Stress Transformations

Or you cant resolve stress!

Normal force on the cut plane = W cos
Tangential force on the cut plane = W sin
u u sec , cos AC BC
BC
AC
= =
Area of the cut plane = normal cross section * sec = A sec
u o u u
u
u
t
u o u
u
u
o
2 sin
2
1
sin cos
sec
sin
cos cos
sec
cos
2 2
x S
x N
A
W
A
W
A
W
A
W
= = =
= = =
Plot of stresses on the cut plane
Consider any arbitrary piece of a
two-dimensional solid (perhaps
think of a piece of plate)
This can be loaded in any arbitrary
way
Any system of stresses can be
represented by the three stresses
as shown.
u u t u o u o o
u u
u t u t u o u o o
cos sin 2 . sin cos
, sin , cos
0 cos . . sin . . . sin . cos .
2 2
xy y X N
yx xy y X N
AB by dividing and
AB
AC
that and
AB
BC
that noting
AC BC AC BC AB
+ + =
= =
=
) cos (sin cos sin cos sin
0 cos . . sin . . . sin . cos .
2 2
u u t u u o u u o t
u o u o u t u t t
+ =
= + +
xy y X S
y x XY XY S
AC BC AC BC AB
Normal to the plane
Similarly:
Parallel to the plane
Noting BC/AB = cos and that AC/AB=sin
) cos (sin cos sin cos sin
2 2
u u t u u o u u o t + =
xy y X S
) 2 cos( ) 2 sin( ) (
2
1
) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
u t u o o t
u t u o o o o o
xy y x S
xy y x y x N
=
+ + + =
u u t u o u o o cos sin 2 . sin cos
2 2
xy y X N
+ + =
For reasons that will become clearer later, it is useful to express this in terms of 2
) 1 cos 2 ( ) 2 cos(
cos sin 2 ) 2 sin(
2
=
=
u u
u u u
Plot of stresses on the cut plane in 2-D element
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
=
=
=

) (
2
tan
2
1
) (
2
) 2 tan(
) 2 tan( ) ( 2
) 2 sin( ) (
2
1
) 2 cos(
0
) 2 cos( ) 2 sin( ) (
2
1
1
y x
xy
y x
xy
y x xy
y x xy
s
xy y x s
and
or
or
if
o o
t
u
o o
t
u
u o o t
u o o u t
t
u t u o o t
THERE WILL ALWAYS BE A PLANE AT A PARTICULAR
VALUE OF THE ANGLE ON WHICH THE SHEAR
STRESS IS ZERO
( )
( )
( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
=
2
2
2
2
4
1
2
4
1
2
xy y x
y x
II
xy y x
y x
I
t o o
o o
o
t o o
o o
o
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

) (
2
tan
2
1
1
y x
xy
o o
t
u
If we put the value
into the equations for normal stress, then it can
be found that takes two special values:
These are the PRINCIPAL STRESSES
Plot of stresses on the cut plane in 2-D element