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Communication Networks:
6.4 Channelization
Ed.2 Leon-Garcia, Widjaja

CHANNELIZATION Consider M Stations each producing the same steady state of information and sharing a single medium
To ensure fairness it makes sense to divide the medium into M channels 3 methods are
Frequency Division Multiple Access : FDMA Time Division Multiple Access : TDMA Code Division Multiple Access : CDMA

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Why Channelization?
Pros
Semi-static bandwidth allocation of a portion of a shared medium to a given user Highly efficient for constant-bit rate traffic It is the preferred approach in
Cellular telephone networks Terrestrial & satellite broadcast radio & TV

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Why not Channelization?

Cons
It is inflexible in the allocation of bandwidth to users with different requirements inefficient for bursty traffic It does not scale well to large numbers of users The average transfer delay increases with the number of users M

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CHANNELIZATION
Frequency Division Multiple Access : FDMA
W Hz supporting R bps R/M bps/channel Good for streaming traffic

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FDMA
EXAMPLE:
Ten channels, each with a 100-KHz bandwidth, are to be multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 KHz between the channels to prevent interference?

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CHANNELIZATION
Time Division Multiple Access : TDMA
R bps 1/M of the time Multiple sots may be allocated to a station

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CHANNELIZATION TDMA
Connects to a station using either
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
one pre-allocated band each for forward traffic reverse traffic each station has an assigned slot in each band

or
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
see next slide

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CHANNELIZATION TDMA
or
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
Each station takes turns in transmitting over the same channel this requires coordination of forward and reverse transmissions 802.16 proposal is for multiple & variable time slots for forward& reverse channels [ see:

http://www.ieee802.org/16/tg1/phy/contrib/80216pc-99_22.pdf

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CHANNELIZATION
Code Division Multiple Access :CDMA
Different codes are used for different stations The entire available frequency spectrum is used

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CHANNELIZATION CDMA
At each station
Each users bit ( 1 is transformed into a unique pseudo-random binary sequence of 1s at a much higher bit rate The resulting sequence is modulated and transmitted.

All stations transmit continuously at bit rate R

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CHANNELIZATION CDMA
A random sequence is generated bit by bit by the equivalent of a flip of a coin and the transmitted binary signal is calculated by multiplication with the users bits => G chips/bit however the flips are actually controlled by a random number generator therefore the sequence of the coin flipscan be generated by the receiver and used to extract the users bit stream from the received bit stream

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CHANNELIZATION CDMA
the sequence of the coin flipscan be generated by the receiver and used to extract the users bit stream from the received bit stream

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CHANNELIZATION CDMA Pseudo Random Generator

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LAN & MAC Protocols :

CHANNELIZATION CDMA hyper-links
http://www.bee.net/mhendry/vrml/library/cdma/cdma.htm http://wit.mht.bme.hu/~zlazar/LMDS/Ecrr-2.pdf http://www.excite.fr/directory/Science/Technology/Electrical _Engineering/Communications/Mobile_Systems/CDMA

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Channelization in Code Space

Each channel uses a different pseudorandom code Codes should have low cross-correlation If they differ in approximately half the bits the correlation between codes is close to zero and the effect at the output of each others receiver is small As the number of users increases, effect of other users on a given receiver increases as additive noise CDMA has a gradual increase in BER due to noise as the number of users is increased Interference between channels can be eliminated if codes are selected so that they are orthogonal and if receivers and

transmitters are synchronized

Shown in next example
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CHANNELIZATION CDMA Example

For 4 channels use the 4 orthogonal functions Ch1 (-1,1,-1,-1), Ch2 (-1,1,-1,1) Ch3 (-1,-1,1,1,), Ch4 (-1,1,1,-1) A user bit is represented as +1 for a binary 1 and -1 for a binary 0 For channel one a binary 1 is sent as ( -1, -1, -1, -1) and a binary 0 is sent as (+1,+1,+1,+1)

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CHANNELIZATION: CDMA Example

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CHANNELIZATION: CDMA Example

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CHANNELIZATION
Sum Signal

+1 -1 -1 -3 -1 +1 -3-1 +1 -1 +3+1

Channel 2

-1 +1-1 +1 -1+1-1 +1 -1 +1-1+1

Correlator Output

Integrator Output
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-4-> bin0

-4->bin020
Figure 6.42

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CHANNELIZATION Walsh-Hadamard matrices

W Wn W2n n c Wn Wn
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Channelization in Cellular Telephone Networks

Cellular networks reuse bands of frequencies in more than one cell. The cells must be sufficiently far apart that interference is not a problem Cellular networks provide voice connections which support steady stream data FDMA is used in the Advanced Mobile Phone (AMP) System TDMA is used in Interim Standard-54 (IS-54) and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) CDMA is used in IS-95
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CHANNELIZATION
In Telephone Cellular Networks
The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) A first generation cellular system 2 service providers A & B shared 40MHz (Later 50MHz in the 800MHz region) FDMA is used between the base and mobile stations 1 band each for
forward from base to mobile reverse from mobile to base

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CHANNELIZATION
In Telephone Cellular Networks (AMPS) 416 2-way analog voice channels of 30kHz each way per provider with 21 channels for control

Spectrum efficiency = (416-21)channels/7 cells /25MHz => 2.26 calls/cell/MHz

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CHANNELIZATION Interim Standard 54 / 136

The 30KHz bandwidth of AMPS is used to carry several TDMA channels
There are frames
each of duration 40ms with 6 slots each carries 324 bits per slot 324/40ms => 8.1kbps per slot 8.1*6 kbps => 48.6kbps

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CHANNELIZATION Interim Standard 54 /136

A full rate channel has 2 slots
16.2kbps carries a voice call

There are 3 full rate channels per 30 kHz AMPS channel

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CHANNELIZATION Interim Standard 54 TDMA Frame

Send and receive channels are offset

Spectrum efficiency = (3*416-21)channels/7 cells /25MHz => 7 calls/cell/MHz

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CHANNELIZATION Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Channel

25MHz

124 Reverse

124 Forward

Also used in the Personal Communication Services (PCS) bands 1800MHz, Europe, 1900MHz US

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CHANNELIZATION
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) TDMA Structure

4.615ms =>1 TDMA frame = 8 slots 0.577ms =>1 slot = 156.25bits=3 tail+57 data+S flag +26 train+S flag+57 data+3 tail+8.25 Guard

Full Rate Traffic Channel Bit Rate = 24slots/multiframe*114bits/slot*1multiframe/120ms = 22,800bps

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CHANNELIZATION GSM
There are
124 carrier frequency pairs 8 traffic slots per pair (transmitting 24 times per 120ms multi-frame) 3 cells using the same frequency

124*8 = 992 traffic channels 992/(3*50MHz) = 6.61calls/cell/MHz

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CHANNELIZATION Interim Standard 95

Based on spread spectrum
Each channel signal is spread over 1.23MHz
this requires 41 AMPS channels as 1.23MHz/30KHz = 41

Base stations are synchronized using GPS All stations use the same pseudorandom sequence
each base station has a unique timing offset

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CHANNELIZATION Interim Standard 95 Forward Channel

The forward and reverse directions use different transmission techniques In the forward direction
9600 bps user bit rate error-correction coding and interleaving results in 19,200bps this is changed to +1 and -1 levels The bit stream is multiplied by a stream with every 64th bit from a unique pseudorandom sequence of 1.2288Mchips/s

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CHANNELIZATION Interim Standard 95 Forward Channel

The resulting 19,200sym/s stream is multiplied by an orthogonal Walsh sequence of 64 chips
The resulting signal has 1.2288Mchips/sec
It is then spread in frequency with a short code pseudorandom sequence and the new sequence is sent using QPSK

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CHANNELIZATION Interim Standard 95 Forward Channel

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CHANNELIZATION
Interim Standard 95 Forward Channel
Ref: http://keskus.hut.fi/opetus/s38220/reports_97/hiltunen.pdf November 2004

Fills with symbols by columns and sends by rows

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CHANNELIZATION Interim Standard 95 Forward Channel Synchronization pilot signal sent to all receivers

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CHANNELIZATION Interim Standard 95 Reverse Channel Modulator

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CHANNELIZATION Interim Standard 95 The spectrum efficiency SE-IS95 is estimated to be

12.1 < SE-IS95<45.1 calls/cell/MHz
This is by far the most efficient technique mostly because of the double spreading which intermingles all channels simultaneously as well low bit rate coding of silence intervals in speech

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Problems
Ed1 6.17, 41, 43, 47, 49 Ed2 6.12, 18, 26, 23, 25

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