UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinate System: Practical Cartographer's Reference #01

Practical Cartographers Reference
#01
UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinate System

180 174w 168w 162w 156w 150w 144w 138w 132w 126w 120w 114w 108w 102w 96w 90w 84w 78w 72w 66w 60w 54w 48w 42w 36w 30w 24w 18w 12w
84n
1X 2
6w
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29X 30
6e
12e
31
18e
33
24e
30e
35
36e
42e
48e
54e
60e
66e
72e
78e
84e
90e
96e 102e 108e 114e 120e 126e 132e 138e 144e 150e 156e 162e 168e 174e
12w 180
6w
84n
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60X
37
72n
72n
64n
64n
56n
56n
48n
48n
40n
40n
32n
32n
24n
16n
18 19
P
8n
0
24n
20
1N 2
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
16n
21 22
8n
23 24 25 26 27 28 29N 30 31
33 34 35 36 37
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
38
32
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60N
47 48 49 50
8s
8s
16s
16s
24s
24s
32s
32s
40s
40s
48s
48s
56s
56s
64s
64s
72s
80s
72s
1C 2
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29C 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60X
180 174w 168w 162w 156w 150w 144w 138w 132w 126w 120w 114w 108w 102w 96w 90w 84w 78w 72w 66w 60w 54w 48w 42w 36w 30w 24w 18w 12w
6w
6e
12e
18e
24e
30e
36e
42e
48e
54e
60e
66e
72e
78e
84e
90e
96e 102e 108e 114e 120e 126e 132e 138e 144e 150e 156e 162e 168e 174e 180
Zones
Coordinates
The UTM system divides the Earth into 60 longitudinal projection zones numbered 1 to 60 starting at 180W. Each of the
zones is 6 degrees wide with a few exceptions around Norway and Svalbard. Each zone is based on its own Transverse
Mercator projection. UTM uses a secant version of the Transverse Mercator with two standard lines located about180 km
from the central meridian
A location referenced in the UTM system is denoted by the zone (north or south) and the easting and northing
coordinate pair. The easting is the projected distance, in meters, from the central meridian and the northing is the
projected distance, in meters, from the Equator.
Latitudinal zones are not part of the UTM, they are part of the Military General Refernce System (MGRS). They are often
used in conjunction with the UTM. They extend from 84N to 80S and are designated with the letters C to X (skipping I
and O). Each latitudinal zone is 8 degrees, except for the 12 degree zone X.
Beware of confusion between the standard N and S (indicating north and south of the Equator in the UTM system) and
zone S in the MGRS with is in the northern hemisphere
The point of origin of each UTM zone is the intersection of the Equator and the zone's central meridian. In order
to avoid dealing with negative numbers for easting, the central meridian of each zone is given a "false easting"
value of 500,000 meters.
Northern hemisphere northings are measured from the Equator, which has an initial northing of 0 meters. In the
southern hemisphere northings decrease as you go southward from the Equator, which is given a "false northing"
of 10,000,000 meters so that no point within the zone has a negative northing value.
Practical Cartographer's Reference by Alex Tait is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
80s
#02
Most Used Unit Conversions for Mapping

For calculating scale
63,360 inches in one mile
5,280 feet in one mile
1,000,000 millimeters in one kilometer
100,000 centimeters in one kilometer
Between systems of measurement (* constants are exact)
You have
Centimeters
Meters
Kilometers
Nautical Miles
Nautical Miles
Square Centimeters
Square Centimeters
Square Meters
Hectares
Square Kilometers
Square Kilometers
Square Miles
Degrees
multiply by
0.3937008
3.2808399
0.6213712
1.1507794
1.852*
0.1550003
0.0010763
10.7639104
2.4710541
0.3861022
100.0*
640.0*
0.017453292
to get
You have
multiply by
to get
Inches
Feet
Miles
Miles
Kilometers
2.54*
0.3048*
1.609344*
0.8689762
0.5399568
Centimeters
Meters
Kilometers
Nautical Miles
Nautical Miles
Square Inches
Square Feet
Square Feet
Acres
Square Miles
Hectares
Acres
6.4516*
929.0304*
0.09290304*
0.4046856
2.5899881
0.01*
0.0015625*
Radians
57.2958
Square Centimeters
Square Centimeters
Square Meters
Hectares
Square Kilometers
Square Kilometers
Square Miles
Degrees
#03
LandSat Image Info for Mapping

Landsat-7 Channels
Number
Pixel Size
Wavelength Range (micrometers)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
30 m
30 m
30 m
30 m
30 m
30 m
30 m
15 m
Blue, 0.45 - 0.515

Green, 0.525 - 0.605
Red, 0.63 - 0.69
Near infrared, 0.75 - 0.90
Mid Infrared, 1.55 - 1.75
Infrared, 10.40 - 12.5
Shortwave Infrared, 2.09 - 2.35
Pan-chromatic, 0.52 - 0.90
Common Channel Combinations

R-G-B
3-2-1
Characteristics
Red, green and blue visible light channels; closest
to image as seen by human eye
4-3-2
Near infrared combined with red and green

visible channels, as known as Color Infrared
(CIR); vegetation analysisV
7-4-2
Used by USGS in creating ETM+ Mosaics for

the world; natural-ish color, cuts through
atmospheric interference
#04
Making Colors
Subtractive color. Mixing with pigment.
Additive color. Mixing with light.
RED
Yellow
Magenta
GREEN
Cyan
BLUE
CYAN
Blue
Green
MAGENTA
Red
YELLOW
#05
Web Mercator Parameters

Projection info for web map tiling (used by ArcGIS Online, Google Maps, OSM and Bing Maps among others)
Projection:
Coordinate system in ArcGIS:
Global Extent:
Pixel density for scales below:
Zoom level
Spherical Mercator (EPSG:4326 or EPSG:900913); WGS 1984

Web Mercator Auxiliary Sphere (WKID 102100)
180 West to 180 East, approximately 85.05 South to 85.05 North
96 pixels per inch
Scale 1 to
0
1
2
3
4
591,657,528
295,828,764
147,914,382
73,957,191
36,978,595
5
6
7
8
9
18,489,298
9,244,649
4,622,324
2,311,162
1,155,581
10
11
12
13
14
577,791
288,895
144,448
72,224
36,112
15
16
17
18
19
18,056
9,028
4,514
2,257
1,128
#06
Earth Information
Globe characteristics:
Rotation:
Tilt:
Line
Arctic Circle
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
Counter-clockwise when viewed from above

23.44
DMS
66 33 44 N
23 26 16 N
0
23 26 16 S
66 33 44 S
Decimal Degrees
66.562222 S
23.437778 N
0
23.437778 S
66.562222 S
Measurements:
Metric
40,075 km
40,008 km
8,848 m
-377m
-10,916 m
510,072,000 km2
148,940,000 km2
361,132,000 km2
29.2%
70.8%
Imperial
24,901 mi
24,860 mi
29,029 ft
-1,237 ft
-35,814 ft
196,939,900 mi2
57,506,055 mi2
139,433,845 mi2
Description
Circumference, Equatorial
Circumference, Meridianal
Highest Land Elevation
Lowest Land Elevation
Deepest Ocean Depth
Surface Area
Land Area
Water Area
Land as percentage of surface area
Water as percentage of surface area
#07
U.S.G.S. Standard Conic Projections

Continental United States
Projection: Albers Equal Area
Coordinate System: NAD 1983
Central Meridian
Standard Parallel 1
Standard Parallel 2
-96.0 W
29.5 N
45.5 N
Alaska
Central Meridian
Standard Parallel 1
Standard Parallel 2
200 mi
-140.0 W
55.0 N
65.0 N
Hawaii
0
200 mi

Central Meridian
Standard Parallel 1
Standard Parallel 2
-160.0 W
8.0 N
18.0 N
200 mi
#08a
Lengths of a Degree of Longitude

Measured along the parallel
Parallel
0
1
2
3
4
Kilometers
111.321
111.304
111.253
111.169
111.051
Miles
69.172
69.162
69.130
69.078
69.005
Parallel
30
31
32
33
34
Kilometers
96.488
95.506
94.495
93.455
92.387
Miles
59.956
59.345
58.716
58.071
57.407
Parallel
60
61
62
63
64
Kilometers
55.802
54.110
52.400
50.675
48.934
Miles
34.674
33.623
32.560
31.488
30.406
5
6
7
8
9
110.900
110.715
110.497
110.245
109.959
68.911
68.795
68.660
68.504
68.326
35
36
37
38
39
91.290
90.166
89.014
87.835
86.629
56.725
56.027
55.311
54.579
53.829
65
66
67
68
69
47.177
45.407
43.622
41.823
40.012
29.315
28.215
27.106
25.988
24.862
10
11
12
13
14
109.641
109.289
108.904
108.486
108.036
68.129
67.910
67.670
67.410
67.131
40
41
42
43
44
85.396
84.137
82.853
81.543
80.208
53.063
52.281
51.483
50.669
49.840
70
71
72
73
74
38.188
36.353
34.506
32.648
30.781
23.729
22.589
21.441
20.287
19.127
15
16
17
18
19
107.553
107.036
106.487
105.906
105.294
66.830
66.510
66.169
65.808
65.427
45
46
47
48
49
78.849
77.466
76.058
74.628
73.174
49.995
48.136
47.261
46.372
45.469
75
76
77
78
79
28.903
27.017
25.123
23.220
21.311
17.960
16.788
15.611
14.428
13.242
20
21
22
23
24
104.649
103.972
103.264
102.524
101.754
65.026
64.606
64.166
63.706
63.228
50
51
52
53
54
71.698
70.200
68.680
67.140
65.578
44.552
43.621
42.676
41.719
40.749
80
81
82
83
84
19.394
17.472
15.545
13.612
11.675
12.051
10.857
9.659
8.458
7.255
25
26
27
28
29
100.952
100.119
99.257
98.364
97.441
62.729
62.212
61.676
61.122
60.548
55
56
57
58
59
63.996
62.395
60.774
59.135
57.478
39.766
38.771
37.764
36.745
35.716
85
86
87
88
89
9.735
7.792
5.846
3.898
1.949
6.049
4.842
3.632
2.422
1.211
#08b
Lengths of a Degree of Latitude

Measured along the meridian
Parallel
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
Kilometers
110.567
110.568
110.569
110.571
110.574
Miles
68.703
68.704
68.705
68.706
68.708
Parallel
30-31
31-32
32-33
33-34
34-35
Kilometers
110.857
110.874
110.892
110.910
110.928
Miles
68.883
68.894
68.905
68.916
68.928
Parallel
60-61
61-62
62-63
63-64
64-65
Kilometers
111.423
111.440
111.456
111.472
111.488
Miles
69.235
69.246
69.256
69.266
69.275
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
110.578
110.582
110.586
110.592
110.598
68.710
68.712
68.715
68.718
68.722
35-36
36-37
37-38
38-39
39-40
110.947
110.966
110.985
111.004
111.023
68.939
68.951
68.962
68.974
68.986
65-66
66-67
67-68
68-69
69-70
111.503
111.518
111.532
111.546
111.560
69.285
69.294
69.303
69.311
69.320
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
110.605
110.612
110.620
110.628
110.638
68.726
68.731
68.736
68.741
68.747
40-41
41-42
42-43
43-44
44-45
111.042
111.062
111.082
111.101
111.121
68.998
69.011
69.023
69.035
69.047
70-71
71-72
72-73
73-74
74-75
111.572
111.585
111.596
111.607
111.618
69.328
69.335
69.343
69.349
69.356
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
110.648
110.658
110.669
110.680
110.692
68.753
68.759
68.766
68.773
68.781
45-46
46-47
47-48
48-49
49-50
111.141
111.161
111.180
111.200
111.220
69.060
69.072
69.084
69.096
69.108
75-76
76-77
77-78
78-79
79-80
111.628
111.637
111.646
111.654
111.661
69.362
69.368
69.373
69.378
69.383
20-21
21-22
22-23
23-24
24-25
110.705
110.718
110.732
110.746
110.761
68.789
68.797
68.805
68.814
68.823
50-51
51-52
52-53
53-54
54-55
111.239
111.258
111.278
111.297
111.315
69.121
69.133
69.145
69.156
69.168
80-81
81-82
82-83
83-84
84-85
111.668
111.674
111.680
111.685
111.689
69.387
69.391
69.395
69.398
69.400
25-26
26-27
27-28
28-29
29-30
110.776
110.791
110.807
110.823
110.840
68.833
68.842
68.852
68.862
68.873
55-56
56-57
57-58
58-59
59-60
111.334
111.352
111.371
111.388
111.406
69.180
69.191
69.202
69.213
69.224
85-86
86-87
87-88
88-89
89-90
111.692
111.695
111.697
111.699
111.699
69.402
69.404
69.405
69.406
69.407
#09
Digital Video and Map Preparation

Digital Video Parameters
Aspect Ratio
Pixel Dimensions
Frame Rates
Codec
File Format
Pixel Shape
16:9 or 4:3; see below

See below
15, 23.976, 25, 29.97, 30, 60; find out from your video production partner; otherwise use 30fps
Save without codec if possible by using Animation or uncompressed setting; find out from you
video production partner; otherwise use h264
Find out from you video production partner; otherwise save as QuickTime or AVI as default
Create yours as square but remember that some video systems use rectangular
Most Common Pixel Dimensions for creating graphics for video

Ratio
Size
Frame Rates
Used by
16:9
16:9
4:3
4:3
1920 x 1080
1280 x 720
768 x 576
640 x 480
various
various
various
various
HD 1080p digital video systems, highest quality

HD 720p digital video systems, lower quality
NTSC and PAL SD video systems
VGA video systems
4x3
640 x 480
786 x 576
4x3
16 x 9
1280 x 720
16 x 9
1920 x 1080
#10
Standard Paper Sizes

American paper sizes (many aspect ratios)
Name
in x in
mm mm
Name
in x in
mm mm Ratio
Letter
8.5 x 11
216 x 279
Arch A
9 x 12
229 x 305
3:4
Legal
8.5 x 14
216 x 356
Arch B
12 x 18
305 x 457
2:3
Jr. Legal
8.0 x 5.0
203 x 127
Arch C
18 x 24
457 x 610
3:4
Ledger
17 x 11
432 x 279
Arch D
24 x 36
610 x 914
2:3
Tabloid
11 x 17
279 x 432
Arch E
36 x 48 914 x 1219
3:4
Arch E1 30 x 42 762 x 1067

660 x 965
13:19
Arch E3 27 x 39
686 x 991
9:13
in x in
mm mm
Alias
Similar
ISO A
ANSI A
9 x 12
216 x 279
Letter
A4
17 x 11
432 x 279
Ledger
11 x 17
279 x 432
Tabloid
ANSI B
5:7
Arch E2 26 x 38
Name
Letter
A3
ANSI C 17 x 22
432 x 559
--
A2
ANSI D 22 x 34
559 x 864
--
A1
ANSI E 34 x 44
864 x 1118
--
A0
Tabloid
Size
A series
mm mm
in in
The ANSI series
B series
mm mm
C series
in in
mm mm
in in
841 1189 33.11 46.81 1000 1414 39.37 55.67 917 1297 36.10 51.06
594 841
23.39 33.11 707 1000
27.83 39.37 648 917
25.51 36.10
420 594
16.54 23.39 500 707
19.69 27.83 458 648
18.03 25.51
297 420
11.69 16.54 353 500
13.90 19.69 324 458
12.76 18.03
210 297
8.27 11.69
9.84 13.90
9.02 12.76
148 210
5.83 8.27
176 250
6.93 9.84
162 229
6.38 9.02
105 148
4.13 5.83
125 176
4.92 6.93
114 162
4.49 6.38
74 105
2.91 4.13
88 125
3.46 4.92
81 114
3.19 4.49
52 74
2.05 2.91
62 88
2.44 3.46
57 81
2.24 3.19
37 52
1.46 2.05
44 62
1.73 2.44
40 57
1.57 2.24
10
26 37
1.02 1.46
31 44
1.22 1.73
28 40
1.10 1.57
250 353
E
D
ISO paper sizes (based on aspect ratio = 2)

Format
229 324
A8
A7
A6
A5
A3
A4
A2
A0
A1
The ISO A series

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