( ) 34

106 79
. 3616532 - 3617784 - Fax: 3641025
e-mail : info@hms.gr
www.hms.gr

GREEK MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY

34, Panepistimiou (leftheriou Venizelou) Street
GR. 106 79 - Athens - HELLAS
Tel. 3616532 - 3617784 - Fax: 3641025
e-mail : info@hms.gr
www.hms.gr

72


19 2011


1
:
1 17 1
1 3 7
2

= + 1 : + 5 + 2 1
14 2 7
6 2 3
7

4 14 1 2 1 31 3 14
= + + + 1
14 14 14 17 7 6 2 3
=

17 2 1 31 9 28 6 1 1 31 31
+ +
= + = 0.
14 17 7 6 6 6 6 7 7 6 6

10

, :
=

2
1

2.

10

, = 2 = 5 .

2 = 2 : 2 1 = 10 : 1 = 10 9 = 10 .
9 9
9
9 9 9
2
5
5
5
5
5
2
2 = 2 : 2 = 10 : 5 = 10 18 = 180 = 3 .
= 5 , : =
:
1
24 9 24 18 24 5 120 2
9
5
5
5
= 2 ,: =

 3
, , 3 , 9 , 11 .
,
56. , .

= ,
3 9 11
= 3 , = 9 = 11.

= 56 11 3 = 56 8 = 56 = 7 .
: = 3 7 = 21, = 9 7 = 63 = 11 7 = 77.
:

4
< .
= .

.
= 90D .
1. :
, :
= 200 .
2.

1.

, :
=
= .

1
2
2
ZH ,
=
( ).

1
=
,

2

.
To
,
,
= 90D

=
= 90D , :
2.
o
o
= 90 = 90 .
1

3 ,

, = + . :

3
2
o

1 = 90 o 2 = 90 o = + + = = 20 = 10 o .
2
2 2 2 2
2
2


1
= 101 :103 , = 105 :107 101 1000 :

6
=

+ +

:
= 101 :103 = 101+3 = 102 , =105 :107 =105+7 =102 = 101 1000 = 101 103 = 102 .
:
2

6 106
6 102 102 102
6 102+ 2+ 2
= 2
=
=
2+ 2

2
2
2
2
2
2+ 2
2+ 2
4
10 10 + 10 10 + 10 10
10 + 10 + 10
3 10
2
2
1
1
1
1
= ( 2 106 4 ) = ( 2 102 ) =
= 2
=
=
2
2
( 2 102 ) 2 10 4 100 400

2
:
x
3
x x 5
2x 9
2

x.
2
4
4
8

. :
x x 5
x
x 5

2 4 4
4 2 2 x ( x 5) 8 2 x x + 5 8 x 3 .
2
4
2
4
x
x 6
x6
3

2
9
2
9
2x 9
x
x
2

x 2 2
x 2
x
4
8
4
8
4
8
2x 9
x 6 2x 9
x6

x 8
8
8 x x 6 ( 2 x 9) 8x
8
8
8
8
1
1
x 6 2 x + 9 8x 3 9 x x x .
3
3
1
x 3 ,
3
1,2 3.
3
Oxy ( )

y = ( 3 1) x + 2 , , ,
( ) y = 2 x ( 2,8 ) .
() .

() ( 4, 4 ) ( 1, 2 )

( )

() ( ) & ( ) ,

, 3 1 = 2 = 1 .
( ) y = 2 x + 2 . , , ( 2,8 )
( ) , : 8 = 2 2 + 2 2 = 4 = 2 .
:

= 1, = 2
()

( ) :

y = 2x + 4 .

2 ( 4 ) + 4 = 4 2 ( 1) + 4 = 2 ,

( 4, 4 ) ( 1, 2 ) ( ) ,

( ) . ,
. ,
=

( 2 + 1) + ( 8 2 )

( 4 + 1) + ( 4 2 )

= 9 + 36 = 45
2

= 9 + 36 = 45

.
4

.
C ( , ) , , .
() 1

C ( , )

.
() 2

C ( , ) .

()

1 4
< . ( = 3,1415 ).
2 3

1. = , ,
, .
, :
2 = 2 + 2 2 = 2 2 = 2 .
: 2 2 .
2 , 1 , :
1 = 2 2 2 = ( 2) 2

 2
2. ,
C ( , ) . ,

= 2 . 4 2 .
:
2 = 4 2 2 = ( 4 ) 2 .
3. :
( 2 ) 2 < 4 3 2 < 4 4 3 6 < 16 4
1 4
<
(
) (
)
2 3
(4 ) 2 3

7 < 22 <

22
= 3,1428...., .
7


1. :
( x 10 ) ( x 2 7 x + 10 ) = 0

x 2 + 1 2 x 1 x ( x + 1)
+
<

5
2
2

( x 10 ) ( x 2 7 x + 10 ) = 0 x 10 = 0 x 2 7 x + 10 = 0

x = 10 x 2 7 x + 10 = 0.
x 2 7 x + 10 = 0 , = 1, = 7,
= 10 , = 2 4 = 9 x = 2 x = 5 .
x 2 7 x + 10 = 0
x ( x 7 ) = 10 . ,
x 10.
x {1, 2, 5, 10} .
2 5.

x 2 + 1 2 x 1 x ( x + 1)
+
<
5 x 2 + 5 + 4 x 2 < 5 x 2 + 5 x x > 3.
2
5
2
: x = 5 x = 10.
2. :
( x) =

1 + x 4 + (1 + x ) + x (1 + x )
3

1 + x 2 + (1 + x )

2 (1 + x 3 ) + (1 + x )

( x) =

1 + x 4 + (1 + x ) + x (1 + x )
3

1 + x 2 + (1 + x )

( x ) =

3 ( x 2 + 1)

2 (1 + x 3 ) + (1 + x )
3 ( x 2 + 1)

( x ) ( x ) ( x ) . :
( x) =

1 + x 4 + (1 + x ) + x (1 + x )
3

1 + x 2 + (1 + x )

1 + x 4 + 1 + 3 x + 3 x 2 + x 3 + x (1 + 3 x + 3 x 2 + x 3 )
1 + x2 + 1 + 2 x + x2

2 x 4 + 4 x3 + 6 x 2 + 4 x + 2 x 4 + 2 x3 + 3x 2 + 2 x + 1 x 4 + 2 x3 + x 2 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + 1
=
=
=
2 + 2 x + 2 x2
1 + x + x2
1 + x + x2

(x
=

+ x ) + 2 ( x2 + x ) + 1
2

1+ x + x

(x
=

+ x + 1)

x + x +1
2

= x 2 + x + 1.

 ( x) =

2 (1 + x 3 ) + (1 + x )
3 ( x 2 + 1)

3 + 3 x3 + 3x 2 + 3 x x3 + x 2 + x + 1
=
=
x2 + 1
3 ( x 2 + 1)

x 2 ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
=
=
= x + 1.
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
2

( x ) = ( x ) ( x ) = x 2 + x + 1 ( x + 1) = x 2 .

3. () , :
3 ( x 1)
x x
+ = ( x + 2)
.
2 4
4
() ;

()
2 x + x = 4 ( x + 2 ) 3 ( x 1) 2 x + x = 4 x + 8 3 x + 3 x + x = 8 + 3

( + 1) x = 8 + 3.
(1)
:
1. = 1 , 0 x = 5 .
2. ] {1} , , 1 ,
8 + 3
.
+1
() ,
8 ( + 1) 5
8 + 3
8 + 8 5
x=
] x =
] x =
]
+1
+1
+1
5
5
x = 8
]
]
+1
+1
+ 1 {1,1, 5,5} {2, 0, 6, 4} .
, -1.
x =

4
( = ).
< ,
. ,
K , N . T , S
, , , S T
.

: () = ,
, () = ( ) ()
.

 3
, :
= :

1
1
=
.

(1)

=
(2)

= .

(3)

(1) =
.
: =
(3) : E = .
,
=
(2)
. = E = T ,
= .
E = T =
.
S = S
S = S , S
.


1
() :
( x + 2 )( 2 x 1)( x 1) + x 4 , x 2 .
( x) =
x2 2
() :
2012 4019 2009 + 2006
=
.
20102 2
.

() :
( x + 2 )( 2 x 1)( x 1) + x 4 = ( x + 2 ) ( 2 x 2 3x + 1) + x 4
x2 2
x2 2
3
2
2
2 x 3x + x + 4 x 6 x + 2 + x 4 2 x3 + x 2 4 x 2
=
=
x2 2
x2 2
2 x ( x 2 2 ) + x 2 2 ( x 2 2 ) ( 2 x + 1)
=
=
= 2 x + 1.
x2 2
x2 2
() x = 2010 , :
= ( 2010 ) = 2 2010 + 1 = 4021 .
2

1
1
1
+
= 2,
xa xb c
x , \ ,
a, b, c \ , c 0 .

2
1
= 2 x = a + 2c 2 .
xa c
a b.
( x a )( x b ) = c 2 ( x a + x b ) , x a x b

a = b :

x 2 ( a + b + 2c 2 ) x + ab + ( a + b ) c 2 = 0, x a x b

(1)

= ( a + b + 2c 2 ) 4ab 4 ( a + b ) c 2 = ( a + b ) 4ab + 4c 4 = ( a b ) + 4c 4 > 0 ,

2

(1) \
x1,2 =

a + b + 2c 2

( a b)

+ 4c 4

.
(2)
2
, a b (1). x = a
: ( a a )( x b ) = c 2 ( a a + x b ) 0 = c 2 ( a b ) ,

, c 0 a b .
x = b . , a b ,
\ (2).
3
:
y = x 3 + 2 x 2, z = y 3 + 2 y 2, x = z 3 + 2 z 2 .

:
y z = ( x y ) ( x 2 + xy + y 2 + 2 )
(1)

z x = ( y z ) ( y 2 + yz + z 2 + 2 )

(2)

y 3 y2

+ 2 > 0
x + xy + y + 2 = x + +
2
4

z 3z 2

y + yz + z + 2 = y + +
+ 2 > 0 , x > y ,
2
4

(1) y > z . (2) z > x .

x > y > z > x , .
, x < y .
x = y, y = z . :
2

x = x3 + 2 x 2 x3 + x 2 = 0 x3 1 + x 1 = 0
( x 1) ( x 2 + x + 2 ) = 0 x = 1,
x 2 + x + 2 = 7 < 0 .
4
< < ,
,
, c(O,R)
c(O,R) .
, . ,
, M . ,
, . :
) , (c1 )

(c2 ) , .
) ( ) (c1 ) (c 2 )
, .

=
= .
) , :
c(O, R) (

= .
= ,
=
).
.

 4
=
= EO


.

) ,
:


=
= +
=
= +.

2
2
= =

= 90D + .
:
2
, , , ,

+ + =
=
.

( = = R) ,

= .

=
= 90o - . ( = = R) ,
.

= 90o . :
EO
2

=
+
=
+
= 90o +90o

2
2

.
= 180o 90D = 90D + =
2
2


1.

(x

+ 3x + 2 ) + ( x 2 + x 2 ) = 16 ( x + 2 ) .
4

(1 )
x 2 + 3x + 2 x 2 + x 2
x + 2 , :
4
4
4
( x + 2 ) ( x + 1) + ( x 1) 16 = 0

( x + 2 ) = 0 ( x + 1) + ( x 1) 16 = 0
4

x = 2 ( 4) 2 x 4 + 12 x 2 14 = 0
x = 2 ( 4) x 4 + 6 x 2 7 = 0
x = 2 ( 4) x 2 = 1 x 2 = 7 ()
x = 2 ( 4) x = 1 x = 1.
2
a = x 2 + 3x + 2, b = x 2 + x 2 , a b = 2 x + 4
:
4
a 4 + b 4 = ( a b ) a 4 + b 4 = a 4 4a 3b + 6a 2b 2 4ab3 + b 4

ab ( 2a 2 3ab + 2b 2 ) = 0

a = 0 b = 0 2a 2 3ab + 2b 2 = 0
a = 0 b = 0 a = b = 0,
2a 2 3ab + 2b 2 = 0, ab 0 ,
a
2u 2 3u + 2 = 0, u = ,
b
\ . :
a=0 b=0 a=b=0
x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0 x 2 + x 2 = 0 x 2 + 3x + 2 = x 2 + x 2 = 0
x = 1 x = 2 x = 1 x = 2 x = 2 ()
x = 1 x = 1 x = 2 ( 4)
2
\, ,

( x 2 + y 2 ) + 2 x + y =

2
x
y

\ , \ .

()

( x 2 + y 2 ) + 2 x + y = x 2 + ( 2 x + )2 + 2 x + 2 x + =

2 x y =

y = 2x +

5 x 2 + 4 ( + 1) x + 2 = 0

y = 2x +

0 , (1)

(1)

(2)

= 16 ( + 1) 20 2 2 = 4 ( 2 2 + 8 + 4 )
2

\ ,
:
0 2 2 + 8 + 4 0 .
(3)
2 2
2

, + 8 + 4 = 80 > 0 ,
4
, 1 < 0 < 2 ( 12 = 2 < 0 ).

+ 8 + 4 < 0 , < 1 > 2 , .

= 0 (1) x = 0 , y =
( x, y ) = ( 0, ) . = 0 .
2

3
an , n = 0,1, 2,... d n = an an 1 ,
n = 1, 2,.3,.... = a1 a0 .
1. , a0 , n an
S n +1 = a0 + a1 + + an .
2. a0 = 1 a1 = 7 , n

: an > 103 S n +1 8 103 .

1. :
d1 = , d n = d1 + ( n 1) = n , n = 2,3,... ..

d1 + d 2 + ... + d n = ( a1 a0 ) + ( a2 a1 ) + ... + ( an an 1 )

+ 2 + ... + n = an a0 an = a0 + (1 + 2 + ... + n )
an = a0 +

S n +1 :

n ( n + 1)
2

n ( n + 1)
1 2 2 3
S n +1 = a0 + a1 + + an = ( n + 1) a0 +
+
+ ... +

2
2
2

1
1 n
= ( n + 1) a0 + (12 + 1) + ( 22 + 2 ) + ... + ( n 2 + n ) = ( n + 1) a0 + ( k 2 + k )
2
2 k =1

1 n
1 n
1 n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) n ( n + 1)

= ( n + 1) a0 + k 2 + k = ( n + 1) a0 +
+

2 k =1
2 k =1
2
6
2
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
1 n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
= ( n + 1) a0 +
.
= ( n + 1) a0 +
2
3
6

2. a0 = 1 a1 = 7 , = 6
an = 1 + 3n ( n + 1) , S n +1 = n + 1 + n ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) = ( n + 1) 1 + n ( n + 2 ) = ( n + 1) .
3

:
3
an > 103 S n +1 8 103 an = 1 + 3n ( n + 1) > 103 , Sn +1 = ( n + 1) 8 103

n ( n + 1) > 333, n + 1 2 10 n > 18, n 19 n = 18 n = 19.

17 18 = 306, 18 19 = 342 .
n 18.
4
< < ,
,
(c) .

(c) ,
M . ,


(c) ,
N . :

) , , , , , ,
() (c1 ) (c 2 ) , .
) ,
(c1 ) (c2 ) .

) ,
.
:
0

=

= = 180 2 x = 90o + + x = x

1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

=
= x .
= x ,

1
2
2
2
.
:
0

=

= = 180 2 y = 90o + + y = y .

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

=
= y .
+
= y ,
: y =
2
2
2
2
.

+
: x =

) ,
:

= + + = 90o +
=
+ + = 90o + .

2
2
2
2
:

= 180o 90o
= 180o

= 90o y + = 90 o y .

1
2
2
2
2
:

= 180o
= 180o 90o

= 90o x + = 90 o x .

1
1
2
2
2
o

.
x = y = 45 , 1 =
1

(c ) (c ) ( ,
1

).

) (c1 ) (c 2 ) .
) Miquel .