Chapter 10

10.1 Introduction

Statically Indeterminate Beams

in this chapter we will analyze the beam in which the number of reactions exceed the number of independent equations of equilibrium integration of the differential equation, method of superposition compatibility equation (consistence of deformation)

10.2 Types of Statically Indeterminate Beams the number of reactions in excess of the number of equilibrium equations is called the degree of static indeterminacy

the excess reactions are called static redundants the structure that remains when the redundants are released is called released structure or the primary structure

10.3 Analysis by the Differential Equations of the Deflection Curve EIv" = M EIv'" = V EIviv = -q

the procedure is essentially the same as that for a statically determine beam and consists of writing the differential equation, integrating to obtain its general solution, and then applying boundary and other conditions to evaluate the unknown quantities, the unknowns consist of the redundant reactions as well as the constants of integration this method have the computational difficulties that arise when a large number of constants to be evaluated, it is practical only for relatively simple case

Example 10-1 a propped cantilever beam supports a uniform load q determine the reactions, shear forces, bending moments, slopes, and deflections choose RB as the redundant, then AB

RA

qL

RB

MA

qL2 = CC 2

RBL

and the bending moment of the beam is M = RAx MA qx2 CC 2 RBL qx2 - CC 2 RBL qx3 CC 6 qx2 - CC 2 + C1

qLx

RBx

qL2 - CC 2 RBx

EIv" = M =

qLx

qL2 - CC 2 RBLx

EIv' =

RBx2 qL2x qLx2 CC - CC - CC 2 2 2

EIv =

qx4 qLx3 Rbx3 qL2x2 RBLx2 CC - CC - CC - CCC - CC + C1x + C2 6 6 4 2 24

boundary conditions v(0) = it is obtained C1 = C2 = 0 and RA MA = = 5qL/8 qL2/8 RB = 3qL/8 0 v'(0) = 0 v(L) = 0

the shear force and bending moment are 5qL CC 8

RA

- qx

- qx

RAx

MA

qx2 CC 2 qx2 CC 2

qL2 5qLx CC - CC 8 8

the maximum shear force is Vmax = 5qL/8 at the fixed end

the maximum positive and negative moments are Mpos = 9qL2/128 Mneg = -qL2/8

slope and deflection of the beam v' = qx CC (-6L2 + 48EI qx2 - CC (3L2 48EI
max,

15Lx

- 8x2)

v =

5Lx +

2x2)

to determine the -6L2 + we have x1 = =

set v' = - 8x2 = 0

15Lx

0.5785L - v(x1) = qL4 0.005416 CC EI M = for x for x < > 0, i.e. x L /4 L /4 = L /4

max

the point of inflection is located at < > 0 and 0 and M M < > 0 0

the slope at =

B is (y')x=L = qL3 CC 48EI

Example 10-2 a fixed-end beam concentrated load P ABC supports a

at the midpoint

determine the reactions, shear forces, bending moments, slopes, and deflections because the load P HA MA M = HB = = = MB Px C 2 = M in vertical direction and symmetric 0 RA = RB = P/2

(1 degree of indeterminacy) MA (0 x L/2) Px C 2 (0 x L/2)

EIv"

MA

after integration, it is obtained Px2 EIv' = CC 4 EIv Px3 = CC 12 - MA x + C1 (0 x L/2)

MAx2 CC + 2

C1x

C2

(0 x L/2)

boundary conditions v(0) = 0 v'(0) = 0

symmetric condition
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v'(0)

0 C1, C2 and the

the constants moment MA C1 MA =

are obtained C2 = 0 PL = CC = MB 8

the shear force and bending moment diagrams can be plotted thus the slope and deflection equations are v' = Px - CC (L 8EI Px2 - CC (3L 48EI 2x) (0 x L/2)

v =

- 4x)

(0 x L/2)

the maximum deflection occurs at the center = - v(L/2) = PL3 CCC 192EI M = 0, i.e. x =

max

the point of inflection occurs at the point where L/4, the deflection at this point is = - v(L/4) = PL3 CCC 384EI

which is equal

max/2

10.4 Method of Superposition 1. selecting the reaction redundants 2. establish the force-displacement relations 3. consistence of deformation (compatibility equation) consider a propped cantilever beam (i) select RB as the redundant, then qL2 MA = CC - RBL 2

RA = qL - RB

force-displacement relation qL4 ( B)1 = CC 8EI RBL3 ( B)2 = CC 3EI

compatibility equation
B

( B)1

- ( B )1 =

qL4 CC 8EI RB

RBL3 CC 3EI => RA 5qL = CC 8 MA qL2 = CC 8

3qL = CC 8

(ii) select the moment MA qL MA RA = C + C 2 L

as the redundant

qL MA RB = C - C 2 L

force-displacement relation ( A )1 qL3 = CC ( A)2 24EI MAL = CC 3EI

compatibility equation = ( A )1 = = qL2/8 5qL/8 RB = 3qL/8 ( A )2 = qL3 CC 24EI MAL CC 3EI = 0

thus and

MA RA

Example 10-3 a continuous beam uniform load q ABC supports a

determine the reactions select RB RA = as the redundant, then qL C 2

RC

qL -

force-displacement relation ( B)1 5qL(2L)4 = CCCC 384EI RB(2L)3 = CCC = 48EI = 5qL4 CC 24EI RBL3 CC 6EI

( B)2

compatibility equation

= RB RA

( B)1 = =

- ( B )2 = 5qL/4 RC = 3qL/8

5qL4 RBL3 CC - CC 24EI 6EI

thus and

Example 10-4 a fixed-end beam AB is loaded by a force P acting at point D

determine reactions at the ends also determine

D

this is a 2-degree of indeterminacy problem select MA and MB + as the redundants

Pb RA = C L Pa RB = C L

MA MB C - C L L MA MB C + C L L

force-displacement relations ( A )1 Pab(L + b) = CCCCC ( B )1 6LEI MAL MAL = CC ( B)2 = CC 3EI 6EI MBL MBL = CC ( B)3 = CC 6EI 3EI Pab(L + a) = CCCCC 6LEI

( A )2

( A )3

compatibility equations

A B

= =

( A )1 ( B )1 MBL CC 6EI MBL CC 3EI

( A )2 - ( A )3 = ( B )2 - ( B )3 = = = Pab(L + b) CCCCC 6LEI Pab(L + a) CCCCC 6LEI

0 0

i.e.

MAL CC + 3EI MAL CC + 6EI

solving these equations, we obtain MA Pab2 = CC L2 MB Pa2b = CC L2

and the reactions are RA Pb2 = CC (L + 2a) L3

D

RB

Pa2 = CC (L + 2b) L3

the deflection
D

can be expressed as ( D)2 ( D)3

( D)1

( D)1 =

Pa2b2 CCC 3LEI MAab CCC (L 6LEI MBab CCC (L 6LEI = Pa3b3 CCC 3L3EI = L/2 + b) = Pa2b3 CCC (L 6L3EI Pa3b2 CCC (L 6L3EI + b)

( D)2 =

( D)3 =

a)

a)

thus

if

= b

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then

MA

MB

PL = CC 8

RA

RB

P C 2

and

PL3 CCC 192EI

Example 10-5 a fixed-end beam uniform load span determine the reactions of the beam to obtain the moments caused by replace to L-x dMA qx(L - x)2dx = CCCCC L2 qx2(L - x)dx = CCCCC L2 P to qdx, a to x, qdx, b q AB supports a

acting over part of the

and

dMB

integrating over the loaded part MA = dMA q a = C x(L - x)2dx = L2 0 q a = C x2(L - x)dx L2 0 = qa2 CC (6L2 - 8aL + 3a2) 12L2 qa3 CC (4L2 - 3a) 12L2

MB Similarly

= dMB

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dRA

q(L - x)2(L + 2x)dx = CCCCCCCC L3 qx2(3L - 2x)dx = CCCCCC L3

dRB

integrating over the loaded part q a qa 2 RA =dRA = C (L - x) (L + 2x)dx = CC (2L3 - 2a2L + a3) L3 0 2L3 RB = dRB q a = C x2(3L - 2x)dx = L3 0 qa3 CC (2L - a) 2L3 a = L

for the uniform acting over the entire length, i.e. MA = MB qL2 = CC 12 qL = C 2

RA

RB

the center point deflections due to uniform load and the end moments are ( C)1 5qL4 = CCC 384EI = ( C)1 ( C)2 MAL ( C)2 = CC = 8EI qL4 = CCC 384EI (qL2/12)L2 qL4 CCCC = CC 8EI 96EI

Example 10-6 a beam and ABC rests on supports A

B and is supported by a cable at C

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find the force T take the cable force the deflection

of the cable T as redundant due the uniform

( C)1

load can be found from example 9.9 with a=L ( C)1 qL4 = CCC 4EbIb

the deflection ( C)2 due to a force T acting on C is obtained

use conjugate beam method ( C)2 = M = TL2 CCC L 3EbIb + TL L 2L CC C C EbIb 2 3

2TL3 CCC 3EbIb

the elongation of the cable is ( C)3 Th = CC EcAc

compatibility equation ( C)1 - ( C)2 = ( C)3 Th CC EcAc

qL4 2TL3 CC - CC = 3EbIb 4EbIb T =

3qL4EcAc CCCCCCCC 8L3EcAc + 12hEbIb

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10.5 Temperature Effects

10.6 Longitudinal Displacements at the Ends of the Beams

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