AoBo MAn oM @Be A ,j{ AkT B] o@A ,oM yQ An ~ikp
kkQ A nj Bj nBM Bz jM kT vUB 1</Sn kAi M pA L n M
BC SwA C S ;koM Bo Bjo kAn Bo Bjo SwA nB\MB
/knAj onBL]A B T~i ,knAm ji Be M An Aoj kTv ji nB ]T
ji ,SwA k{ TwAi BC pA oi SAk B M B] bA k o BC pA nBvM
]U MB o n M An ozM RjBw L oQ kTv A AjB knC j]M
/kpAkA oiFU M
ji ~h{ Bk nj TLA ,k{ o Aiji vUB k{ T@
/932 | ,zQ ,SAnj /1
59 . AoSL KT
A /Aoj BM onj kM jo RjBw koQ B nj M ,k FU Aoj Bp MAn

p SzM BvA A k M /jo{ S{p An Rnk jTw An joi ,kzkA A M
joi> :Rnk oM jnAj U joi oM ji e AoM ,(wo ,joi B]) SwA a@
Bqa jMn M Aop ,SwA SvQ Rnk ;k nB ji pA nAk M Aop ,SwA o{
BvA _ o@A k e An ji Tzi BBvA o@A S AU KUoU kM</kB\A
/SB kAi dU Aiji AoM{C BnC B] ,kBMo An Bqa
pA yQ eo Svo Ao M L AoM vU kB ,vUB
:jM n~T An B] k{ wBw
d nj kwn Ao d nj kp kTvAj A BBvA
M /kTn ji K BTwAi Q nj
AoMBM /kB\A o M oj
pA An kp B{i pA ` ,kjo SzQ L BqA
SwAi M /kjAj B\A B] Ro{ oBi M An nB /kjAj Swj
qTw Bqo Ae n{ BM kjp woQ B] ji SL
nAo B pA oUBM ,kjL o pA uQ B BAi B\C pA /kjo
Bw ka B Bw ,jp B oj ,yBTw B nBMnj BC /kT{Aj
1/kkzkA
ok BM kMA ] SBe nj kAk{ kwB kU o j] S M BBvA A BA

B ,pAnj kp :SwA jo Kw jo kp pA An yBwC qa nBa> @A /koMow M
@BM jo pA ,SwA @BM bAnA pA TB Swj nBa A oM v /RoY jABi ,nBhTA
BA ,kBM kp B j{ Tz SwA /SwA Aqo A /SwA @BM B Rnk pA ,SwA
2</SwA ZnBi xnBTiA pA A S{ow
1. Ibid. P.82.
2. Ibid.
/172 | ,zQ ,B]a
k{BM T{Aj jBw kp kBM jAoA ,L kAjopBM AoM ,vUB k M

j] ] _ Ao _ ,woU _ Rn A nj ,k iAk Aoj nB nj
nAjoLBo u` AoBo u` /S{Aj kAh j] BLUA AnBo{ /S{Aj kAh
_ Sv B oTM B _ ,Sv Se oTM Te _ /jM kAh
,knAj An jjBw oM Bnp SwA Lo iA /Sv BpBw oTM BpBw
,kjL Se iA AnB pA ,S{AkQ tw Ba , Ajo oUkjoi
Bv B Bp pA yQ ,xi ShM pA kjM op nBz BAiji M
/kjM nAjnioM qo BUm pA kTvp
/BTwBM a AoSL Aiji v ,vUB B v{nBC jM a
AoM{C :vU Aa /R
Sj B ] MB nj jo oUoM M BAiji oM{C ,k{ T n B
TL Bqa RBAe ,BBvA B] B oM B oM{C BA ,jnAj nBM
/SwA
B] nj oj qa o ,kC j]M BM B] :S vUAa
ji |Bi S B SwA SL omQBAk] q] BvA </Tv k{BM
BC B{n ,knAj j] B k{ni ,SwA nAkBQ C ,jnAj j] Tv B]> :jnAj
BkoQ ,k oU qo BC Rn ,knAj j] BnBTw ,SwA z
kM knAj j] BUM BTinj ,k{ ] nj RBUM knAj j] AnB]
BT{Am nAo kA kBL k{BM SL B oQ kBM BvA /</k k{n BXTwA
tBL ;jnAj L Bqo BvA jM kT A /k no SL B Bh
M Bqo A /jnC Ao Am jA k SAnp ,k{Q jpj
SwA oTz BBvA
61 . AoSL KT
yAnC nj BBvA ,jM @Be L Bqo Bpn nj

AoMBM
nj qa o /Q jM B BMC n ;jL An B nj /kTvp
o kM BvA Ji BvA
M ///jM kC j]M C AoM ji e
RBU kM kT{Ak k Ao S ,kjM oMAoM BM /jL
B nj ,L B anBP SBe nj ,oMAoM nj ,{
M ko BM ,kk{ nAkkQ Be BC BA /kjoM ow M jM BvA
,Bv M SLv A M BvA jo kLBQ BM oi BnB B\A
w M BvA
TB Swj \T nj uPw ,jo pBM An B] M kjoU
1/k{ vU ji Bp M L nUAoPA ,pAC pBw
vU Aa /kj Bz An B v{nBC ka nB~ ATd {n T{ A

B j M ,Bqa BBvA C nj L B M An BvA SwAi
/kAjo pBM ,kjM Tn o B AoM M nj ,BzjM
kAjo dU ozM oM Be Bv A kA BM vU Aa
o@A jM kT </// S{Aj kAh j] nqM Ajpj ,k{BL yAj joi o@A> :jM Bh
kp AoM Mi B] Bj Rn C nj ,joM M pA B Be Bv kA
Sv njB Te _ /k{BM o\p nj kBL SwA k{ koC jApC BvA /jM kAi
noo o{ BU Se /kB nAo oM c ,k Se kATM A M
M jo o@A BA /SwA BvA kp oAo oTnqM Zo Zo ] opBC M ,SwA
kAi BjB{ jo kAi kp nB nj qC SBv n M ,k{ T{Am ji Be
/jM
1. Ibid. P.83.
vU Aa vU B hnBU BB] /V
,kp A oBz oTM ,vU v tv ,tw {n Ah
vU B ,vU L AD ,jM a B{ BzhM nAjo oU po
j o BA ,kjM nB@Bd Ao Tvh o /M] BzhM A ,vUAa
BT]A KUAo vw kjM k o Tvh /oAo Be nj oU A
nj An iA B{pnA ,Sj nAjA d ,BT]A kp B{ ,wBw
nAo BT{p M o j Be nj ,k e jnAj w kT B] nj
/SiAjoQ L M SzpBM pA Bj M ,BvA BjB BT{Am@
pA o nBa ,jM a gnBU ow jnj oQ Bkw pA ,j pA yQ nBa kw nj
vUB ,(Bww@) vUv tv :kjM TB xnoQ nqM AoT
oM jM nqM BT]A JA M Tn Be nj a ,kw A nj /(BTvBU) vUAa
BC /SiAkA B{ BjoM Bow M ` jp Mo Tw SAo{A
Swj nj An wBw Rnk @B BTj Rn M kk{ BB nAm@Bow RBL
] /k`Q gnBU nj BT] pA k{ TiA Aj wBw B] o t B ,ko@
nBM M AjoTv AB nqM BT]A [zU ,RBL BTj M ] /k{ Bp
AL _ BM dU Be nj BT]A KUAo vw nj ZA oz ,AoT k oM /jnC
AC k ovU FU An Bp xoTv Be nj bn BU So nAo ,S{Ak Tv kQ
/kBwoM B{ M An Th RBL RBwBveA BzkA
M j BdA oTvM nj jM AjApAo{A vUB ,BT]A p Bd pA
o Ri M od jApAo{A vUAa ,jM joM BQ bnM o{n
An BB o@Ajw RBL qCnU BT]A o{BioQ en ` /jM TzpBM

BM nj ,BjB{ kp ,SBn ,SAo nj vUB /kT{Ak jo BM nB /kT{Ak
qo Rm BM A BA /kAnm kp ,S{Aj j] BjB{ BnAqMA ,Rm
63 . AoSL KT
/jM BT]A kp t BT A pA qo A nj M ,jL BBjB{ SzM

pA ZnBi M ,BvA B] ohvU BM jM BT]A o wBw o BvA vUAa
B] BBQ pBC o kp o wAo nj BC BM> C nj joM BQ B]
nj , SMB\ BLp j] BM ,B] pA ZnBi o A /jM TiAjoQ QBU M <kjM
/jL kn{ oB{ Bi oYA pA yM qa ,B dU
,BnQA y M SBL{M ,a v gnBU nj vU Aa vUB y
nj BLT /jL oB nj nj BTwBM B v gnBU nj B An BL@
vUAa vUB ,kjAj KUoU <nAk Aow v {n{> oB
jnoQ ,UC ,B nj Aow v /kjM ww KT MA BU BkB
Bw zkA pA BkM kjM B o yM B An BL Bv BA ,jM k{
BA ,jM a ~d B ww v /kk{ JAow Mo n o{ nj
oUkT BB{ oUAkTMA BM] B~ xn{ A nj BTvBU v
/jM
nj An ji nj BMBUpBM BTvBU kB A ,Bw nAqj k{ oPw pA uQ
AU An vUB RB] ioM pA /SBpBM wn (Max
Stirner)
ooT{A u@B Bv
BTv{nBC ooT{A vUB /kB <BTwBM wn> An vU Aa <BTwBM ooT{A>

j i oUoM SA Be nj vU B /kARBT BL] ioM nj BA ,kjM Aiji
ji jM kT ooT{ABA /jo kFU q An oj Bji xpnA Sj] ,SomQ An ji
An Unk vUB /SwA B o~d ji M ,k{BM Ao oj Bji BM Sv
An An Rnk ooT{A BA ,SvAj d kp KwC BvA oM kj nAo w SdU An Bqa @
</jnAj e ,jnAj Rnk uo> jM kT kj
BM nBvM j o /kjM kB jBp ke BU oU en Bd pA wn vUAa
kjo{ ji J B An L j o ,kjM jBw kp nAkLB] pAjoPBi o
d ,kAjnCnj k{ BLU Ae RnM An BBvA BC k M ,An Bo

BBw nj wn :S{Aj j] j C M nqM RBU Swj Be nj /kjo@
,SB BAU k\ kw AhjApC yL] AoM MA o yoC M kBM
/kB q M Bj pA BBQ BU vUAa BA
,joQ BM BkB ,Sj BM SBh pA o ,BTwBM a SvBU oT j
KA kk] BTv{nBC /knAj kk] v{nBC yL] AoLn UQo ,@BM
AnAkLB] BTvBU BA ,kT{Aj kC AoM MA ABoM kjM SvTB Sv@
BAi
kTvo Ao M BvA j SzM oM kjM joi SBA KT
/kjM A L SzpBM
nBa ~
Aokjw KT
tw /1 yhM
kp bo{ /A
o jBTwA ,vU M kM (Mo
Ti)
U ,a wBw oU gnBU nj
o jn nj A /S{Aj o~d KB] S~h{ ,xkkB tw BBQnA ,k{

nj So nAo vBw l oYFU op /S{Ak k{pnA oiFT B kT _ ji
Bh ww Ao{A o Bh , A nj ,jL BTvBU op
jBMCB\@B Aj rn jM M SLv ,jM BTvBU Tv{nBC en
jM Tv jo ,oU Bd pA /jAk Bz BU k _ BTvBU A ApAjoPBi
/jM TvBU k ww k joM nB M zkA nj kk] xn
Tv AnzQ ,BQ
wT RBL KT ,tw KT kwn o M
TB Bn joM ow RBL Ao{A M Aj Tw BkQ pA jM jApC ApnBz@
M T x Shw Bjo ,kT{Ak B Rnk RoY BQ
wT RBL /kjM
U po kk{ noM _ tw Bo{ w \U pA /kjM ji nB@
z xU nj ,kjM Ajo /kjo nj q An BTvBU BB{ AjB
/jM kjw `C M k
xB
jM jo Tvh tw ,BQ
wT RBL M TvMA AoT B pA
pA uQ ,jo kp (470-390 jke) j pA yQ \Q kw nj /S hw A nBMnj AU
vU B ,vU v ,tv pA yQ kjM z{ kw nj tw vU

Ao{A BTwBi tw i M /kjo kp nBa kw nj vU Aa
nBMnj jBp zAj (Sung) w B (Lu) BA pA ,jM jo jU B pA tw ,S{Aj
KT jo@B{ Bp C Te /jo B Ji An BzQ nBYC So Ao Tw o
kjw B k tw BTwjozM jApC B{pC S{Aj jBTA ,jM ww@
j~ C ,Bz] RBozU B o{ w ;SwA \TM AoMBM Sv
o TiA ,vB nj /jnAk B] Bk AoM AkB ,SwA tw@
Tw RBMjA w ,wn ,BjB BM tw@> :SwA KB] tw tw@
i M /k ]U iA n M k An BC k{ S{Aj k a Bjj
A o M oUjBw qa k{ jAj nAo ywoQ jn An BC xpnA kB tw ,A
BA ,jM Tw kU Ak o ]U tw ,hw BU /jnAmM BC B] M oUk
Sv{ nj An Tw BnB A nj tw /1</Sn nB{M C k tw
C pA AnBa o@A k{BM k SwA Ji qa S jAj nAo C B] An kB
/kn{ vBw oMAoM nj Bs A BM tw 2/kBwoM An Bp oT Sv
nj a AkBi {BQo pA uQ jM (Hsieh) v B AnB] L pA tw
A M Ao{A Bd pA BnBM ,jnC n nzQ M A kjM k{ nAC SBA owAow
jBvM jM BM M Bz Ao{A kp { BM /k{ kAn
wT B SvQ jo ,B
Rnk C Be nj ,jL v L AnAj /jo kp R\U o pA nj
BjB{ vU S{Ak An LAo j{ z B ,S{Aj tw An BvA
Bv M SvAT qo kB BM M ozM SB L M SLv /jnAj S
/kMB Swj LAo
1. Yu-Lan Fung, Op. Cit. P.49.
/193 | ,zQ ,B]n /2
67 . Aokjw KT
Bp ,Bp> :jM Anj wn ] C nj jo kp Anj nj tw

BpC , c nAo oM wn C joM M pA AoM <SwA ok M M
nBTwn BAn BpC A jM kT A /jo o An MBT B] o Twj
B{ jo nj ,jM q] ji oU nj pAkA B A kwn o M /kTv B] nj
/SwA jM B
M An ji BpC Sn oj nBj M nBj pA tw kB tw
BpC AnABM ,BTBA M ] BBw nj C nj SwA nB{C /jo o BAoBo
L c A M BoBo KB] pA L M jo Soe Bp BBo] i oM ji
q An Uk SB RnAp { w nj Uk kAT /k{ TiB{ M Ao pAjoPBi
/k{ B wBw jo tw kB A /kAnm Akp nj kB{
Bpow pA jBp Ajo@B{ /jo pBM Awnk ,SwBw nj B@B pA uQ tw
Bo C nj jM BzjApC nBvM wnk A /kkC C M ~dU AoM jq nj
ke BU C nj jM Awnk Be nj /k{ TiC Bp Bv ,@B@
~dU wnk C nj jo@B{ k ka /k{ TiC tw q] RBo nB~dA M
nj An ji kp BU kjM jBC kTvo jBTwA M T{ vdU BM kjo
B B nBQ M kk{Q kr BwBL ,kjo nB pn K{ /k Ak A BpC@An
l SdU Bd o pA /kjo e An nAkTzi BwnBQ Be B nj kjM
/kjM jBTwA
v S~h{
{n l AnAj ,MBT B] o BpC A j] BM tw
/j xShw ~ nBvM S{Aj k] nkT T~h{ M ,jL A L
/k{BM T{Aj Swj An ok BC BU kMB AoBo Bjo oM jo pnC
Aokjw o
/J
oBi M kBM Twnj oi kkzkA tw TvCkA KT AnAkLB]
An TwnjB Twnj M B ,o{ oi M o Ao SL BTvBU /j{ BLj ,BC u
`C ,SwA Ji SwA kjw `C jo kTwA kjw nAkLB] tw
/kjo jn
Bp /{ jzi yT{Aj pA SwA qa jw> :S A /SwA Swnj SwA kjw

\T M pBC B pA tw SwA nB{C KUoU kM /1</nAqM yT{Aj pA SwA qa
:kkwoQ tw pA Bp /d Twnj SB oM kzkA nj zkA
An C ,jL kjw o@A> :jAj gwBQ A <?jnAj jw _ BC BA ,SwA Ji B] o pC>
zkA B nj <2/k{BL kjw BA k{BM Ji qa SwA a /jo kFU
BC kCoM dU jknj A B] M A /SwA <jMkjw> B M <Twnj> tw
Twnj A B] M ,SwA Ji a AoM kwoQ , B SwA Swnj jB B AzkA
t A { M jM kjw TB xU nj ,k oU AqTA n M An
/jM
Ji An ww Aokjw ww vCkA M RBU op oB
A /<?o jB w Aoa> :kwoQ tw oQ pA tw /kj Bz
o /jAk Ao gwBQ U> :k tw C pA uQ /<w ji AoM> :kj gwBQ
Bow pA kB d AoM j JA] U ,pBw Bi Aoa woQ U pA @
Be /AT M An Bi k{ TiBw j Rn A nj /Bp Ajo jo@Ak] AoM Bo@
ji oBi M An w j JA] U n w BLj Aoa woQ U pA
3</pBw Bi oBi M An Bi M SwA A X /o jB w
AokjwtBwA nj ,vBwA BB,MB T B] o BpC
/194 | ,zQ ,B]a /1

3. Fitzgerald. Op. Cit. P.162.
69 . Aokjw KT
/SwA RjB kM ,Sw]jw Aiji :jnAj ~~i j BvA jM kT tw /kjM

M u o /S{Aj kAi Swj An A Aoj ,jnAkM Swj An Aoj u o> :S A
kAi oT A pA ,k{BM oT Aoj pA u o /jo kAi A M ,k Aoj
SomQ {oM tw <1/jp kAi KwC A M ,kqM KwC Aoj M u o /jM
k{ /knAj nAo A kvQji tBwA oM MBT B] o BpC
/SwA B <j i> jw M MBT B] o BpC
nAkTzi jM ~h{ tw J B ,~h{ pA B@C j] BM BA
Ao kjw v ,BTM o] tw M wBwA RBU SwB\A nj /knBXA
SvAj BvA oM @Be An [n BjB{ kk] Ao kjw /j{ oB ,BBToM
kATM o@A tw ,oj w pA /k{BM BjB{ K nj k] nj [n pA S{Aj o nj
pA BTM o /k{ kAi AomQ An [n k{Q kAi za BjB{ pA ,kBwoM jw Aoj M
,BQ
wT RBL B pA tw o BA ,kC oM B] nj nqM pArnM
KT j o wBw Bd pA S kBM BA /k{] BTwBM a jApC ApnBz AnzQ
/jo nB{ oTzM AoM BjB{ oTzM ,kT{Aj oTz k Aokjw
An Twnj B ,jw M ]U kM kBM jo jM zkA A oM SvCkA tv
,Swnj , SwA kjw oi jo kTwA Ao kjw tw ,k BLj
/kBwoM jw SwA qa
Sj BTwBi /N
AkTMA eo pA BT]A BU B ~d Sj jM kT tw@
Sj vU o M /SwA TwBioM jABi kp B eo pA ,jM BvA Sj]
M BA /k dU jo oM An kA A v AoBo kC j]M BC
1. Ibid.
AoBo M SwA nAo ,SwA BvA jApC ~d Sj tw o

] pA ,Mo Bv BT]A nAo Bo kC nj yQ vBw Bd A pA /jo
M A nAo jL kT AoT A kB tw TLA /jM 1wn ,@ ,qMB
BT]A nAo /kj zU wBw B] wn n M SwA T{Aj j] jo @Be
L pA kC oM a cU AoM SwA jM kTwA wB
:jo U a tw An BT]A nAo A M TB Swj Bo] /o
/kT{Aj jBT Bk o ,jAnA jo ,jL AoBo _ pBC nj
jAnA j k{BM o j B] ,jnAj j] jAnA k{BM o B]
,oTzM BjC ,jnAj j] jAnA j ,k{BM o j B] ,jnAj j]
BM k BA An ji jAnA k{ jo o B\C pA /oTzM BjAnA
ow M MBT {j Be nj jo ,SwA Bh Aoj BjAnA
ok
{j A]
v AnjAoM ,Akpo AnkQ
AoMBM /koM
nj o BQ Swj /k kp BM nBpBw M kAU k{
oM oAU ,k oM /SwA Aoj BTwj oMAoM
nj BjC Bj /kj xpC An BAjB BBAj ,kj @Ani SwkU
2/SwA RBAe Bj kB ,SwA Zo Zo SBe
L pA tw S{AjoM A nj /jnC l M An qMB RBo n M nBT a

tw Be nj BA /</SwA BvA o BvA> jo BM AU qMB T A pA oTM An
jo U An Zo Zo
A /jL zkA AnAj ,wBw v qMB nkM
qMB BA ;k bo An A BvA jB
Ao{ An BqA M Mo WeBL CM
AkTMA
d j U BvA L AjB dU q\U BQ An ji U L
:M k B ,Sj BTwBi (BT]A jAjnAo) BT]A nAo o nBMnj oTzM B AoM /1
/180-208 |/1377 , oz :AoU ,nBa NBa SwBw BjBM ,B eoAkL
2. Mousheng. Op. Cit. P.95.
/207 | ,zQ ,B]a :M k B `
71 . Aokjw KT
jM Aoj LbA tw ,jM o@{ v ke BU qMB i M /jAj nAo

BoUoM S kBM BA ,S{Ak An wBw v pA B] B jnC oM { SAo
wBw RBo pAoT wBw A ,jo Ao wBw A pA A\ A Ao
/SwA vA Bv
\A Rno L nj /jo kTwA L U pA uQ tw
pA {B L Zo Zo kTBnj jo Bp nm nj /jAj Bz An ji oq@B wBw
kTo ~U kkC jo nj jo ,MBTC pn nj ,AoMBM /SwA AoBo jL
@Be B\C pA BA /k Se BC oM BU kqoM ji M pA An }h{ oUBAU oUBwnBQ
nB An A BU kjo JBhTA <op w> jo ,k Se B] oM SvAU BU M
jo ,k nAjA An Bj kTvAU BU M op w @Be j A M pBM ;k@
oUBwnBQ kBM BTwn un B eB BMo{ /kjo JBhTA q An Th B BAoe
, RBMBhTA T{n An pA KUoU kM 1/kjM BTwn B eB C Bjo oUBAU
/k{ nAo oM wBw KUAo owAow
tw BT]A S UoQ nj kBM TLA An Sj BTwBi nBMnj o A
SBh Tw Aj SAo{A BM jM BQ
wT RBL pAjoQo A /jo ovU
jo AnA Ao k{ kj n B /jo jn An SYAn B nBLU A nj kpn
JBhTA An Aok Aoe S jo ,k{ zU Sj BC ,pBC nj A oM L
B pA Bjo oUBAU oUBwnBQ jo kTwA tw ,o BQ oM /kjo@
/jo <JBhTA> B BUAoTvnC zB] M kBM An jo
Sj s nB /R
Aoe S Rnk nBMnj Sj AkQ kn U tw
/207-208 | ,B :M k B n /1
kkQ jo n M qa B kM ,SwA oB nqM BU A WdM nj BA /jo WdM

/SwA Ako{ v] bn oM RnB k j{ kLU <BUB> M kC
Rke An jo @B jBT Bk Bo ,BTwAi kBM Sj jM kT tw
AkM SwA B BwC jAnA BM k{BM B jAnA SdU kBM B] nUAoPA /kzhM
A B S KUoU kM /k RnB Ako{ BTwjop BjAnA oM w
vw ,BM M BQ pA S U
kn A oj xn /j{ TiB{ oUBM jAnA BM BjAnA
M C pA uQ M eB pA ,eB M BTwn pA :kj Bz An wBw KUAo

A SLXU AoM /SwA BwC RnB oYFU op BjAnA /BwC M B\Aow nUAoPA
BTwn jo B{ > :k A kBM k{ JBhTA pA uQ BTwn un ,wBw KUAo vw
k o kBM B{ ,SwA Ji kzkA A `C ;kAkM eB BMo{ MBU An ji kBM
BM Bhw pA /SwA kM k o kBM B{ ,SwA kM kzkA A `C ;SwA Ji
nAjo knAjoM Swj ji kvQB nAjo pA /koM jB An A Ji Bhw knAjoM Swj ji
eB BMo{ KUoU M 1</k{ kAi nAo oM c eB nj C pA uQ /ko Ao An A
Aoe k{BM SBA B Aoe MBU SwAi kAi jo pA k{JBhTA pA uQ
B] nUAoPA C pA uQ ;k oQ SBA nUAoPA pA SwAi kAi jo pA
,SwA Ji jo kAi o ,SwA Ji kzkBM nUAoPA `C o> :kC kAi kkQ
_ oj BAoe JBhTA pA uQ ,jo nAj /</SvAj kAi kM kAkM kM A An a o
/jnAk d
za M An jo wBw nBTn B] nB Rno qMB tw S kBM
/k KUoU B M kBM Ako{ SwA jo U AoBo An nBTn A /kkj
M tw /k nAj BnB kM nBMnj kAU jo jL kT qMB
BUB nj /k nAj wBw kp TwnjB B Twnj nBMnj ji jAk pB]A Ako{
1. Ibid. P.97.
/209-210 | /B :M k B
73 . Aokjw KT
/S{Ak B] jo B@C n{ ,j C pA Ak`

pA uQ nUAoPA S tw /jnAj j] Sjkd
nUAoPA jAnA oM ,BA
BA /jnC nj eo M An BwC jAnA SwA j{ BwC kB ,jo JBhTA
M knAkM Swj An ok jo SwA A BwC jAnA jAj gwBQ A ?Sva BwC jAnA
o> :S A /SwA BwC jAnA MBT B] o BpC AoMBM /k
AoM pAkA B u o ,ji SBA AoM SwA Ji oj BTBA AoM pAkA B v@
Ji Aoj AoM pAkA B u o ,ji jABi AoM SwA Ji oj BjABi
Aop o@A /k{ kAh BPM ] ,knAkM Swj An ok BB{ o@A uQ /ji AoM SwA
kAh AkQ B] nj Tw \T nj /// ,jM kAh nB nj UnB ,knAkM Swj An ok
,ji SiB{ pA uQ nUAoPA /1</S{Aj kAi Swj An oj u o Aop ,k{
:k A BB] M An op Bjn ,BwC jAnA pA SBA
,k BC M knAj Swj An Aoj An BC jo B{
/kBwBzM kBM kp Bp BC M ko T Aoj pA An BC

nBTn An BC jAj Ai xAjBQ kBwBzM An Aoj nBTn An BC
nBTn BC M
/jo Ai RApB\ k BQ An Aoj kvQB
pA uQ /jo Ai RApB\ knAj kM nBTn An BC jAj Ai xAjBQ knAj
2/joTv kAi Bw nUAoPA oM c C
BjAnA M oj w pA SwA BwC jAnA v pA nUAoPA jAnA j{ nB{C KUoU kM

SBA BwC jAnA pA nUAoPA ji o@A BA /SwA oUoM BwC jAnA /kzhM Rke jo
SBA BwC jAnA pA jo o@A /kj kAi xAjBQ k SBA o@A k{ kAi RApB\ ,k
jBTwo kAi nBvM An yUC AnBM ,oM AkTA kM An Bo Bow> BwC ,k
/191 | ,B /1
2. Ibid. P.98.
kAh k{n RBAe Swn kAh R \T nj /jo kAi Ao An B] B\Aow

M tw BUB SwB\A pA /1</S{Aj kAi j] B] d nBM ,jo@
Bv e AoM tw e An SwA T Be o M /j{ kLU kLTv B{jBQ
kB SwA BTho BdB Se tw kB > Bp wBw BnA{j

e An A A ]///nkT AoBo M SwA RAnBTiA nAm@A M ,SL M SzpBM pj
oTzM M jw oTzM kBwn jw SBA JanBa nj nkT @Be nAo oM [BM An
2</j U jAoA
Sok /V
SiB{ BAi ,k{BM Sj nBMnjpAjoQo C pA yM tw kB{
B\A a M oTzM ,S{Aj Ao l A /jM BT]A BnB Sok a
Sok L] ow oM BnBM A /kMBnj An Sj SB BTwBi A BU S{Aj ]U BnB@
S] yAqA (2 ,(jB~T A Sok) jo RoY yAqA (1 :jo k@FU BT]A BnB@
/(B] e Sok) jo RB A jnAm jo (3 ,(BT]A Sok)
jAoA kBM AoBo jo U BT]A BnB Sok BL] A M TB Swj AoM A
jo RoY ,nz kUoY kpnC B] BAoBo > :k Rj nB M An TvB{
nqM ,SwA o ,Sv RoY kAjo `C BA /kA n M BC e BnB B\A
BwnBQ Ajo pA BAoBo SwA C S /SwA ZoZo ,Sv ,SwB ,Sv
M pA An Sok BQ A nj BAoBo ji> A k M /</kAjo jBTwA TvB{
3</kAjoM
AoMBM jo BM tw Svh nBM An BT]A BnB Sok nBMnj A A

1. Ibid.
/190 193 | ,zQ ,B]n /2

3. Ibid. P.99.
75 . Aokjw KT
S A /jM tw pA oUoY kTwA AnAj A BA /S{Ak U tw M C tBwA

o@A /jBTwo kAi oB MB~ Q nj M ,kzM An Ae kAhM AoBo o
kAhM o@A /kAi kAi Ao An lBe {qPAj ,j{ \B kBM jnAj AkU KwA
AkBzi M An BC kB BnB A B\A /jM kAi oB Bi nBTwAi ,jpkM wBL
SwA a BA> /kj B\A An BnB A kAU BC kAj Aop ,S{Am kAhA ji
kUoY -AoBo Bzi /k o Bo] SwA Mo Sj Bv M T
An ji nz AoBokwn o MBC /k{ kz BM -MA BA oBxi ,xpnAM BA
B~~hT An Apn BnB o@A /<?jnAj Swj oT tBL pA kU KwA pA Te
B\A B~~hT BwB{nB kBL An BT]A BnB SwA a ,kj B\A kBM
?kj
RBU C pA tw BM jo oTki pA tw kwn o M
,kzAj ,v kBM jo oTki jM kT tw /S{Aj wBwA
nj n M v ,oj hw M ;k{BM AkhnBU B Akw ,oB{
k{BM jo kBM jo oTki jM kT tw oj w pA /SwA TB xpC BvA
wBw BnBM kAU Bo k o k n e An Bi t Bv
</k nB kqM Ap kBM j{ nz jnA u o> :S jo@B{ M A /k Bnj An
M k jBC An ji kBM u o jn o Zo Zo SBe njnz o@A jo jBzQ tw
kBM u o ,k{BM o nj nz o@A /jnAj BQ oM nkT rn kB nAkTwBw Rn
Bnz wBw BnBM B\C pA /kj yB An Bq BU k{BM AjjB~T A
AU Be o nj BA ,jAk AnA e An tw ,Sv Bv Th
SBnj M ,k{BM v oB{ kBM Hq oTki jL kT SBnj An A o
/k{BM jo kBM
,BT]A BnB Sok Bv M tw ]U nBMnj o{n AoM
A A /jo nB{A Sj nj <Ao S S> o dU q\U M Sv SLwBM

:jo U a An BS
o~ ,To BM ,nBM ZoM ,o{ oM nj BnB~e T (1
M p Bv BA kwoM An pA
{j T (2 ;k{BM k{ TiBw Be nj
~d _ j{ U jo Bnq T (3 ;k{BM kB @
T (4 ;k{BM Bi Aqi jM Bq oBi M ,kk
BTwj M BTwj ,kj SA ji BjqTwj M B RBB
T (5 ;k AkQ AovA oM oU So] ApBMow ,knAm xpnA
RBBdTwA jBC _ ZnBi pA Boi oMAoM nj BTeA M BM AoBo
(7 ;k{BL SwoQow AnAjB ,nAjB BTwoQow T (6 ;k Ao
BjB{ An Bjo xAjBQ k{BL v Aop B yUnA T
1/k BwoU An BC RApB\
M ]U BM jAj Swj M Sj Ao BT nBMnj tw BT A M ]U BM

B\zAj pA A S AU ,jo bo Sok nBMnj wBwA Bv
/jM BT]A BnB Sok
tw hnBU BB] /Z
KT w vBw vBU ,vBw ,Aj nj BBQ kw w nm nj
Be nj ,C pA uQ kw SvM nj BA /kjM SMB n nj ok BM RkzM v o
pA jBp Bj M vBw ,kjM v wBw zkA vBU vBw@
pA vBw KT v BMBT{ k{n /k{ ZnBi kp v KT SBe
/jM wBw oU gnBU nBTB BkkQ
1. Ibid.
77 . Aokjw KT
,KT A nj /SB BpBw K n KT j o pA oTM vBw ,nB pBC nj

Bkw UB Bv nj NBQ nAkT A kB B jM B oLn tw
o M An BC SvAU jM T{Am B oYFU ji Ajo@B{ oM /S{Aj Jo gnBU B
pA TBA o nj An Ajo@B{ pA Ak o SvAU kTwoM nj C BAoBo w SnB
l Rnk a ji AoQ jn nj tw /kAi Ao jiM K~ B o
/kMBM nAkT A Ba jM tF M vU ,S{Ak
B oLn ji SM M jo U zB] kp BBBQ nj tw
M n C pA uQ jM nAkBQ kw j M jq BzB] xn /k{ vBw wnk KT
JBB wBw Rnk rkA BB] M TB Swj nj vBw o@A /S{Am jMB
/kT o Uk jAkLTwA AoBo n M a jBp BTeA M,k{
Be nj ,nUAoPA ,qo Aj Sj nAkT A kC kkQ Anj nj vBw
Aj ] nj nA xoTv Rnk jnC Swj M An nj d Aj BTj jM jMB
vBw ,jM Ao{A L kB KT vBw i M /kjM ok BM
nj jo BM kjM Yn SAo{A Bh An kk]
wT RBL BnBM RBwBveA
k e ow An nkT qoT B{jBQ uwFU ,vBU KT Tv{nBC BU MB
Ao M Aj KUAo vw kAjo pBM AoM tw i M /jAj nAo ji
B{jBQ AkQ tw ,S{Aj o A L jo kp M vU Svo
/jo M yQ ,j MBB c kk] nj opBC An qoT
jB jM a oT Tvh o Bd pA /S{Aj nkT S~h{ tw
pA ,TiB{B M A Anj AoT AoM k{ n~T kUnk nqM Sj
A nj ,Sj BnqM yBTw j] BM A BA /jM A Uk B Tv]oM BnC
nj An Sj Rnk Ao{A L TwoQ U SAo ,kBM BM /S{Aj j nj An jo jw
A o M /jM Bh Shw ,kjM To ji jBA SdU An oL\n BjU kT{Aj Swj
/jM jo AoM C j] M ,jL Sj oBi M

Sj
pA kC nUAoPA A }hzU nj BA ,jB yQ An qoT rn tw ao@A
] An pA M ,MBT B] o BpC xoTv An pA RBMBhTA An
,k o] BC AkQ pA k{ Shw Be o nj k{ kAi uwFU BpoQ
RoY Rnk j pA yQ \Q kw nj jM BQ
wT RBL hw A /kB B@B
,w kw BU /kjM jnB kkQ q Ap Be nj Aj SAo{A oM kkU kT{Ak
nj ,ko Swj nj An Aj BTj Rnk BU kTwAi BQ M BM
wT RBL Bp
A M kk] nUAoPA BU kz ,k{ RBL A hw AoB KT Bp A
/kBBM An ji gnBU Bp RBT Bz
\Q ~
AoB AoA KT
vU B /1 yhM
kp bo{ /A
ok BM yM SwBw iA tw tw v BB nj o@A
B C oT oUTv]oM ,@(Legalist) AoB (Realist) Ao A v nj ,kT{Aj kQ
,SwA a kzAj Tvh ,@(Han
Fei Tzu)
(j pA yQ 280-233 jke) vU
A kB ,A BAoB pA uQ /k{ kj Ak] ok pA }hz n M SwBw iA

{ (Shang
Yang)
(@/@/N 338 o) B B{ ,@(Kuan
KT oT oUTiB{ vU B ,(Shen
Pu-hai)
Tzu)
(@/@N 645 o) vU
(/N 400-338 jke) B@@Q
bo{ KoU M ,kB oM oT BzkA pA AoB /jM <xn KT> B AoB
vUB B ,AoB nqM pAjoQ o |Bi
Bv{Be
ovU
v
/jM
nj wBw { oU oTnqM kjBz S{Aj oU po en vU B
Bd pA ,oj oT o pA yM A /jM B{jBQ M Aj rn pA nAm ,a
B] ~d ,jM B{jBQ nj pBC Aj nj BBQ oBB ,RAkT A
,a gnBU BBBw nj /AkQ Be nj B{jBQ BzQ jMB Be nj Aj
/kAjAj Bz oUoM A oM BMyQ n~U gnBU ,SwAo o pA i AoT
Bp nj B M An ji kp jM B SBA BjAqB{ pA vU B
kA A BM ,jAj |B~TiA Te BnB B ,wB{o] ,wB{So

BM Ao A /k SAk Bp B{oi BMC B pA An B SBA Tz Bw pn SwA
kzAj C nj ww KT nAkLB] ,vU v wnk nj (Li
Su)
A nkT jo ,w ,A jo@Bz /SB xpC ,jM B B{jBQ nj BB

ji nj Ak{ pA j o ,Be o nj /jM oT kzAj oTzM vUB BA /jM
/knAj yUC JC kT{Aj nBpBw ok BM nk B k AU kjM
/kC Ao B jrAoU RBk {pC nj
C B{jBQ Rnz jn jo kp B SBA B nj A] BBw nj vU B
A jM A o nj /S{Ak B@C wBw BnB Bo] pA p BA ,jM SBA
Beo yUnA SU SBA jo kUoY AoM kzhM jLM An pow C BjB
M An o]BU ovLw jAoA AoBo M SLv uQ C pA /SB k{ Aka j jBzQ
A TvB{ jAkTwA jAj nAo Ajo SwoQow An BC jo J~ RBB
nB{C B M AnAjow AM Aop nBMnj An ji jziB k{ zi ,kT{Aj
oj nBYC l Ae [Q q zi BJBT vUB Be a nj /jo@
SdU An a Bpow kM (Ch'in) a B M B{jBQ Bp 1/S{ An ji
An l Ae [Q q zi JBT ,k{ B{jBQ rn nAmBM jnC nj ji w
A kv BM o@A ,> :S ji A op M A /joM Q BC kv L M kAi
,vU B jo@Bz ,w /<S{Aj Ah oj ,{BM Swj { B{C BJBT@
</SwA T{ vU B An BMBT A> :S ,jM k{ a A op @
Bp C BU B AoBo /joM xn B pow M a ,Bp kA pA uQ
pA uQ /jBTwo a jq S ve ow A M An A ,jM jo jBTwA vUB pA Aka
kj An Aen A nj B{jBQ /So nj qAn{ BXdM vUB a M RB
1. Ibid. P.104, and Granet, Op. Cit. P.284.
81 . AoB
Ao
A KT
/k{BM T{Aj yBTwj op jM jo pnC z @

jo AB RnBe tBveA z vU B ne nj ,A op ,w
Be /SwA B SBA BjAqB{ pA vU B> :S B{ M /jo A pA kM M pBC ,jM
jw M B\Aow vU B ,knC Swj M An Aj BTBA knAj o nj RodA
uQ RodA o@A /SwA BvA L BU A /a jw M /jo kAi Ak A B SBA
/SwA To kjB An A oi ,kAjo pBM ji M kk nAo o op An A Rk A pA
M B{jBQ ,qCkQ kTwA M ]U BM /</ k B Ak A o] M An A SwA oTM
M jCop Bo w /k d o M An vU B jAj nTwj ji BT{B@
B{ kM kA /k{ jn B{ BM RB AoM A SwAinj /k zji BU jBTwo vUB
kzAj oUTv]oM kp ,KUoU kM /jM TwQ gnBU M kzAj oj BA /k{ BzQ
nj oUBM A BBwn jM A SwBw pC jo ,BTwBM a wBw
/SB BBQ jrAoU Rn M ,S{ SwBw
;jM n~T B rn ,S@Be SdU ,B] Tj vU B
jBp BTeA M /kj BBQ J{C ] nj M SvAU A B M B] Tj
(a ) B] owAow kAU SB An jo B A nj ,a B{jBQ BM RB B
Swj M An BBTA owAow Rke BBTA wBw v ,B@B kB ;kzhM Rke An
jo nj An A jo nAkj pA kBM q B{ ,oj w pA /kj BrnM nAqw
AkzkA knBvM o gnBU nj /kAk{ oa oM z B BA ,jM Bd{i
knC j] M Uke kA A BM ,kAT{Aj Ao An B wBw BTv]oM pA ioM @
,nkwA M wnA B /kj RB\ T{C J{C pA joTv o@Ao Te BM An B]
/kk{ kAB BC BA ,SwA kA a kj Bz QB M U ,BrnM M B@B
/kj tnj zkA BnqM M Te gnBU
oT S~h{ Rn M ,BzkA o nj M ,BjAkin nm nj ,vU B
j kzAj ,S{Aj ji Bp BU An Bl oUkU A /j oa hnBU

BM ,kjM n C An ji Bp BT]A BjB jo /jM jBp o Rnk BM Akv
BM ,ji pA yQ Bv i M /jo B ,BzjM qA B BTwB ,BAU
vdU BM a Aj rn S { oM ,{ B kB oBwA BB{jBQ M nB{A
,kjo y{ BBvA A kz SzM \Tv] nj B ,kTvo yBTw
BM jq kC M ;jo ]U t BT A oM koM BT{m pA M vUB
o B Ao A Ao A s /jM BMyQ jo B kj
kj zU Aq]A M ,k KoU An AoB KT nU oB BU jo njB An A
ji v B nj Jm] An vBw vBU ,vBw o BB
gnBU nj BTwBM a wBw oT oUTv]oM oiC A M An A pA ,k oT
/kBwBzM
gnBU /J
BjAkn ,BBvA nAkBQ nm Ak Bo] gnBU jM kT ,Ao A ,vU B
/k w k{ nB oM BAkBi ,knm nj kC BAnj /SwBzkA
BvA zkA nj kC Be
,jni tvA kBL C oM j{ nAoU qo T{m@
{ B TB An nj tw tw@> :S{ A /kBpC An A Rnk ki
An A { B kjM k Ak o BA ,kT{Aj o TiA BC C BM /kk{@
Ak kM kAU v a ,k{ kp nBMj kAU { B Be /kB
vBw vBw BxpC pA jBTA nj A </kT{Aj e tw tw pA
:S{
Ao{ pA ,k WdM B{jBQ Se pA AkzAj ,Be Bp nj
BC /k
hw T{m BTe BMi pA M Se
A
83 . AoB
Ao
A KT
wnoM An jo od Ao{ ysQ An wn

A BkBzQ
AkzAj /k
hw BTwBM BBp BTw nBMnj M ,k
:k q BMp M ,k z` oU
BB{jBQ B{pnA BM CM
Bjn M Bhw
a ,k{BM oj B{jBQ BU kj x B pnkA M
B{jBQ /SomQ kAh An pnkA
a BB{jBQ /kB AjB]
A /jqn nj jnAk jw An `C jo BTA M k{
AkzAj pnkA M ,k S nBTwnj SBvA nBMnj
1/kj x@
S kM An Apo BB{jBQ ,{ B B{n jM B vUB k M

AoBo kp <BTj ]> nj pA yQ BBp i BC Aop ,SiB{ Twnj
oMAoM nj nBzBQ jBTvA ,SwA AjB jnAk {n A qa oM nAoA> :kjo
nBMnj BC AoMBM ,SwA Loji kMB BA C M kAU u` qa
,k njB Be { B KB] pA q] n M k hw A BB{jBQ
AnAkLB] jM k{ kT vU B /</kAAjB o@A ,k{BM nBLo BjC kBM
L B q] C pA ji ,{ B B po An pA vBw vBw@
nAkT A k{ LbA So] a BM vU B 2/kAjo Ao An BjAqB{ ,kT{Ak
Ba l oM tw tw B{pC An pA C p nAkT A ,jpAkAoM An gnBU
/jo w
, BTwBM ,B BTwBM ,nj BTwBM :jo vU nj w M An gnBU vU B
nj kwn Aeo C pA uQ /kjM jBp AnB] BBvA nj BTwBM nj nj jM kT
nj /kTiBw L kTvM M An BTinj ,ze AnB] oi pA ji e AoM BBvA C
/259 | ,zQ ,B] a /1

eo /kjM @B BnBM nBaj kjni Bi An S{ qLw jo nBpn A

nj nj /kjo jBTwA Bw pA qQ ShQ yUC jo {n AoM C nj kwn Ao oj
An BBijn ,BMC T{m AoM ,nqM AoBo ,
(Wu)
(Ta'ng)
(Y)
kC nqM w B BTwBM
BU ,kjM oTw j a a , BTwBM nj nj /jo Swnj
HTe ,kj B\A nj BTwBM xn M An BnB B BTwBM nj v o@A Be /kTiAkAoM An BC

nj v o@A ` /SwA jAj wU An AkTMA RBAkMA Bp S{m Aop ,kki A oM kBM
o@A n /kC w oj Aop ,kki A oM kBM k Swnj pBU Bjn BTwBM
AqTwA An A kk] Akjoi ,kj xpC oBe v M An { B xn An v@
nj ,koM L nj pA kBM nj o nj A hnBU nj w A BM pA uQ A /jo kAi
kBL Aoa ,joM BBTwBM An pA kBL e Aoa SwA C S A> :S B o@\T
nj nj An Bqa kBM e ;jnC j] M z BnB BBp AoM
M An v ,jo T{m M B BM vUB KUoU kM /</k BC Kve oM k\vM
oj pA oT{n jnC nj oBe BQ BT A BM B BAo o Rn
,gnBU pA jB nj \T nj k An BT]A BU BQ SB BTwBM AoT
AoB oM BBTwBM iA oUoM ,nj o~ pA vBw tw BnBA
Bp kjo SAnp Ajo nj T{m BBp nj S vUB /jo jMB M An ji
M nj T{m A nj /jM toTwj nj AAo M Am MB BA jM S] /kTij tBL
AoBo ji oM jo M ,kjo RApB\ An v ,kjAj Aq xAjBQ v@
j] ] {j AoMBM /SwA k{ Am MB knB{M jo A BA /kjo
BBvA /SwA k{ pn ,M ,SwA k{ no BUApB\ jBp B{AjBQ C BM jnAj
jL M S A nj C RBU ,SwA RBT jB BA BA ,kAkB M yM
BA BM nBn BAn C KveoM k oU
Ao{ Bp S{m BM> :SwA AAo
BTwBM nj /// SwA RBT BjBC kpB RBT BT /// j{ oj AeA
85 . AoB
Ao
A KT
k AoM Th RBAk A Rno /knAj UBT kp B{ kk] nj nj

1</SwA tvd kk]
/jM MA TwAoM <BTj ]> nj BBQ nj gnBU pA jB nj A

n nj jo Ao BT]A kp BT A SBnj pA An ji Bp l vBw@
nj AjopBM BQ BT]A jB~T A Bo pA ,jM joM o Aj rn
j] BM ,vB nj vBw /S{Ak A kA ,kjo B An T{m
j] M jo <JBhTA> An pA jAj AnA ,BUB ,nkT Aoe pA n~U ,oTzM M A
nj SeAoM AoSL BTvBU /kB d MBT B] o An pA kC
ZBTTwA ji n{ pA yMB j] BT A nBMnj kkB B] oM kz SzM BBn
wBw B] KoU jAj oU An nj AoB KT ,BLT A MB nj BA /kjo@
/jAj Swj M gnBU pA dU q\U Be nj ,jM jBC kpow
BvA L /N
B@C _ BM jnAj oo{ L BvA jM kT vU v kB vU B
T{Aj Swj qo ,kU B M BvA /jnAm B] M BQ iA nB B iA
nj jnAk Swj ,k{BM BLLw jApC jnAj Swj BvA ;jnAj ,TwAh TwAi ,oU
z jnAj Swj ,SwA nBTwAi Aoj Bp M Te An ji jw ,k{BM [n Sep
/SwA o{ BvA L ,vUB B M SwA a ;jqo Boi pA k{BM SwnkU
nkQ /SwA o jn ~h{ jw Akpo kA MAn nj Te S vU B
M pA kU B An ji oTij `M B BA ,k oLU ji M ovQ kU B njB
TL~ ji oTij BA ,kBwn kAi jw BC M ovQ BBw pA uQ k o Aop ,koM
MAn kMBnj Be ,k{BM ~h{ B w op a A Akpo kA

MAn o@A ;SwA
1. Ibid. P.109.
/276 279 | ,B :M k B n
:SwA k{Q BoMBve a SzQ nj ok BM BBvA oj

kT ovQ o@A /Sv o pA yM qa ,Akpo
kA B TvM nj
A (kB{ Te) BC k{ kT oTij o@A /k oLU M BC ,j{
jAp T ,
A BM ;kAkC njB { pA j o /koLM B pA An
M njB nkQ ;SwA Q nj o ,k{BM oTij BC ,oLU ,k{BM ovQ
uQ /k JBve Rk pAnj jw nBMnj ,kzkA ji kC yBwC
AoMBve BzkA BzAkpo BM TvM nj
kA Te SwA
a
1/k nBTn C L BC BM knAj
TvLj o ,Akpo kA M

MAn nj S ji kTwA Q nj vU B
njB _ /jnAj SBij nAjoLBo AoBo M MAn nj C pA oT Sv A B
S AU a Be ,k e An jABi kpo M TvLj pno BM BU kAU
L kBM AoBo ,AoBo AoM /k e An nz kAU TvLj o BM AoBo @
AoMBM ,kwoU RApB\ pA kTv SwjxAjBQ L M BBvA /kMBnj An BBvA A
An BC k no xAjBQ k A M TwAn Ski BC e nj kBM AoBo
/SwA jo Se nj A A A /kB RApB\ Shw kj Rn UBAk A A
An A A BU kwoTM nBo{ pA jo SwA oTM jM kT ,B@B kB ,vU B
,jnAj Swj An ji kpo ,nkQ pA oTzM oMAoM j njB jo kTwA k{BM T{Aj Swj
An jo A nBo{ SwA AoMBM /k SBA nkQ pA ,njB pA oTzM oMAoM j kpo BA
SBA A pA k SBA nkQ pA ovQ `C pA oTzM nBM nAq j jo BA ,k{BM T{Ak Swj
So] S j BA ,j{ A AoTeA yB KLw nBo{ jBp T{Aj Swj /jo kAi
/k SBA A pA k{BM BwoU A pA jo j{ KLw jnC M nBo{ nBvM
/276-277 | ,B /1
87 . AoB
Ao
A KT
Sj SB /R
BjAkn ,BBvA Ak Bo] pA SvAj RnBL An gnBU vU B T@
RBBA kpB An RBT BT ,gnBU nj oU KLw M ,C LU M ,BzkA
z qo Sj jM kT ` A jqA kBM A /kj RBT BjBC
n~U /k oU Sj ,j{ oj Be B o ,Sv omQBoU TBe
pA Aeo B T{n pA jM RnBL S{Aj Se B Sj pA a AoT oj kB A @
kk] Sj BTwBM Sj M
MAn A dU q\U nj vUB /BBvA M
MAn
nj B ~h{ BTwjop nBo{ M
MAn BTwBM nj nj S S{Am RBU
/SwA wBw
MAn d n M B ~h{o kk] nj nj BC M
MAn BA ,jM AL
jM BQ oM Aop ,k{BM gnBU pBwU oUjBM A zkA nj kB{ T{AjoM a
B xoTv BM ,jo o kk] wBw v koM BTw pA ji zkA nj A
Bp C ,BTwBM nj nj (1 :jAj AnA bo{ A M An Sj BU o ,pBwU A
Bqa ,B nj nj (2 ;jo Se S n pA Sj ,jM Bv jBw qa
nj kk] nj nj (3 ;jo Se joi n pA Sj ,kk{ k`Q Bv w
np BM L n M Sj ,kTv BAM qTw Be nj ji e nAk AoM jo C
nj nj , iA jo J B AoBo BTwBM nj nj /k Se Rnk
AoMBM /SwA J B AoBo kUnk jo kk] nj nj /jM v B
jo ,joi BB ,kjnoQ BwnBQ S BBTwBM ,vU B k@M
BB Sv TvB{ ,gnBU S{m M ]U BM /koM nB M Rnk kk] nj

xoTv An joi
Sv BM A kk] nj jo AoM n ,knoPM S
/kj
S@Be nAkT A B (Chieh) a ,np Rnk ,Sj A s vU B o M
kM ,vU B pA yQ wBw AoT pA ` ,B Q { q] M ,SwBw nj /SwA
AoM nAqMA> :jo oU A An S@Be vUB /kjM joL Q jBM

Be M BwC op nj An qa kAU AoBo o@A jo kTwA <,jo LA oM RnB
,{ B ,S@Be Rnk kM /jnAj S@Be Rnk SwA j A M ,jnAk vU
nAo oM B] owAow nj An c kTvAU kjM jo ,Apo BB{jBQ
Zo Zo M Bj TiAkA nj ,kjM jB jo o@A ,hnBU oTw j ,a a ;k@
tBwA BQ AoBo nB{C Bs pA S@Be Rnk AoMBM /kTB U T{C
/SwA wBw T\ o
jM kT S{Am RBU S@Be pBTA T{Aj oTw M vU B
nj Bp C BU SB nj , B k{BM nAjioM jo SBe pA ,BM B nBB o@A AoBo
B nj /SwAoBo Aoe ,k BA An Tj B Rnk kAU SwA T
A Kw A pA Aoe ,k{BM oTw AoBo Bp A nBM M k{ T tv kB
AoBo `C ,A o M /SomP An TvCkA o a vUB /j{ jo
oUoM B S ve ,k BA jo oM SwA T@Be Rnk ,k Aoe An
/A o
vU B nAm@A An C AU jnAj U AoBo M
S@Be ,vU B o M
Sj Tw kAU ,k BA a An S@Be Rnk A kAj AoBo /jo@
ShU ZBU ,j{ o{ ji op BM Rnk BA nj AoBo BA ,k e An ji
M An S@Be Rnk vT i M vUB 1/kj nAo oi o nj An ji
Rnk jM kT kM Ar kB ,jo vU B Ao]A ,nAmB A
AoBo ,vUB o M SBnj AU B] pA /SwA nLT AoBo nj S@Be
kLTv jo ;SwA BM w o B Ao]A un ,nAmB ]o oUBM
L kBM Bd pA a o ,SwA Swj nj BXTwA kM BBvA o kp SwA
1. Ibid. P.113.
89 . AoB
Ao
A KT
M ,SwBnAmB ]o KLw kM jnAj S@Be Rnk A BA ,k B

Ar ,Jo wBw v gnBU nj /B Bo op jo nAo B pA oUBM n
B kM ,jo BM vUB S j B M An S@Be jM v Tvh kM
nj /SvAj B Sjkd kM ,BLUA Ako{ oM B Rnk pA RnBL An S@Be @
/kzkA kB BBvA ,kB BT]A
Ao{
S BMop dU q\U M ,Aoe S U pA uQ vU B
z M ,Sv SB] B] pA RnBL Sj jM kT A /SiAjoQ wBw
`C Un a nj /A |Ai M ,nAjoLBo AoBo M jBU pA SwA RnBL
UBL ,joM nBTiA nj An A B AnAjoLBo B kBM Sj SwA C ,jnAj A SA
AnAkLB] S A /k Mow kBM k A B AoBo B cB~ i M An
,q z{ kAp oz ,kjo pBwrA BpC ,vBw
Boz oj ,kqo wBw RAkU B B\A pA vBU AnAkLB]
1/kTv B] kqoQ A ,l RBAe ,ko
AoM SwA RoY Rnk jnC Swj M Sj k oUBM S vU B

pBMow BC kj xpC An jo k Ba kBM Sj k A M TB Swj
A nj ;k qA An jo Sj RoY Rnk kAU UBL BU ,k{BM nAp
AoM Sj vUB o M /jM kAi |Bi jAoA B Ako{ jo Rn
/joM k kp Sj AoM kBM jo jnAj j] ji
B oUoM /V
A M KT A ,k{ kj vBw RAkT A wnoM nj n B
/kC oM vAj
MAn ~i SB pA A ,jM kT Ao{A Se
/282-283 | ,B /1
L k AoBo Ao{A L M L n M B] S{Aj L tw@

Rn kM An A a T{BkQ /SwA k{ vU SwA AoBo SdU A
</Sv An RApB\ Ao{A e nj BMo A e nj> :S AU
jBzQ An B Se A kQ A A Bh BTwAn nj Swnj vUB BA
SLv BMkM RB j M BAoB KT kUBwA oj pj B> :jo@
oo{ L KLw M> :kT 1<kjo k@FU B jB B oM ,kT{Aj jC S{ow M
kwn jo A M T{ {oM B ,B pA A 2</kAno A ,BvA
Ao{A ,AjB B op ,Swjo SwjBM jo C BzQ nj jo S{AjoM a ,k{BM
nj S kM kBM SwA qa B /k SBA B pA kBM @Be Te /kTv oMAoM ,B B
M kBL q BxAjBQ ,j{ kk{ BU o M kBL BRApB\ :jn nB M jo e
Aop> :k An B bn B RAno kBL ko{ B op _ /j{ jAj T BMBMnA
kk An jo jU BnB xAjBQ kBL qo ;k{BM B BzBBi o pA kBL qo
o pA oUBM jM kT jo BM wnA Jo nj nBM Tvh An B oUoM zkA /3</So@
S@Be kBM ,nBvM B o ka w pA B k{BM o w pA Ai ,~h{ S@Be
pA AoM nj j o Aop ,Sv nCS{ oT j A kB BTBL{ /k{BM oTv B
B S@Be M kT kBM Hq kjoM ow M ji B] BT]A BU
M
k{BM T{Aj Ao]A SB SwA J B vUB o M /kjM
jM nAAqw TvB{ B (Hsing) v oM A /jpAjoP BkBM BBnC oU U
B`> :k{BM An nBMnj kBM LU _M v S jo k@FU B
,jp jBM k{ joTv BoMA ,kn yQ ~ nBa ,kzinj B k{ni
Se AoM A /k k TwoQji BM An ji B yAj BM An yB] q AoBo
/194 | ,zQ ,B]n /1
2. Liang Chi-Chao, Op. Cit. P.124.
/273 | ,zQ ,B]a /3
91 . AoB
Ao
A KT
,j{ wnoM o xAjBQ w M SwnjB Swnj jnAm ;k U { B M

1</jnAm A pAU M An w Lw
Bjo Aop ,SwA Be B jo oM Se ,B Se jM kT vUB

j] oUjo Bjo ,knAj nAjo xAjBQ B RApB\ eM knAj j] oUoM
o@A ,kABe B ,jo SoX@A BA ,knAj S{p nAjo xAjBQ B RApB\ M ]UM knAj
pA kkj RApB\ o nj An ji o@A ,jo kAi AkQ nAjo k{ zU xAjBQ BM
kBM Aoe ,nz oM Ji Se AoM joM Q AU B\A pA /j kAi qoQ T{p
/k BA Bv M An B ,Be B ,oUo B oUoM pA T{m ,jo jn nj
B jAoA jn nj BAoBo ,gnBU nj jM nBM A oM ` vUB
zM /a B a q ,S{Aj j] { B B
v AnAq nj /kABe
Rno AoMBM /kAjL kM a B a pAkA M ,Ji { B pAkA M BAoBo
:SwA {n nBvM ,k Se nz oM AoBo C Kve oM e B j]
jo BAn AoM ,Sv qaB Bkw Q nj ,kAoM Bo C oM {n B{jBQ TBA>
B B B \ T{Aj Rn nj 2</jnC j]M B \
/jo kAi kp c nj kAkz AkQ a B a Bp BU v AnAq e
Zo nj v AnAq ,k{ nAkkQ oj { B B Bp BU e B kM BA
/Svp kAi T{C Zo
BAoBo S joi jL pA {B wBw B] BnBM S vU B
/k nB ji Mji SwA e B jL M Mo M ,kAkA Be o nj Sv
ok BM Ako{ C BMB MBM BU k oTv An e B kBM kjoi AoBo
C pA |Ai pA ` jz jAj pB]A ;kB FU An ji B ,k kp ,kMB BLUnA
/kC kAi nj nBTn B] nB Rn M SBnj e B A /k hU BMB
/273 | ,B /2
/272 | ,B /1
AoM nB@> AoBo SwA C pA uQ ,k nBTn B L SwA A Se

nB ji M ji SwA jo nAo oM An B z AoM nBL Aop ,<S{Aj kAh B\A
B oM k nATwA kAU o{ M wBw nBTiBw> jM A A B] /k
1</k{BM TL
j] Sj nBMnj AkB] z A _ vUB o M k{ T oTzQ

e B _ S jAj U AU An A B BM BLUnA nj Be ,jnAk
M ,k oU kBM A ,jn yQ ji BU ow nj gnBU a o Sv z
A /kj oU Bp M TvM An A SwA A nj ,@(Shu) { ,Se o SA A B@
Be Bp BpB BM kBM [q] Se k{BM Ao Bp SozQ BM kBM A > :S{
BA k BLj An BTwBM BAn jn nBTA Apo jo pA S A /</k{BM B
Bw k B An ji o~ BnB oTM B> M ,kB nAo oM omQBoU
jnAj en gnBU pA Anj o 2</jpAjoPM BnB C jo M BC BM jnC j]M
kAi j] ,k oU q A Bp S{m BM BC> :SwA nj B M o~d
<3/k{ kAi nAkkQ T{C ,k oU A BA k oU Bp BC /// S{Aj
Sok /Z
BA ,jomQ B\A @B B{ B{n M Sj BnB S vUB
SBw o pn o knAj nB{M Bv BTj /SwB{n C nd B Sok
k{BM K Ao SwA C wBw B] un A M ,B{jBQ /kj Bz An ji
BA /SwA B{ }h{ nj Tok o B /k{BM j{ nAjA TwnkM Sj BnB
kBM AoMBM /kCoM Sj BnB B\A k pA kAU BU M A SwA nB{C
/zQ ,B]a /2
3. Mousheng. Op. Cit. P.114.
/195 | ,zQ ,B]n /1
93 . AoB
Ao
A KT
Sok B vUB o M /kj B\A An @B B BU k J~ An jAoA

/k{ J~ KwB BB M KwB jAoA j{ e jz BC
oUAo> :kj nAjoLBo AoBo B B M jBU vU B
AnAjoLBo pB\U oMAoM nj AoBo AoMBM /</k BQoM ] nBM k pn o AoUjo
kB nAo oM B
MAn RBB Aop BM kBL qo k Bj ji pA kBM TwQ
:jAj pnkA AoBo M A KLw M /kAjo nB{C kBL An ji BM nBA RBwBveA
ShTBQ BA B`C v M qo ,kj nApC An U yBM nkC An v qo>
AoMBM /1</ Swnj An B oTo BMAo{ oU > ,< d A M An Sj
Rnk BM RBB Aop jn nj k{BM jBC kBM z ,BnB Sok AoM ,AoBo
M An ji kBL AoBo /kB RApB\ An BC B kj xAjBQ BC M jn M TvM k BA
nB oM kATM BU kAnBM B w nj <kk B\A nB _> kBM ,k jkd nAjA BnB@
zi B nBvM Se nj BA ,kwn o M io omQ y kBM ,k RnB Aop
/k BA <kn S M oM SovM> An ji S@Be Rnk kBM AoBo /k{BM
BB M B xpBw jB\A ,vUB k M ,Sok B k BA
B oz BB kBM B BTv /SwA nAjo nBT M ,BT A
B k{ Ao]A jnA BM BTv BT A BM BB k SL Ao kBM AoBo /k{BM T{Aj
BC /k jB\A An BT A Aop ,jnAj ji yQ An BB AoBo> :k{BM T{Aj B@
BB oM vUB /2</jM kAi B oUo oUAo ,kk{ L BT A BB
:S kpn nAoA Sok k A M BT A
B\A M An A ,B Kve oM kBM AoBo ,jnC BMp oM B op Bp o
,C pA uQ /k
An o jn nB ,U KveoM jnBM |Bi U
1. Ibid. P.117.
/283 | ,B M k B /2
nj /kj xAjBQ A oM ,k{BM MB B BM L oM nB o@A

An A ,k{BL B BM jB , BM jB nB o@A ,Rn
A o
kBM k{BM a xnB nqM A nBT op o
AoMBM /k RApB\
BM nB oBi
A M M ,SwA a nB j
A M ,j{ RApB\
nqM xnB BA a A nBT op o
` /Sv jB B
M M ,Sv J nqM nB
A oBi M ,j{ RApB\ kBM k{BM
op
AoMBM :SwA nqM nB B\A pA oUkM B nB
M o S
A
1/j{ RApB\ kBM
jo U iA B{pnA e AoM An BB yBQ pC tw kj

C BM AoBo So o nj Aw Sok nB An C vUB @A /jM
A KveoM Sok S So \T A /k U k\w An Aop RBAk A
/jM kAi kM B Ji ,k{BM B jBp ,nAjo nBT B ,BT A BB M nj
MAn
gnBU nj vUB BB] /^
A wBw B] nj C nj jo kp a gnBU pA Anj nj vUB
nAkkQ [nkTM jAkLTwA B{jBQ rn pA kk] { jM k{BQ eo oiC nj
Ao{A v pA kT{Aj jBU ok BM B] A RBL Bp A nj /k{
v
Rnk kk{ ,BB Anm@Bow ,BM
wT RBL oj w pA ,Aj
BnBM Bnj AoM Ao{n ,Bp nj /knC Swj M B k e An wBw
AL ,Ao{A /nAjo kjM nBT jo
BA ;kjo AnA BeAn B] wBw
j] AUB kBpBM A ,jM kB TvM ,ji s j M T{m gnBU nj
jB~T A BT]A o oBB ,BB nAm@Bow RBL Be nj ,jM Aj
1. Ibid. P.118.
95 . AoB
Ao
A KT
nj /kkC JBve M BB{jBQ L BLTzQ ,jB~T A BSB pA ApBU kk]

Sj o nj An ji BM oTB vU B L ,a gnBU nqM BTA eo
q An UC wBw B] { M ,S{Aj BLA BBp wBw BT A BM BU SB
/jo U kM kw j SvM Rk AoM
C M An ji B jo BQoM a An B] nUAoPA BU kB kp nkC vUB
Bnj }hz Bs pA ,BM zkA jApC ,kC j] M rn nj /kLM ,jAj
,kTiw B{nAq BMBT /Sn M pA B n M ,jM <BSj ]> <qBQ nBM>
jo An pA ,kk] a nUAoPA Tvh /kk{ n M kp AoT AkzAj
Anj ,T{m JAjC BTw pA B koM BM BTwBM Bv Apo BB{jBQ BTiC
kBM jnAm A So Swj nj An Sj Rnk ;jo pBC An a gnBU pA ApBU
wBw Bo /kjo SBA BC pA An ,kTvp BwC op BC
BkipQ pA /kk{ kLU wBw BT A M nUAoPA Swj M M vUB
pA v Swj M ,B{ jAkLTwA nCBQ ,wBw v A jM A gnBU S{
/SwAi A k{ nUAoPA B B{jBQ Tvh Sn M
Bp nj wnA jnAj An TA B wBw zkA gnBU nj vUB S
nj BBwn ,vU B BT{ /kT{Aj oTjq Bkw nj B@B BTwBM
nB nTwj A M ,kTv wnA SwBw o@Ao joTv B M ,SwBw
/ko j kU BvA L M B@B nBo{ BQ MBQ ,wBw
nj AU An vT kM kB oj AkzkA ,B@B wnA oM qA
xn Tv]oM BkB ,SiB{ xn o pA vAo Bv A /jAj nAo vUB nB@
hnBU xn BM ,AoT A /jM vUB n B ,kjM AoTwA hnBU
BBQ An [BT kjo wnoM B An jB AeA BA BnAkkQ ,AoTwA
jB M An vUB pC jo S@Be pA oU kM /kjAj nAo ji wBw v
}hz Bs pA hnBU xo B BM An A bn vT jnC

BA ,jM SwjB{ vUB nkM kM /jo ovU jM a v AoB v
C Rno ,A Ak] BjBU BoT A An pA An B{jBQ jB k{ vT
/k bA ,kB kkQ a oT AoM B`
AnAkTwBw /kjoM kM nBvMAn vUB B ,BAnj nm nj ,a gnBU nj
nj An nqM oT Bjn BU B ,Be BkQ pA nBvM C BM ,AkzAj
A BT M q] ,kTiBU RkzM A wBw iA B{pC oM ,kjoM nB M
/kjo jn An A o B nj BA ,kTomQ nj An vUB ;k
BwnoM MpBM

MAn AkQ nj q ji ,kABT]A
MAn BA jAp BzkA SwAkQ
S kBM oq@B ,zkA s nB M SLv SBn M ]U BM /knAj oY y BT]A
BTwBM a BT]A Bo /SwA T{Aj A s Ba BTwBM a zkA
jBM nATwA q ,BjnBTwj B ,wBw Rnk kk{ kjnoQ AkzkA
oj Ba An BT]A
MAn kjo xU B ,k e An Bo C M TvMA BjB
BjBM kk{ AkzkA o j o /kBwoM Rnk M An BT]A Bo k@
B LU AoM An Th B{n Bs k An ji J BT{Am nAo
/koLM nB M ]U
zkA A /jM C oBvA oSL BTwBM a zkA s oT BA
M Mo B Bv ]U nBMnj Av A BU jM wBw BT]A A nj
BT]A kp M Mo Bv BnB oTzM a AoT j M /k{BM SLAo
Tv A A WeBL M RnkM kjAj nAo dU q\U jn ji B{pC nj An
z An nj An ji BLU Bz{ oTzM B\Aow ,kjnC n wB{So B
BM a zkA /kTo oUBM C pA kjoM nB M wBw BT]A Rn oTM
jM wBw BBpBw BT]A
MAn a oBM ji jB nj SB s A
M a v nj p nj BzsQ B LAo RAoU pA jn _
M Mo RBo B M ,kkz BLj ji j] o M qo ,kkC
wBw BT]A S~i ,BvA
MAn
Ao{ Kve oM nj SLAo
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v
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Ames, R.T.; The Art of Rulership: a Study in Ancient Chinese Political Thought ,
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103 . BMBT MB
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A History of the Plitical Philosophers , London: George Allen and Unwin
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Wing-tsit; Reflections on things at Hand: the Neo-Confucian Anthology Compiled by
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H.G.; Confucius and the Chinese way, New York: Harper & Row, 1960.
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Fung,
C.P.; China; A Short Cultural History, London: The Gress press, 1950.
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Goodrich,
Carrington, A Short History of the Chinese People , London: George Allen &
Unwin Ltd., 1957.
Granet,
Marcel, Chinese Civilization , New York: Alfred A.knopf, 1930.
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University Press, 1979.
Koller, John,
Lang,
Oriental Philosophies , 2nd ed., New York: Charles Suribrer's Sons, 1985.
Olga, Chinese Family and Society, New Haven: Yale university Press, 1946.
Levenson, J.R.; Confician China and its Modern Fate: a trilog. Berkeley: University of
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Metzger,
History of Chinese Political Thought , London: Kegan Paul, 1980.
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Monroe,
Paul; China, A Nation in Revolution . New York: Macmillan Company, 1928.
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Watson, B.(trans); Basic Writings of Mo Tzu, Hsn Tzu, and Han Fei Tzu, New York:
Columbia University Press, 1967.
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B Ap M n AjopBM AoM To \Tv] nj A /jM n Aj Bz@Bz@

k{ J~ uQ kBo nA RnAp B M A> :S{ UB@

BTwBM a wBw zkA . 22

Bz Ji An v iA o k{n SwA ATv]oM kp bo{ A

BM /SwA jM a gnBU jBT BS~h{ oT pA tw kjoUM

/37 | ,zQ ,B]a /2

kM ,{PM za jo SLeB~ pA AhM o@A /jo JBhTA An Aod BM BkoQ B

/287 | ,zQ ,toPwB /1

BTwBM a wBw zkA . 24

a{ ,BC JBT B (Li

@) okU JBT B (Yi

a :pA kARnBL JBT y{ A

a ,gnBU JBT B (Shu

a a ,w JBT B (Yao