Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Career Opportunities Issues of the New Millennium Forms of Businesses Goals of the Corporation Agency Relationships
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Forecasting and planning Investment and financing decisions Coordination and control Transactions in the financial markets Managing risk
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Percentage of Revenue and Net Income from Overseas Operations for 10 WellKnown Corporations, 2001
Company Coca-Cola Exxon Mobil General Electric General Motors IBM JP Morgan Chase & Co. McDonald s Merck 3M Sears, Roebuck % of Revenue from overseas 60.8 69.4 32.6 26.1 57.9 35.5 63.1 18.3 52.9 10.5 % of Net Income from overseas 35.9 60.2 25.2 60.6 48.4 51.7 61.7 58.1 47.0 7.8 1-6
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Advantages
Ease of formation Subject to few regulations No corporate income taxes Difficult to raise capital Unlimited liability Limited life
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Disadvantages
Corporation
Advantages
Unlimited life Easy transfer of ownership Limited liability Ease of raising capital Double taxation Cost of set-up and report filing
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Disadvantages
The primary financial goal is shareholder wealth maximization, which translates to maximizing stock price.
Do firms have any responsibilities to society at large? Is stock price maximization good or bad for society? Should firms behave ethically?
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No, despite a generally high correlation amongst stock price, EPS, and cash flow. Current stock price relies upon current earnings, as well as future earnings and cash flow. Some actions may cause an increase in earnings, yet cause the stock price to decrease (and vice versa).
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Agency relationships
An agency relationship exists whenever a principal hires an agent to act on their behalf. Within a corporation, agency relationships exist between:
Managers are naturally inclined to act in their own best interests. But the following factors affect managerial behavior:
Managerial compensation plans Direct intervention by shareholders The threat of firing The threat of takeover
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Shareholders (through managers) could take actions to maximize stock price that are detrimental to creditors. In the long run, such actions will raise the cost of debt and ultimately lower stock price.
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Projected cash flows to shareholders Timing of the cash flow stream Riskiness of the cash flows
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To estimate an asset s value, one estimates the cash flow for each period t (CFt), the life of the asset (n), and the appropriate discount rate (k) Throughout the course, we discuss how to estimate the inputs and how financial management is used to improve them and thus maximize a firm s value. 1-16
Investment decisions Financing decisions (the relative use of debt financing) Dividend policy decisions
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