1

BEAMS
SHEAR AND MOMENT
2
Beam Shear
v Shear and Moment
Diagrams
v Vertical shear:
tendency for one part
of a beam to move
vertically with respect
to an adjacent part
3
Beam Shear
vMagnitude (V) = sum of vertical forces on
either side of the section
can be determined at any section along the
length of the beam
vUpward forces (reactions) = positive
vDownward forces (loads) = negative
vVertical Shear = reactions loads
(to the left of the section)
4
Beam Shear
vWhy?
vnecessary to know the maximum value of
the shear
necessary to locate where the shear changes
from positive to negative
where the shear passes through zero
vUse of shear diagrams give a graphical
representation of vertical shear throughout
the length of a beam
5
Beam Shear
v Simple beam
Span = 20 feet
2 concentrated loads
v Construct shear
diagram
6
Beam Shear Example 1
1) Determine the reactions
Solving equation (3):
Solving equation (2):
Figure 6.7a =>
) )
) )
) )

- - + - = = . +
+ = = T +
= T +
) ' 20 ( ) ' 16 1200 ( ) ' 6 8000 ( 0 3
1200 8000 0 2
0 1
2
. .
1
2
. .
1
R M
R R F
F
lb lb
lb lb
y
x
) T = =
+ =

.
.
. .
2
. . . .
2
360 , 3
20
200 , 67
200 , 19 000 , 48 ' 20
lb
ft
ft lb
ft lb ft lb
R
R
) T =
+ =
.
1
. . .
1
840 , 5
360 , 3 200 , 1 000 , 8
lb
lb lb lb
R
R
7
Beam Shear Example 1 (pg. 64)
v Determine the shear at various
points along the beam
.
) 18 (
.
) 8 (
.
) 1 (
360 , 3 200 , 1 000 , 8 480 , 5
160 , 2 000 , 8 480 , 5
480 , 5 0 480 , 5
lb
x
lb
x
lb
x
V
V
V
= =
= =
+ = =
=
=
=
8
Beam Shear Example 1
v Conclusions
max. vertical shear = 5,840 lb.
max. vertical shear occurs at greater
reaction and equals the greater reaction
(for simple spans)
shear changes sign under 8,000 lb. load
where max. bending occurs
9
Beam Shear Example 2
v Simple beam
Span = 20 feet
1 concentrated load
1 uniformly distr. load
v Construct shear diagram,
designate maximum shear,
locate where shear passes
through zero
10
Beam Shear Example 2
v Determine the reactions
Solving equation (3):
Solving equation (2):
) )
) )
) )

- - + - = = . +
+ - = = T +
= T +
) ' 24 ( ) ' 16 6000 ( )] ' 6 )( ' 12 000 , 1 [( 0 3
000 , 6 ) ' 12 000 , 1 ( 0 2
0 1
2
. .
1
2
. .
1
R M
R R F
F
lb ft lb
lb ft lb
y
x
) T = =
+ =

.
.
. .
2
. . . .
2
000 , 7
24
000 , 168
000 , 96 000 , 72 ' 24
lb
ft
ft lb
ft lb ft lb
R
R
) T =
+ =
.
1
. . .
1
000 , 11
000 , 7 000 , 6 000 , 12
lb
lb lb lb
R
R
11
Shear and Moment Diagrams
12
Beam Shear Example 2
v Determine the shear at various
points along the beam
) . J
) . J
.
) 24 (
.
) 16 (
.
) 16 (
.
) 12 (
.
) 2 (
.
) 1 (
000 , 7 000 , 6 000 , 1 12 000 , 11
000 , 7 000 , 6 000 , 1 12 000 , 11
000 , 1 ) 000 , 1 12 ( 000 , 11
000 , 1 ) 000 , 1 12 ( 000 , 11
000 , 9 ) 000 , 1 2 ( 000 , 11
000 , 10 ) 000 , 1 1 ( 000 , 11
lb
x
lb
x
lb
x
lb
x
lb
x
lb
x
V
V
V
V
V
V
= + - =
= + - =
= - =
= - =
= - =
= - =
=
+ =
=
=
=
=
13
Beam Shear Example 2
v Conclusions
max. vertical shear = 11,000 lb.
at left reaction
shear passes through zero at some
point between the left end and the
end of the distributed load
x = exact location from R
1
at this location, V = 0
feet x
x V
11
) 000 , 1 ( 000 , 11 0
=
- = =
14
Beam Shear Example 3
v Simple beam with
overhanging ends
Span = 32 feet
3 concentrated loads
1 uniformly distr. load
acting over the entire beam
v Construct shear diagram,
designate maximum shear,
locate where shear passes
through zero
15
Beam Shear Example 3
) )
) )
) ) ) ) . J
) ) ) ) . J ) ' 20 ( 4
2
32
) ' 32 500 ( ) ' 28 000 , 2 ( ) ' 6 000 , 12 ( ) ' 4 000 , 4 ( 0 4
) ' 20 ( 8
2
32
) ' 32 500 ( ) ' 24 000 , 4 ( ) ' 14 000 , 12 ( ) ' 8 000 , 2 ( 0 3
) ' 32 500 ( 000 , 4 000 , 12 000 , 2 0 2
0 1
1
. . . . .
2
2
. . . . .
1
2
. . .
1
.
R M
R M
R R F
F
ft lb lb lb lb
ft lb lb lb lb
ft lb lb lb lb
y
x
+ - - - - = = . +
- + - + - + - = = . +
+ - + = = T +
= T +

) T = =
+ + + =

.
.
. .
2
. . . . . . . .
2
800 , 18
20
000 , 376
000 , 128 000 , 96 000 , 168 000 , 16 ' 20
lb
ft
ft lb
ft lb ft lb ft lb ft lb
R
R
) T = =
+ + + =

.
. .
1
. . . . . . . .
1
200 , 15
' 20
000 , 304
000 , 192 000 , 56 000 , 72 000 , 16 ' 20
lb
ft lb
ft lb ft lb ft lb ft lb
R
R
16
Determine the reactions
Solving equation (3):
Solving equation (4):
17
Beam Shear Example 3
v Determine the shear at various
points along the beam
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
. . . . . . .
) 32 (
. . . . . . .
) 28 (
. . . . . .
) 28 (
. . . . . .
) 22 (
. . . . .
) 22 (
. . . . .
) 8 (
. . . .
) 8 (
000 , 4 ' 32 500 000 , 12 000 , 2 800 , 18 200 , 15
000 , 6 ' 28 500 000 , 12 000 , 2 800 , 18 200 , 15
800 , 12 ' 28 500 000 , 12 000 , 2 200 , 15
800 , 9 ' 22 500 000 , 12 000 , 2 200 , 15
200 , 2 ' 22 500 000 , 2 200 , 15
200 , 9 ' 8 500 000 , 2 200 , 15
000 , 6 ' 8 500 000 , 2 0
lb ft lb lb lb lb lb
x
lb ft lb lb lb lb lb
x
lb ft lb lb lb lb
x
lb ft lb lb lb lb
x
lb ft lb lb lb
x
lb ft lb lb lb
x
lb ft lb lb
x
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
= - + =
= - + =
= - =
= - =
= - =
= - =
= - =
=
+ =
=
+ =
=
+ =
=
18
Beam Shear Example 3
v Conclusions
max. vertical shear = 12,800
lb.
disregard +/- notations
shear passes through zero at
three points
R
1
, R
2
, and under the 12,000lb.
load
19
Bending Moment
v Bending moment: tendency of a beam to bend due
to forces acting on it
v Magnitude (M) = sum of moments of forces on
either side of the section
can be determined at any section along the length of the
beam
v Bending Moment = moments of reactions
moments of loads
(to the left of the section)
20
Bending Moment
21
Bending Moment Example 1
v Simple beam
span = 20 feet
2 concentrated loads
shear diagram from
earlier
v Construct moment
diagram
22
Bending Moment Example 1
1) Compute moments at
critical locations
under 8,000 lb. load &
1,200 lb. load
)
)
. . . .
) ' 16 (
. . .
) ' 6 (
440 , 13 ) ' 10 000 , 8 ( ) ' 16 840 , 5 (
040 , 35 0 ) ' 6 840 , 5 (
ft lb lb lb
x
ft lb lb
x
M
M

=
= - - = . +
= - = . +
23
Bending Moment Example 2
v Simple beam
Span = 20 feet
1 concentrated load
1 uniformly distr. Load
Shear diagram
v Construct moment
diagram
24
Bending Moment Example 2
1) Compute moments at
critical locations
When x = 11 ft. and under
6,000 lb. load
) ) ) . J
) ) ) ) . J
. . .
) ' 16 (
. . .
) ' 11 (
000 , 56 4
2
12
12 000 , 1 ) ' 16 000 , 11 (
500 , 60
2
11
11 000 , 1 ) ' 11 000 , 11 (
ft lb ft lb lb
x
ft lb ft lb lb
x
M
M

=
= + - - = . +
= - - = . +
25
Negative Bending Moment
vPreviously, simple beams subjected to positive
bending moments only
moment diagrams on one side of the base line
concave upward (compression on top)
vOverhanging ends create negative moments
concave downward (compression on bottom)
26
Negative Bending Moment
v deflected shape has
inflection point
bending moment = 0
v See example
27
Negative Bending Moment -
Example
Simple beam with
overhanging end on right
side
Span = 20
Overhang = 6
Uniformly distributed load
acting over entire span
Construct the shear and
moment diagram
Figure 6.12
28
Negative Bending Moment -
Example
) )
) )
) ) ) . J

- - = = . +
+ - = = T +
= T +
) ' 20 (
2
26
) ' 26 600 ( 0 3
) ' 26 600 ( 0 2
0 1
2
.
1
2
.
1
R M
R R F
F
ft lb
ft lb
y
x
1) Determine the
reactions
- Solving equation (3):
- Solving equation (4):
) T = =
=

.
.
. .
2
. .
2
140 , 10
20
800 , 202
800 , 202 ' 20
lb
ft
ft lb
ft lb
R
R
) T =
=
.
1
. .
1
460 , 5
140 , 10 600 , 15
lb
lb lb
R
R
29
Negative Bending Moment -
Example
2) Determine the shear at
various points along
the beam and draw
the shear diagram
.
) 20 (
.
) 20 (
.
) 10 (
.
) 1 (
600 , 3 ) 600 20 ( 140 , 10 460 , 5
540 , 6 ) 600 20 ( 460 , 5
540 ) 600 10 ( 460 , 5
860 , 4 ) 600 1 ( 460 , 5
lb
x
lb
x
lb
x
lb
x
V
V
V
V
= - + =
= - =
= - =
= - =
+ =
=
=
=
30
Negative Bending Moment -
Example
3) Determine where the
shear is at a
maximum and where
it crosses zero
max shear occurs at the right
reaction = 6,540 lb.
feet x
x V
1 . 9
) 600 ( 460 , 5 0
=
- = =
31
Negative Bending Moment -
Example
4) Determine the
moments that the
critical shear points
found in step 3) and
draw the moment
diagram
) ) . J
) ) . J
. . .
) 20 (
. . .
) 1 . 9 (
800 , 10
2
20
' 20 600 ) ' 20 460 , 5 (
843 , 24
2
1 . 9
' 1 . 9 600 ) ' 1 . 9 460 , 5 (
ft lb ft lb lb
x
ft lb ft lb lb
x
M
M

=
= - - =
= - - =
32
Negative Bending Moment -
Example
4) Find the location of the inflection
point (zero moment) and max.
bending moment
v since x cannot =0, then we use x=18.2
v Max. bending moment =24,843 lb.-ft.
) ) . J
feet feet x
x
x x x x M
x
x M
x
x x M
ft lb
2 . 18 ; 0
600
460 , 5 5460
) 300 ( 2
) 0 )( 300 ( 4 ) 460 , 5 ( 460 , 5
460 , 5 300 300 460 , 5 0
2
600 460 , 5 0
2
600 ) 460 , 5 ( 0
2
2 2
2
=

=
+ = = =

'
+

'

= =
- - = =
33
Rules of Thumb/Review
v shear is dependent on the loads and reactions
when a reaction occurs; the shear jumps up by the
amount of the reaction
when a load occurs; the shear jumps down by the
amount of the load
v point loads create straight lines on shear diagrams
v uniformly distributed loads create sloping lines of
shear diagrams
34
Rules of Thumb/Review
v moment is dependent upon the shear diagram
the area under the shear diagram = change in the
moment (i.e. A
shear diagram
= M)
v straight lines on shear diagrams create sloping
lines on moment diagrams
v sloping lines on shear diagrams create curves on
moment diagrams
v positive shear = increasing slope
v negative shear = decreasing slope
35
Typical Loadings
v In beam design, only
need to know:
reactions
max. shear
max. bending moment
max. deflection