CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY

1 To change from Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates, for X write r cos and for y write r sin . Write y and for tan x2 x1 y2

To change from polar coordinates to cartesian coordinates, for r2 write X2 + y2 ; for r cos write X, for r sin write .

3 Distance between two points (X1, Y1 ) and (X2 , Y2 ) is y1

5 Distance between (r1 , 1 ) and (r2 , 2 ) is 6 r

Distance of ( x1 , y1 ) from the origin is x

2 2 r 2 r1 r2 cos 2 1 1 2 Coordinates of the point which divides the line joining (X1 , Y1 ) and , ( m1 + m2

2 1

2 1

(X2, Y2 ) internally in the ratio m1 : m2 are :0)

7. Coordinates of the point which divides the line joining (X1 , Y1 ) and (X2 ,Y2 ) externally in the ratio m1 : m2 are :, (m1 m2 0)

8. Coordinates of the mid-point (point which bisects) of the seg. Joining (X1, y1) and (X2 y2 ) are :

, 9. (a) Centriod is the point of intersection of the medians of triangle. (b) In-centre is the point of intersection of the bisectors of the angles of the triangle. (c) Circumcentre is the point of intersection of the right (perpendicular) bisectors of the sides of a triangle. (d) Orthocentre is the point of intersection of the altitudes (perpendicular drawn from the vertex on the opposite sides) of a triangle. 10.Coordinates of the centriod of the triangle whose vertices are (x1 , y1 ) ; (x2 , y2 ) ; ( x3 , y3 ) are

11. Coordinates of the in-centre of the triangle whose vertices are A (x1 ,y1) ; B (x2 ,y2 , ) ; C (x3 ,y3 ) and 1 (BC ) c. are . a, 1 (CA) b, 1 (AB)

12 Slope of line joining two points (x1 ,y1) and (x2 ,y2 )is m 13. Slope of a line is the tangent ratio of the angle which the line makes with the positive direction of the x-axis. i.e. m tan

14. Slope of the perpendicular to x-axis (parallel to y axis) does not exist, and the slope of line parallel to x-axis is zero.

15.

Intercepts: If a line cuts the x-axis at A and y-axis at B then OA is Called intercept on x-axis and denoted by a and OB is called intercept on y-axis and denoted by b.

16. X a is equation of line parallel to y-axis and passing through (a, b) and y b is the equation of the line parallel to x-axis and passing

through (a, b). 17. X 0 is the equation of y-axis and y 18. Y 0 is the equation of x-axis.

mx is the equation of the line through the origin and whose slope

is m. 19. Y mx +c is the equation of line in slope intercept form. 20. + 1 is the equation of line in the Double intercepts form,

where a is x-intercept and b is y-intercept. 21. X cos a + y sin a is the length of perpendicular from the origin on the line and is the direction of x-axis. 22. Y Y1 m (x x1 ) is the slope point form of line which passes through p is the equation of line in normal form, where p

angle which the perpendicular (normal) makes with the positive

(x1 , y1)and whose slope is m. 23. Two points form: - y-y1 (x x1) is the equation of line which

Passes through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2). 24. Parametric form :r is the equation of line which

passes through the point (x1 y1 )makes an angle with the axis and r is the distance of any point (x, y) from ( x1, y1 ). 25. Every first degree equation in x and y always represents a straight line ax + by + c (a) Slope 0 is the general equation of line whose. -

(b) X - intercept

(c) Y- intercept

26. Length of the perpendicular from (x1, y1 ) on the line ax + by + c 0 is

27. To find the coordinates of point of intersection of two curves or two lines, solve their equation simultaneously.

28. The equation of any line through the point of intersection of two given lines is (L.H.S. of one line) +K (L.H.S. of 2nd line) (Right Hand Side of both lines being zero) 0

TRIGONOMETRY
29. SIN2 30. tan Cosec 31. 1 + tan2 Sec2 - tan2 Cos2 + Cos2 1 Sin2 ; cot ; cot sec2 1 cosec2 ; cot2 - cot2 Y 1 cosec2 -1; ; tan2 sec2 -1; ; sec ; 1; Sin2 1 - Cos2 ,

32. 1 + cot2 Cosec2 33.

Only sine and cosec are positives O X1 III Only tan and cot are positives

all trigonometric ratios are positives X IV only cos and sec are positives

Y1

34.

angle 300 ratio 00 O 6 1 2 450 600 3 900 1200 2 3

Sin

1350 1500 3 4

1800

Cos

Tan

1 2

-1 1

-3

-1

3
.

35. Sin (36. sin (90

) = - Sin

cos (- ) = cos

tan (- ) = - tan

cos sin cot tan cosec

sin (90 + cos (90 +

cos sin cot tan cosec

sin (180 cos (180

sin cos tan cot sec cosec

sec (90 )

cot (90 )

tan (90 )

cos (90 )

tan (90 + ) cot (90+ )

tan ( 180 ) cot (180 ) sec (180 )

sec (90 + )

cosec (90 ) sec

cosec (90 + ) = sec

cosec (180 )

37. Sin (A + B) = SinA CosB + CosA SinB Sin (A - B) = CosA SinB - SinA CosB Cos (A + B) = CosA CosB - SinA CosB Cos (A B) = CosA CosB + SinA SinB tan (A + B) = tan (A - B) = 38. tan tan 39. A

A cos sin cos sin

SinC + SinD = 2 sin SinC - SinD = 2 cos CosC + CosD = 2 cos CosC - CosD = 2 sin

40.

2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A-B) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) - sin (A-B) 2 cos A COS B 2 sin A sin B cos ( A +B) + cos (A-B) cos (A-B) - cos (A + B)

41. Cos (A +B). cos ( A - B ) = cos2A - sin2B Sin (A +B). sin (A B) = sin2A - sin2B

42. Sin 2 = 2 sin cos = 43. Cos2 =cos2 - sin2- = 2cos2 -1 = 1 2 sin2 = ;

44. 1 + cos 2 = 2 cos2 ; 1 cos 2 = 2 sin2 45. tan 2 = 46. sin 3 cos 3 tan 3 = 3 sin = 4 cos 3 = ;

- 4 sin 3 ; - 3 cos ;

47.

48. Cos A = Cos C

; ;

Cos B

49. a = b cos C + c cos B; b = c cos A + a cos C ;

c = a cos B + b cos A

50. Area of triangle =

bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin c

51. 1

sin A = (cos A/2 tan A = tan

sin A/2)2 /2

52. sec A

53. Cosec A - cot A = tan A/2 54. Cosec A + cot A = cot A/2

PAIR OF LINES
1. A homogeneous equation is that equation in which sum of the powers of x and y is the same in each term. 2. If m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then m1 + m2 + and m1 +m2 = = =

3. If be the acute angle between the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then tan =

These lines will be co incident (parallel) if h2 = ab and perpendicular if a +b = 0. 4. The condition that the general equation of the second degree viz ax2 + 2hxy + by2 +2gx +2fy + c = 0 may represent a pair of straight line is abc + 2fgh af2 bg2 - ch2 = 0

i.e.

= 0.

5. Ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 and ax2 + 2hxy + by2 +2gx +2fy + c = 0 are pairs of parallel lines. 6. The point of intersection of lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is obtained by solving the equation ax + hy + g = 0 and hx + by + f = 0. 7. Joint equation of two lines can be obtained by multiplying the two equations of lines and equating to zero. (UV =0, where u = 0, v = 0). 8. If the origin is changed to (h,k) and the axis remain parallel to the original axis then for x and y put x + h and y + k respectively.

CIRCLE
1. X2 + y2 = a2 is the equation of circle whose centre is (0, 0) and radius is a. 2. (x h) 2 + (y - k) 2 = a2 is the equation of a circle whose centre is (h, k) and radius is a.

centre is (-g ,-f) and radius is g f c. 4. Diameter form: - (x x1) (x x2) + (y y1) (y- y2) = 0 is the equation of a circle whose (x1, y1) and (x2 , y2) are ends of a diameter. 5. Condition for an equation to represent a circle are : (a) Equation of the circle is of the second degree in x and y. 3. (b) The coefficient of x2 and y2 must be equal.

X2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is a general equation of circle, its

(c) There is no xy term in the equation (coefficient of xy must be zero). 1. To find the equation of the tangent at (x1 , y1 ) on any curve rule is: In the given equation of the curve for x2 put xx1 ; for y2put yy1 ; for 2x put x+ x1 and for 2y put y +y1 2. For the equation of tangent from a point outside the circle or given slope or parallel to a given line or perpendicular to a given line use y = mx + c or y y1 = m (x x1). 3. For the circle x2 + y2 = a2 (a) Equation of tangent at (x1, y1) is xx1 + yy1 = a2 (b) Equation of tangent at (a cos , a sin = a. (C) Tangent in terms of slope m is ) is x cos + y sin

Y = mx a 1 4. For the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (a) Equation of tangent at (x1, y1 ) is Xx1 + yy1 + g (x + x1) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0 (b) Length of tangent from (x1, y1) is 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

10. For the point P (x, y) , x is abscissa of P and y is ordinate of P.

PARABOLA
1. Distance of any point P on the parabola from the focus S is always equal to perpendicular distance of P from the directrix i.e. SP = PM. 2. Parametric equation of parabola y2 = 4ax is x = at2, y = 2at. Coordinates of any point (t) is (at2 , 2at) 3. Different types of standard parabola Parabola Focus Directrix

Latus rectum

Axis of Parabola (axis of symmetry)

Y2 = 4ax Y2 = - 4ax X2 = 4by X2 = - 4by

(a, 0) (-a, 0) (0, b) (0, -b)

X = -a X = a Y =- b Y = b

4a 4a 4b 4b

Y = 0 Y = 0 X =0 X =0

4. For the parabola y2 = 4ax (a) Equation of tangent at (x1, y1) is Yy1 = 2a (x + x1).

2 (b) Parametric equation of tangent at (at , 2at1) is 1 yt1 = x + at21 (c) Tangent in term of slope m is y = mx + contact is (a/m2, 2a/m) (d) If P (t1) and Q (t2) are the ends of a focal chord then t2 t1 = -1 (e) Focal distance of a point P (x1, y1) is x1 + a. and its point of

ELLIPSE
Ellipse Foci Directrices Latus Rectum Equation of axis Ends of L.R

+ =1 (a b)

( ae, 0)

X= 1. Distance of any point on an ellipse from the focus = e (Perpendi cular distance of the point from the correspon ding Directrix) i.e. SP = e PM.

major (ae, axis Y=0 (ae, minor axis x = 0 ) 2a b

+ =1 (a b ) (0, be)

major axis x = 0 minor axis y = 0

( ( )

, be ) ,be

2. Different types of ellipse

Y= b) is x = a cos

3 Parametric equation of ellipse

= 1 (a

4. For the ellipse And +

and y = b sin .

= 1, a b, b2 =a2 (1 =e2)

= 1, a b, a2 = b2 (1 e) + =1 (a b)

5. For the ellipse

(a) Equation of tangent at x1, y1) is + = 1. a m b

(b ) Equation of tangent in terms of its slope m is y = mx (c) Tangent at (a cos , b sin ) is + =1 a ex1

6. Focal distance of a point P (x1 , y1) is SP = and SP = ex1 a

HYPERBOLA
1. Distance of a point on the hyperbola from the focus = e (Perpendicular distance of the point from the corresponding directrix) i.e. SP =ePM 2. Different types of Hyperbola

Hyperbola Foci

Directrices L.R 2b a

End of L.R

Eqn of axis

=1

( ae, 0)

X=

(ae, (ae, -

) )

Transverse axis y= 0 conjugate axis x = o Transverse axis x=0 conjugate axis y =0

=1 (0,

be)

Y=

( (-

,be) ,be)

3. For the hyperbola

= 1, b2 = a2 (e2 -1) and for

= 1, a2 = b2 (e2 1).

4. Parametric equations of hyperbola X = a sec , y = b tan = 1

= 1 are

5. For the hyperbola

(a) Equation of tangent at (x1 , y1 ) are =1

Equation of tangent in terms of its slope m is Y = mx

(c) Equation of tangent at (a sec, b tan =1

) is

(d) Focal distance of P (x1, y1) is S P = | ex1 a | and S P = |ex1 + a |

SOLID GEOMETRY
1. Distance between ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x2 , y2, z2 ) is 2 1 2 1 2 1

2. 3.

Distance of (x1 , y1, z1 ) from origin

Coordinates of point which divides the line joining (x1, y1, z1) and ( x2, y2, z2) internally in the ratio m:n are , , m + n O

(x1 ,y1 , z1 )

(x2 , y2 , z2)

4. Coordinates of point which divides the joint of (x1, y1, z1) and (x2 ,y2, z2) externally in the ratio m:n are , , m-n O

5.

Coordinates of mid point of join of ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) are , , .

6.

Coordinates of centriod of triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1, z1 ) , (x2 , y2 , z2 ) and (x3, y3, z3 ) are , ,

7. 8. 9. 10.

Direction cosines of x axis are 1, 0, 0 Direction cosines of y axis are 0, 1, 0 Direction cosines of z axis are 0, 0, 1 If OP = r, and direction cosines of OP are l, m, n, then the coordinates of P are ( l r, mr, nr)

11. If 1, m, n are direction cosines of a line then l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 12. If l, m, n, are direction cosines and a ,b, c, are direction ratios of a n= 13. line then

l = ,

m=

14.

along the line is l + m + n k is a + b + c k

If l , m, n, are direction cosines of a line then a unit vector

If a, b, c are direction ratio of a line, then a vector along the line

1. 2.

projection of a on b =

a b = ab cos = a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2.
| |

VECTORS

and projection of b on a =

3.

b = ab sin b = -(b

a)

^ n

a1 a2 a1 a2

b1 b2 b1 b2 c1 c2

k c1 c2

4.

a b

c = a b c

a3

b3

c3

5.

Vector area of ABC is (AB AC ) = (a

And area of ABC =

b + b

| AB

c + c

AC |

a)

6. Volume of parallelepiped : | a b c | 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 = |AB AC AD |

7. 8.

Volume of Tetrahedram ABCD is = F

Work done by a force F in moving a particle from A to B = AB F

|AB

AC

AD |

9.

Moment of force F acting at A about a point B is M = BA

PROBABILTY
1. Probability of an event A is P (A) = 0 p () 1

2. p ( AUB ) = P (A) + P (B) - P (A B). IF A and B are mutually exclusive then P (A B) = 0 and P (A B) = P(A) + P(B) 3 P (A) = 1 P (A) = 1 - P (A) 4. P(A B) = P(A) P(B/A) = P(B) P(A/B). IF A and B are independent events P(A 5. P(A) B) = P(A) P(B)

= P(A B) + P(A B)

6. P(B) 7.

lim

= P(A B) + P(A B) 0 = = 1;

lim 0 lim

8.

lim (1 + x) x 0

cos . = 1;

lim 0

lim x 0 lim x a

=1

m = m

= nan

= e; 1 kx = eK.

lim lim (1 + kx) = x 0 x 0

1. F(x) =

lim ; where f (x) is derivative of h 0 function f (x) with respect to x. F (a) = lim h 0

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULAS

2.

(a) = 0, where a is constant ; (ax) = a, = ; =

(x) = 1,

= x = 3. x

. u = ; u

. Where u = f(x)

=n x ;

n-1

= nun-1

= nyn-1

4.

logx = loga x = a e

(logu) = ; loga u = a e = eu sin u =cos u , e. g. 4 = 4 cos 4x =au log a

5.

= ax log a ;

6. 7.

= ex ;

sin x =cos x ; sin (4x) = cos 4x

4x = cos 4x

8.

cos x = - sin x ;

cos u = - sin u

9.

tan x = sec2 x ;

tan u = sec2u

10.

cot x = - cosec2x ;

cot u = - cosec2u

11. 12.

sec x = sec x tan x ;

sec u = sec u cosec u

tan u

cosec x = - cosec x cot x ; = - cosec u cot u

13.

sin2x = 2 sin x sinn x = n sin n-1

(sin x) = 2 sinx cos x = sin 2x sin x = n sinn-1 x cos x

14.

sin-1 x =

(sin-1 u) =

15. 16.

cos-1 x = tan-1 x =

; ;

(cos-1 u) = (tan-1 u) =

17. 18. 19.

cot-1x = sec-1x =

; ; ;

cot-1 u = sec-1 u =

cosec-1 x =

cosec-1 u =

20.

(uv) = u

+ v + uw + uv

(uvw) = vw

21.

, v 0.

22.

23. F ( x + h ) = f (x) + h f (x) 24. Error in y is y = Y is = x, Relative error in 100 v

and percentage error in y =

25. Velocity =

, acceleration a =

ITNTEGRAL CALCULUS
1. u v w . . . ) dx = u dx + vdx + wdx +

2. 3.

4.

f x

ax

x dx = b

af x = a f x dx, where a is a constant. +c, ( n -1 ) ;

+c

f (x) dx =

+ c,

(n

-1)

5.

dx = log x + c ; dx = log ax b +c;

dx = log | f (x) | + c ; the integral of a function in which the numerator is the differential coefficient of the denominator is log (Denominator). 6. x dx = x + c ;

ax 7. a

a dx =
+c

b dx =

(ax + b)3/2 + c

+c;

dx =

+ c

8. 9.

e dx = ex + c ; sin ax

10. 11.

sin x dx = - cos x + c cos ax cos x dx = sin x + c b b dx =

b dx =

+b

dx =

eax+b + c.

cos (ax + b) +c ;

sin (ax +b) + c ;

12.

tan x dx = log sec x + c cot ax cot x dx = log sin x + c sec ax b dx b dx =

tan ax

dx = log sec (ax+b) + c ;

log sin (ax+b) +c ;

13.

log | sec (ax+ b ) + tan (ax + b) | + c sec x dx = log |sec x b dx +c + c tan x| + c

= log tan

= log tan 14.

cosec ax

= log tan

log |cosec ax

+ c

cot ax

b | + c

= log tan ( 15. sec ax sec ax

sec x dx = tan x + c ; cosec (ax +b) dx = b dx =

cosec x dx

) + c

log |cosec x

cot x| + c

tan (ax + b) + c cot (ax +b) + c ;

16.

17.

cosec x dx = - cot

18.

cosec (ax +b) cot (ax +b) dx =

sec x tan x dx = sec x + c

b tan (ax +b) dx =

sec (ax +b) + c;

19.

To integrate sin2 x, tan2x, cot2 x change to

cosec x cot x dx = - cosec x + c

cosec (ax +b) +c ;

(1 cos2x);

(1 cos2x); Respectively 20. 21 22

(1 + cos2x); sec2x - 1 and cosec2x 1

= sin-1 x + c = - cos-1 x + c = tan-1 x + c = - cot -1 x + c = sec-1 + c;

= sec-1 x + c = -cosec-1 x

NINE IMPORTANT RESULTS

1.

= sin-1 = log x = log x

+ c = - cos-1 x x a a a x

+ c

2.

+ c

3. a

+ c

4.

dx =

sin -1

+ c

5.

6. 7.

x
,

dx =

a dx = log tan-1 log

a + c

a +

log x

log x

+c

+ c

8. 9.

= =

+ c + c

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
If the integrand contain Proper substitution to be used

1 2 3 4

a a

X = a sin X= a sec F(x) = t Cos x = t Sin x = t

X = a tan

ef(x)

5 Any odd power of sin x 6 Any odd power of cos x

7 Odd powers of both sin x and Put that function = t which is of the higher power. cos x 8 Any inverse function 9 Any even power of sec x 10 Any even power of cosec x 11 Function of ex 12 , 1 b cos x , , Inverse function = t Tan x = t Cot x = t ex = t tan = t then dx =

a 13

c sin x

sin x =

cosx =

tan x = t then dx =

sin 2t = 14 a sin x 1 b cos x

cos 2x =

divide numerator and denominator by cos2 x and put tan x = t

15

xm = t

16 Expression containing fractional power of x or (ax +b)

x or ax +b = tk where k is the L.C.M of the denominators of the fractional indices.

INTEGRATION BY PARTS
1. Integral of the product of two function = First function Integral of 2nd differential coef icient of 1st integral of 2nd dx I II dx I II dx I

i.e.

IIdx dx

Note : 1. The choice of first and second function should be according to the order of the letters of the word

LIATE.

Where L = Logarithmic; I = Inverse; A =

Algebric; T =Trignometric ; E = Exponential 2. If the integrand is product of same type of function take that function as second which is orally integrable. 3. If there is only one function whose integral is not known multiply it by one and take one as the 2nd function. f(x) dx = g x

DEFINITE INTEGRALS
b = g(b) g(a), where f x a

1.

dx = g(x)

2 a

b b b f(x)dx = f(t) dt = f(m) dm a a a f(x) dx = b b a f (x) dx

c b f(x) = f (x) dx + f(x) dx , a < c < b. a a c

f ( a+ b - x ) dx a

f(x) dx =

f (a - x) dx ;

b a

f(x) dx =

b a

2a

f(x) dx = 2 f(x) dx if f is even a 0 a f(x) dx = 0 if f is odd a f(x) dx = 0 a f(x) dx + 0 2 a f (2a x) dx a

If f (2a - x ) = f (x) then

e. g.

sinnx = sinn ( - x )

sinnx dx = 2

2a 0

f(x) dx = 2

f (x) dx

sinnx dx as

NUMERICAL
1. value

METHODS
y dx

Simpsons Rule : According to Simpsons rule the y dx is approximately given by

y6

0 4 1 y3 yn 2 yn

y5 yn

2 y2

y4

Where h =

, and y0, y1, y2, y3, -------- yn are the

values of y when x = a, a + h, a + 2h, -------, b In words : X y dx =

2.

Trapezoidal rule : According to Trapezoidal rule the value of = 0 y dx is approximately given by 2 1 2 3 y dx 1

In words : X

y dx =

3.

Finite Differences : f (a) =

2

f (a) =

f (a +h ) f (a + h)

f(a)

1 +

f (a) = E

n-1

f (a + h ) -

n-1

f(a)

= E - 1

E f (a) = f ( a +h ) E2 f (a) = f ( a + 2h ) En f(a) = f ( a + nh )

In words : To obtain

of any function, for a write a + h

In the function and subtract the function. If interval of differencing is 1, than f(a) = f( a + 1 ) -f (a)
2

f(a) =

4. Interpolation : Newtons Forward formula of interpolation. t = f (x0 + th) = f (x0 ) +t f (x0) + +

! !

f(a + 1 ) - f(a)

f(x0) + _____
!
2

f (x0)

Y =y0 + t

y0 +

y0

y0 + _____

Newtons Backward formula of Interpolation. t = F(xn + th) = f (xn) + t +

!

f ( xn ) +

f( xn )

f(xn) + _____

or y = yn + t yn +
!

yn

yn +

Bisection Method : If y = f(x) is an algebraic function and any a and b such that f (a) > 0 and f (b) < 0, then one root of the function f(x) = 0 lies between a and b , we take c1 = and check f ( c1)

If f (c1) = 0, c1 is the exact root if not and if f ( c1 ) > 0, f (c1) . f (b) < 0 a root c2 lies between c1 and b. If not and if (c1) < 0, between c1 and a. Keep on repeating till the desired accuracy of the root is reached. f (c1 ). f (a) < 0, a root c2 lies

False Position Method: If y = f(x) is an algebraic function and for any x0 and x1 such that f(x0) > 0 and f(x1) < 0 have opposite signs, then a root of f(x) = 0 lies between x0 and x1 Let it be x2 x2 = x1 - f (x1) . Check f(x2) if (fx2) = 0 then x2 is exact root, if not and if f(x2) < 0, f(x0) . f(x2) < 0, then a root x3 lies between x0 and x2, then X3 = x2 f(x2) .

Keep on repeating till the desired accuracy of the root is reached. Newton Raphson Method: The interactive formula in Newton - Raphson method is Xi = xi , i 1

+ 1

Keep on repeating till the desired accuracy of the root is reached.

FOR COMMERCE

Lagranges Interpolation formula : This is used when interval of differencing is not same. If f(a), f(b), f(c), f(d), ______ bethe corresponding value of f(x) when x = a, b, c, d _______then F(x) =
__________ _________

f(a)

__________

__________

_____________

_____________

f(b)

f(c)

+ + _____________

____________

____________

f(d)

Difference Equations

Let the equation be

(E) yn = f(n)

The complete solution = complimentary function (C.F.) +Particular Integral (P.I.)

When R.H.S. is zero , then only C.F. is required Method to find C.F. (1) Write the given equation in E. (2) Form the auxiliary equation. This is obtained by equating to zero the coefficient of yn. (3) Solve the auxiliary equation. Following are the different cases Case (1) If all the roots of the auxiliary equation are real and different. Let the roots be m1, m2, m3, then C.F. is (solution is ) Yn
=

C1 (m1)x + C2 (m2) x + C3 (m3)x (1) Let two roots be real and equal, suppose the roots are m1 and m1 then general solution is Yn = (C1 + C2 x ) (m1) x (2) If three roots be equal and real suppose the roots are m1, m1, m1, Then the general solution is Yn = (C1 + C2x + C3x2) (m1)x

Case (ii)

Case (iii)

One pair of complex roots. i where I = 1 then the rn (C1 cos n a + C2 sin n)

Let the roots be general solution is Yn = where r

, = tan-1 ( x)

Statistics :
(I) Arithmeic mean or simply mean is denoted by I.e. x is the mean of the xs individual items. (a) x =

(II)

Methods for finding the arithmetic mean for

(b)

(c) x = a + Where Di =

Where a is assumed mean and Di = xi - a

x = a +

I is the length of class interval.

(2) Methods for finding the arithmetic Mean for frequency distribution. (a) Direct Method x =

(B) Method of assumed mean x

= a +

Where Di = xi - a

(C) Step deviation method, shift of origin method. x = a + Where Di =

, and h is length of class interval.

(II) Median - If the variates are arranged in accending or

descending order of magnitude, the middle value is called the median.

If there are two middle values then the mean of the variate is median.

Method of finding Median for a Group data Find the cumulative frequencies. Find the median group. Median group is the group corresponding to

(n + 1)th frequency.

The formula for the median is

Median = l +

. I where l is the

lower limit of median group.. i is the length of class interval f is the frequency of median group Cf is the cumulative frequency

preceeding the median class.

(iii) Standard deviation () (a) S.D. = =

Where di = xi - x

(b) Assumed mean method S.D. = =

Where

Di = xi a , and a is assumed mean. S.D. = =

(c)

When the variates are small numbers.

For Grouped Data : Directed method = S.D. =

(a)

Where

i = N

(b)

Method of assumed mean S.D. = =

Where D1 = x1 = a, a is assumed mean.

(c)

Step deviation or shift of origin method = S.D. = i

Where

Di =

, i is length of class interval.

Correlation and Regression . (1) Coefficient of Correlation or Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation. r =

where

this is used when x and y are integers (2) Correlation coefficientis independent of the origin of reference and unit of measurement if

d1 = x - x and d2 = y - y

U = Than

&

V =

rxy = ruv xy

r =

For bi variate frequency table

r =

Karl person coefficient of correlation can also be expressed as

r =

If the correlation is perfect then r = 1, if the correlation is negative perfect, then r = - 1, if there is no correlation, then r=0 -1 r

1, r lies between -1 & 1

Regression lines (1) The equation of the line of regression of y on x is Y- y = r (x x x x where byx =

i.e. y - y = byx (2)

The equation of line of regression of x and y is x - x =r i.e. (y- y)

x - x = bxy (y - y ) bxy = is called regression coefficient of y and x

(3)

byx = r

(4)

bxy

= r

is called regression coefficient of x and y byx bxy

(5) (6)

r =

In the case of line of regression of y on x , its slope and regression cofficient are equal

(7)

The regression line of y on x is used to find the value of y when the value of x is given In case of line of regression of x on y , its regression cofficient is reciprocal of its slope The regression line of x on y is used to find the value of x when the value of y is given

(8)

(9)

(10) (x, y ) is the point of intersection of two regression lines (11) If the line is written in the form y = a + bx, then this is the line of regression of y on x If the line is written in the form x = a + by, then this is the line of regression of x on y If both the lines are written in the form ax + by + c = 0, and nothing is mentioned, then take first equation as the equation of line of regression of y on x and second as the equation of line of regression of x on y Error of prediction (a) y on x yx = y 1 r

(b) x on y xy = x 1

CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGETICS

(1) q = E + W

(2) W = P (V2 - V1) joule

(3) N =

(4)

q = Wmax = 2.303 n RT x log

joule.

= 2.303 n RT log (5) H = HP - E + H1 +

joule HR

(6) H = (7)

nRT C p ( T2 - T1 )

H2 =

(1)

K = 2 . C = H OH

IONIC EQUILIBRIA

(2)

(3)

= a.C =

Ka . C

mole / dm3

(4)

= a . C =

(5)

PH = - log 10 H PH + POH = 14

Kb . C mole / dm3

, POH = - log10 OH

(6)

(7)

Kh = h2 . C =

(8)

Kh =

= h2 =

(9)

Molarity =

(10)

Ksp = S2

ELECTRO
(1) (2) W = Z. Q = Z. I .t =

CHEMISTRY

(3)

W =

(4)

C. E. = E. C. E. x 96500 E = E + E
.

(5)

= E
.

- E

(6)

Equivalent weight =

(7)

One Faraday = 96500 coulombs.

NUCLEAR
(1) Mass defect = Z

AND RADIOCHEMISTRY
mh A Z mn - M a.m.u.

(2) Mass defect = mass of reactants mass of products.

(3) Binding energy = Mass defect

931 Me V

(4) Binding energy per nucleon =

.

Me V

(5)

=
.

log

per unit time

(6) T =

PHYSICS

CIRCULAR MOTION
= ; v=r ; v = r ; a = r ; = 2n ;

T =

n =

a=

= r

C.P. force =

= m r ; v = r g ; tan =

GRAVITATION
V= T = 2 ; Vc = = 2 = gh R ; h T2 r3

Ve =

2gR ; B.E. =

For orbiting satellite; B.E. = I = m r r d m ; I = M K2 ; = I

ROTATIONAL MOTION

KE =

I 2 ; For rolling body, K.E. =

MV2

Conservation of angular momentum I1 1 = I2 2 M.I.of ( i ) ring = Mr2 , (iii) hollow sphere = (v) thin rod = , ( ii ) disc = Mr2 ,

(iv) solid sphere =

Mr2 ,

Equation of motion, ( i ) = 0 + t ; (ii ) = 0 t + (iii) = 0 2 + 2

(vi) rect.bar = M

t2 ;

OSCILLATIONS
Differential Equation, ( i ) of Lin. S.H.M. or + 2 x = 0 + = = 0, + x = 0

( ii ) of Ang. S.H.M. :x = a sin ( t + ) T = =2 = 2 = = - 2 x ;

a
,

K .E. =

m (a2 - x2) ; P.E. =

M 2 x2 ;

Total Energy =

m a2 = 2 m a2 n2

For simple pendulum, T = 2 For oscillating magnet, T = 2 R = a 2 1 2 a 2

2a1 a2 cos 1 2

ELASTICITY AND PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

Tensile Strain = ; Tensile stress = ;Y =

Volume Strain =

; Volume stress =

= dP ;

K = - V Shearing strain =

= ; Shearing stress =

n =

; =

= x load x extension. x stress x strain h =

Work done in stretching a wire = Work done per unit volume = Cos

WAVE MOTION
Equation of progressive wave :In + ve x - direction, y = a sin 2

Phase difference between two points x apart = Number of beats per sec. = n1 Doppler effect : n = n other. n = n n = n listner When both are receeding away from each other. when source is approaching towards stationary n2 when both are approaching each

In - ve x - direction , y = a sin 2

n = n

when source is receeding from stationary listner

n = n

when listner is approaching stationary source

n = n

when listner is receeding from stationary source

STATIONARY WAVES
Transverse Waves along a string , V = n = Meldes Experiment : ,

Parallel position, N = 2n =

Perpendicular position , N = n =

For both positions , Tp2 = a constant Air columns : closed at one end, n = Open at both ends , n = and odd harmonics.

and integer multiples of n. 0.3 d

Resonance tube : V = 4n I

RADIATION
a + r + t + 1 ; Stefans law , Newtons law , = T4

Radiation correction

= k

KINETIC THEORY
Regnaults method: mocp = m w (1 - 2)

Cp - C v =

, cp - c v =

L = Li + Le , Le = c =

, c

, c =

R.M.S. vel, C = C

P =

C2 = p ; K.E. per mole = RT

K.E. per unit vol. =

C =

; K.E. PER MOLECULE =

Kt

THERMODYNAMICS
Van der Waals equation, P covolume, b = 4 (V - b) = RT

actual volume occupied by molecules.

WAVETHEORY AND

INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT
n = = ; n = n

Bright Point :- Path Difference = n ; xn = Dark Point :- Path Difference = (2n 1) xn = X = (2n - 1 ) ; = X;d = d1 d2 ,

E due to (i) charged sphere =

T.N.E.I. = q ;

ELECTROSTATICS

(ii) charged cylinder =

(iii) any charged conductor at the point near it = Mech. Force per unit area of charged conductor =

Energy per unit volume = C=

; For parallel plate condenser, C = QV = CV2 =

k 0 E2

Energy of a charged condenser = In series,

In parallel, C = C1 + C2 + C3 + .+ Cn

CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Wheatstones Net Work, Meter Bridge, Potentiometer, While assistin & opposing,

Internal resistance of a cell, r =

MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT

tan = k tan

Moving coil Galvanometer : I = AMMETER, s = ; voltmeter, R =

Tangent Galvanometer, I =

MAGNETISM

M= 2ml; Baxil = For any point, B = = tan-1 Vaxial = tan OR

; Beqa = 3 cos tan = 1 ; tan

, Veqn = 0, Any point, V =

ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION

e = -

; charge induced = 1 , Bv = 2

Straight conductor, e = B l V tan = I = Earth Coil BH =

e = e0 sint = 2 fnAB sin2nt XL = L = 2 f L = R = I0 sint; erms =

,

Irms

Xc = Z

A T O M S, M O L E C U L E S A N D N U C L E I
rn = v =

En =

= P

= - N = N0e- t

T=

; =

; =

ELECTRONS AND PHOTONS

A photon = hv =

; w = hv0 = h

m V2

max

= h (v - v0) = hc