Before Computers

Manual calculators Mechanical calculators

introduction to computing

Manual calculators
device assists in numeric calculation Require human operator to keep the track of algorithm step by step process by which numbers are manipulated

introduction to computing

Types of manual computers

Abacus Napier's bones Slide rule

introduction to computing

Abacus first appeared in china in 1200 then in Japan in 1600 it consisted of beads mounted on the sticks within a rectangular frame each bead represents a quantity 1,5,10,50 and so on use algorithm for manipulating the beads

introduction to computing

Napiers bones
John Napier Scottish mathematician invented logarithms and device for multiplication and division several rods divided into two squares, each labeled into two numbers rods constructed out of bones

introduction to computing

Slide rule
English mathematician William ought red used Napiers logarithm to construct first slide rule in1621 essential tool for students, engineers and scientist through the 1960

Drawback
Manual calculators require operator to apply algorithm to perform calculation

introduction to computing

Mechanical calculators
implements algorithm autonomously operators enters the numbers for calculation and then pulls a lever or turns a wheel to carry out the calculations Developed by German Professor Wilhelm Shickard in 1623

introduction to computing

Pascaline developed by Frenchman named Blaise Pascal in 1642

mechanical device used to performed addition ,subtraction, multiplication and division

Leibniz Calculator was created by German named Wilhelm Leibniz in 1673 Thomas Decolmars Arithmometer became the first mass produced
calculator these devices operated under a manual power by pulling a lever

introduction to computing

Difference engine
English mathematician Charles Babbage proposed difference engine in 1822 Using steam power-cutting edge technology Used to calculate large table of numbers very quickly and accurately

Analytical engine
new general purpose calculating device Embodies many concepts that define the modern computers Like memory, programmable processor, an out put device and user definable input of programs and data Punch cards are used to store programs and data for calculation Designed in 1834

introduction to computing

Hollerith Tabulating machine

electronic punched card tabulating device Each card contained area to represent fields Once punched, cards were fed into a card reader Array of metal rods Electronically read data from card and tabulate the result Hollerith incorporated the tabulating machine company in 1896 In 1924 name of company was changed to international Business Machines known as IBM

introduction to computing

Generations of computers
First generation computers(1946-1957) Second generation computers (1958-1963 Third generation computers (1964-70) Fourth generation computers(1971_presernt)

introduction to computing

First generation computers (1946-1957)

taking up entire rooms Powered by vacuum tubes Great deal of electricity Generated lot of heat Solve one problem at a time Physically rewired to be reprogrammed Examples UNIVAC,ENIAC

introduction to computing

ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) Designed in 1945 after the end of second world war ENIAC was over100 feet long and 10 feet high and weighed 30 tons Contained 18000 vacuumed tubes and consumed 174000 watts of power Performed 5000 addition s per second Manually programmed by connecting cables and settings 6000 switches Process completed in two days

introduction to computing

UNIAC(universal automatic computer)

First general purpose computer Launched in 1951 14.5 feet long and 7.5 feet high and weighed 9 tons Physically smaller than ENIAC More powerful Read data at the rate of 7200 characters per second 12 kB RAM capacity Compute 2.25 million instruction cycle per second

introduction to computing

Disadvantages
consumed lot of power Generated lot of heat Burn out quickly slow processing no concept of operating system

introduction to computing

Second generation(1958-1963)
Vacuum tubes are replaced by transistors An electronic device made of semiconductor material Regulate current or voltage flow Act as a switch for electronic signal

introduction to computing

Development in software differentiated second generation from their ancestors Programming languages and their compilers were introduced A program used to translate high level language program into machine level language COBOL ,FORTRAN were introduced in this generation

introduction to computing

THIRD GENERATION
Integrated technology introduced Thin slice of silicon crystal containing small ckt .components Transistors,capacitors,resistors,diodes are integrated on a single chip Size become small more reliable fast execution

introduction to computing

RCA spectra 70 and widely successful IBM 360 Keyboards and mouse were introduced Sophisticated operating system used to perform several jobs at a time

introduction to computing

Fourth generation
Ted Hoff developed microprocessor in 1971 Integrated ckt. with very large scale of integration Special software for maintaining large data bases Original IBM ,Apple Macintosh

introduction to computing

Fifth generation
Capacity to think and learn Voice recognition system ,Expert system Artificial intelligence is the important feature of these system Optical computers perform at the speed of light

introduction to computing