Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

CHAPTER 1
(INTRODUCTION)

1. INTRODUCTION
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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

THE Smart Grid means different things to different people.To some it is an emphasis on communications and control,which have not typically been represented in distribution system analysis. To others, the Smart Grid means distributed resources generation, storage, and demand response. These issues have been addressed by many authors since the early 1990s and many distribution system analysis tool suppliers have already implemented some capabilities to model distributed resources. However, there remains much work to do.The Distribution System Analysis Subcommittee (DSAS) of the IEEE PES Power Systems Analysis, Computing, and Economics (PSACE) Committee presented a paper at the 2010 IEEE PES General Meeting on this subject. [1] This paper discusses selected subjects from the DSAS paper in the context of distribution engineering in rural electric utilities. The Distribution Test Feeders Working Group (WG) of the DSAS has already done work on related subjects, for example, to address the concern for having large induction generators (e.g. wind turbine generators) on distribution feeders. [2]. Part of the motivation for that work was concerns expressed by rural electric utility engineers. The WG is continuing to work in this area and in other areas related to Smart Grid and distribution system analysis tool development. DG is not the only concern.Other perspectives on the Smart Grid contain an emphasis on R. C. Dugan is with EPRI, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA (email:r.dugan@ieee.com) R. F. Arritt is with EPRI, Knoxville, TN 37932 USA (email:rarritt@epri.com) such things as extensive monitoring, intelligent protection,microgrids, and energy efficiency.What kind of distribution system analysis framework is needed to support the features being proposed for the Smart Grid? Will there be a need for distribution system analysis if everything is monitored thoroughly? What can be done if more is known about the system? What different approaches to designing distribution system analysis tools will be required to support this? These are
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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

questions that this paper explores.It certainly seems likely that there will be some kind of convergence of distribution system planning, distribution system monitoring and distribution state estimation into distribution management systems. Exactly how that happens remains an open question. EPRI is actively involved with Smart Grid demonstration projects as well as exploring advanced distribution system analysis concepts. Selected relevant issues are discussed in this paper.

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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

CHAPTER 2
(SMART GRID CHARACTERISTICS)

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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

2. SMART GRID CHARACTERISTICS

Research is just beginning on many issues related to the Smart Grid and its features continue to be defined. Those features likely to have an impact on the direction of distribution system nalysis include: 1. Distributed Resources a. Generation b. Renewable Generation (variable resources.) c. Energy Storage d. Demand Response 2. Communications and Control a. AMI deployed throughout the System b. High-speed Communications to Metering and Controls c. State Estimation 3. Improved Reliability a. Automated Fault location b. Automated Restoration c. Planning (switch locations) d. Improved asset utilizations 4. Improved Energy Efficiency a. End-use Efficiency b. Delivery Efficiency c. At the Planning Stage d. Operationally (active voltage regulation, etc.) Smart Grid issues will accelerate a natural evolution toward more optimization, real-time operation, and intelligent algorithms in distribution system analysis. There is also a need to coDEPT OF EEE, VIST Page 5

Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

emulate power and communications networks for integrated design of power, control, sensor, and communication systems. In the past, data uncertainties have been cited to justify approximate analysis methods. In the future, integrated systems and real-time state estimation will require the best available models.

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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

CHAPTER 3
(THE STATE OF THE ART)

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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

3. THE STATE OF THE ART

From the late 1960s to the mid-1980s distribution system analysis computer programs evolved from simple balanced load voltage drop calculators that automated hand calculations to sophisticated systems with databases and interactive graphics. The system models were still largely based on the simplified radial circuit techniques of the voltage drop calculations. Many power engineers who have been involved largely with transmission system problems and are not Intimately familiar with the industry are under the mistaken impression that this is still the state-ofthe-art in distribution system analysis. There have been many significant advances since that time. Key vendors began to adopt 3-phase models in the 1980s.The rural electric power industry played an important role in the development of this capability with educators and consultants promoting methods such as those described in W.H. Kerstings book. [3] The basic need this satisfied was to enable unbalanced feeder modeling. In the 1990s another driver emerged: Distributed generation (DG). DG modeling forced most distribution system analysis tools to have full 3-phase modeling capability for both urban systems as well as rural systems. For those analysis packages that provide it,harmonics analysis was another influential driver. The norm today for distribution system analysis packages is to providefor full 3-phase circuit power flow and short circuit analysis. The following list was published in an attempt to concisely capture essential features of the present state of the art in distribution system analysis tools:

Most distribution system analysis tools can perform full 3-phase analysis; some, such as EPRIs OpenDSS, can go well beyond three phases. Most utility distribution system analysis is performed using tools originally designed to assess power delivery at one point in time. A few tools have the capability to perform simulations over periods of time such as a day, week, month or year.

Tools and techniques are designed for uniprocessors,which is generally satisfactory for present needs.Many tools, particularly those designed for the North American market, exploit the typical radial nature of medium- and low-voltage distribution systems for certain simulation efficiencies even if they also offer meshed network analysis.
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Harmonics analysis, if available, is an optional feature. Time-domain packages exist but frequency-domain packages are preferred for distribution analysis. Dynamics analysis is uncommon with distribution system analysis tools. Distribution planning and distribution operations tools are largely separate modules with differing capabilities. Modeling of the distribution system generally ignores the secondary (LV) distribution system. Modeling of end-use loads is generally with timeinvariant ZIP models. These are necessarily generalizations of the state of the art and the list is not intended to be comprehensive. Specific packages offer more advanced capabilities in one or more of these areas. The intent is to highlight certain capabilities that could be impacted by needs to analyze Smart Grid capabilities.What new modeling capabilities will distribution system analysis tools of the future need? The authors have been involved in several Smart Grid research efforts using the EPRI OpenDSS computer program. This program has a common heritage with distribution system harmonics solution engines and, therefore, has some capabilities that may seem unusual in a distribution system analysis tool. EPRI has made this program available in open source to encourage the evolution of features to provide distribution planners with the tools they will need to analyze and support the Smart Grid. Some of the capabilities of this tool that EPRI is encouraging vendors to adopt for upporting its member utilities needs include: Sequential-time power flow solutions, in various time step sizes ranging from less than one second to one hour, to accommodate analysis of such things as voltage regulation issues stemming from renewable generation and storage.

Meshed network solutions are handled as easily as radial circuit solutions. Modeling of controllers is separate from circuit elements, better enabling modeling of various Smart Grid controller functionality such as volt-var control of solar PV generation. Advanced, flexible load and generation modeling. Detailed, high-phase order circuit modeling capability to enable analysis of such things as
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Neutral-to-earth voltages (NEV) Crowded rights-of-way with several circuits Atypical, but common, fault conditions such as transmission overbuild falling on distribution. Integrated harmonic solution capability to enable analysis of, for example, NEV typically fundamental and 3rd) and higher frequencies that might come from inverters. Scriptable behavior to enable modeling of situations not anticipated by the software developers. Dynamics analysis for investigating islanding concerns as well as open-conductor faults involving machines. The relevance of these capabilities should become apparent as these topics are discussed in the following sections.

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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

CHAPTER 4
(ROLE OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS)

4. ROLE OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS

What kinds of analyses will distribution engineers want to perform for the future Smart Grid? In some visions of the Smart Grid, the distribution system is saturated with voltage,current, and power monitors with all the data being available on line in a matter of seconds. Some who have this vision foresee a more limited role for distribution planning than today. They suggest that
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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

distribution system analysis tools will seldom be needed if engineers can simply sit at their desks and obtain the voltage and power consumption at every customer.Planning becomes more of a straightforward bookkeeping problem. On the other hand, as has happened for many technological advances, there could be a greater need for detailed distribution system analysis to better manage all the technology.Functions such as reconfiguration after an emergency will likely still require significant distribution system analysis capability. With widespread monitoring, the analysis may be simpler if one is able to easily tabulate available paths to find one with sufficient remaining capacity. Of course, this function needs to be fast, since the implementation is real time and it must account for such things as missing data due to failed communications channels. Modeling analysis is likely to remain a strong component of the reconfiguration function. EPRIs vision is that distribution planning and distribution management systems (DMS) with access to real time loading and control data will converge into a unified set of analysis tools. That is, real-time analysis and planning analysis will merge into common tools. Distribution system analysis tools will continue to play an important role, although they might appear in a much different form than today. While some may think of rural electric utilities as lagging behind in technological development, the small-to-moderate size of these utilities can make it more practical to implement Smart Grid technology system-wide than it is for large urban utilities. Therefore, it is expected that some rural electric utilities will be among the early adopters of advanced DMS tools

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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

CHAPTER 5
(MODELING CAPABILITIES NEEDED FOR SMART GRID)

5. MODELING CAPABILITIES NEEDED FOR SMART GRID

The following subsection highlights a few of the key needs.
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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid 5.1. Modeling for Distributed Generation
The addition of DG to the electrical distribution system has been one of key drivers in the evolution of distribution system analysis tools over the last 15 years. Three-phase circuit modeling and other advanced features have been added to accommodate the needs of DG modeling. Introducing DG into existing systems requires that it be carefully integrated with the power system operating practices. The key concerns include: 1) Voltage rise and regulation, 2) Voltage fluctuations, 3) Protective relaying and control functions, 4) Impact on short-circuit analysis, 5) Impact on fault location and clearing practices, 6) Need for an interconnection transformer, 7) Transformer configuration, 8) Harmonics, 9) Response to system imbalances such as open-conductor faults due to failing splices. The authors are actively involved in research projects in high penetration DG. Of particular interest as of this writing is solar PV generation. One possible result of higher penetrations of DG on the Smart Grid is that distribution system designs will evolve to better accommodate DG. For example, voltage regulators may be set a few percent lower to allow for voltage rise (as well as drop) due to DG output. If not, situations like that shown in Fig. 1 will occur for solar ramping events.

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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

Fig. 1. of Regulator to Solar Function

Simulation Response Ramp

Solar

PV

generation cloud When obscures PV output resulting in voltage. a

is subject to transients. cloud the sun, the ramps down a drop in the the cloud passes, the PV

After timing out, the regulators tap up to correct for the drop in voltage. When output ramps back up with the regulator tap too high for the power level. The voltage is pushed over 105% when the solar output recovers from a cloud transient until the regulators again compensate by tapping down. This analysis requires a series of solutions at a time step of 1 second and an accurate regulator model. A typical finding in our ongoing research in highpenetration PV is that utility regulator targets will have to be set 1-to-2 percent lower to provide sufficient headroom to accommodate this kind of power swing.DG analysis will likely require further enhancements to Regulator taps up to compensate for voltage drop Voltage overshoots as power output ramps up distribution system analysis tools, such as better meshed network analysis for modeling spot networks, dynamics analysis, etc. This is already apparent by observing the new features showing up in the major distribution system analysis packages. 5.2. Time Series Simulations
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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

The ability to perform time series simulations like that shown in Fig. 1 will be a key feature of software to support the Smart Grid.Few of the present commercial tools were designed to efficiently perform such simulations and manage the large amounts of results data that this analysis produces. Most distribution system analysis tools were originally designed to support the traditional planning analysis of designing to meet peak demand. Thus, the main task was to solve the power flow for one specific point in time: the predicted peak demand. The Smart Grid, as envisioned by many, will have varying generation, dispatchable generation, controllable loads, and controllable voltage regulation devices. Solving for only peak demand can fail to properly reflect the actual annual load profile. The time increment will be different for simulations of various Smart Grid features. Some of the issues and typical time step sizes are: Electric vehicle charging (minutes, hours) Solar and wind generation (seconds) Dispatchable generation (minutes to hours) Storage simulations (minutes to hours) Energy efficiency (hours) Distribution state estimation (seconds, minutes) End use load models (minutes to hours) End use thermal models (minutes to hours)

The duration of these simulations will be from a few minutes to days and years. In any case, key requirements for distribution system analysis software will be: 1) perform fast solutions and 2) be able to capture and process voluminous results.

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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

5.3. Modeling for Unbalances The differences between a symmetrical component model and an unbalanced hase-domain model can yield quite different results. A symmetrical component model uses only the positive- and zero-sequence impedances to represent overhead and cable line segments as balanced impedances.However, asymmetries in the mutual coupling between adjacent phases, adjacent feeders, and conductors yield impedances that are not balanced between phases. DSA has come a long way over the years because most distribution system analysis tools can perform full 3-phase analysis; however, few programs exist that can go beyond 3-phases.More and more of the circuits the authors have analyzed include multiple feeders sharing right-of-ways with as many as 17 conductors on the same pole sharing a common neutral (as well as several communications messengers). Heavily-Loaded Feeder A and Feeder B Sharing Same Pole Construction with Full-Phase Model Results As an example, consider two heavily-loaded, long feederssharing the same pole construction and static wire like that shown in Fig.. This should be modeled with at least 6 coupled conductors to properly model the coupling between the two adjacent feeders. The currents computed for each phase using a detailed 6x6 impedance matrix is shown on the figure. Fig. 3 shows the results computed for a positivesequence model of each feeder. All line currents in the symmetrical component model come out balanced.

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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

Fig. 2. Symmetrical Component model of Feeder A and Feeder B Fig. 4 shows the differences between these two models for the phase voltages computed at Bus A (at the end of Feeder A). In the detailed model, the voltages vary from 0.972 pu on phase A to 1.026 pu on phase B, which may prove to be too much unbalance for some threephase loads. In the positivesequence model, the computed phase voltage is approximately 1.0 pu on all three phases, which would indicate no problems for three-phase loads. The impacts of unequal phase impedances become a greater issue as line currents are increased on the feeders sharing commonconstruction over a significant distance.

Fig. 3. Bus Voltage at End of Radial Feeder A This is just one illustration of a coupled set of conductors requiring more than 3-phase solutions to get the correct
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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

answer. Several situations arise in neutral-to-earth voltage simulations where there may be over 15 conductors on a pole (see the NEV test case in the IEEE Test Feeders [7]).

5.4. Large Systems

It is common for distribution planners to model only one feeder at a time. One thing that is almost certain to occur from the implementation of the Smart Grid is the need to model several feeders or even several substations simultaneously. At a minimum, adequate tools should be able to represent all feeders fed from a common bus. It is frequently not possible to capture the true benefits of distributed resources, or the full extent of operating problems that might occur, without this model.Another issue requiring this capability would be the representation of switching between feeders. Various other proposals require modeling of a defined distribution planning area that includes a few substations. To accomplish this, tools would have to be able to accommodate 10,000 to 100,000 buses.The authors routinely model circuits consisting of 5,000 to 10,000 buses. There is a project currently scheduled to begin in 2011 that will require a 100,000 bus model and inquiries have been received about capabilities to solve a 800,000 bus model. While million-bus models may seem far-fetched now,expected advances in computer technology could make this practical in just a few years. Parallel computing could be one approach. Algorithms for dividing the problem into a series of smaller ones is another approach. When doing such analyses as simulating distribution automation over several substations, it is an advantage if one is able to model a large part of the system all at once.

5.5. Distribution State Estimation (DSE)

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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

DSE will be a key feature of distribution system analysis software intended to support Smart Grid applications. DSE could enable real-time optimization, adaptive protection and control, pricing signals for demand response, and many other Smart Grid features. Widespread deployment of AMI, sensors,and automated devices will provide more data than ever before, so that robust state estimation becomes more feasible.Transmission state estimators are well developed, but those techniques dont all apply well to distribution systems. Someof the barriers to DSE include:

? ? ? ? ?

Low X/R ratios Phase unbalances Prevalence of current magnitude, voltage magnitude, and demand Communication latency and bandwidth Non-simultaneous samples

interval measurements

Still not enough measurements to make the feeder observable DSE will be

a key component of Distribution Management Systems (DMS). It is also likely to ecome a key component of distribution planning. In fact, DSE, DMS and distribution planning functions are expected to merge.

5.6. Protective Relay Coordination Simulation

Conventional protection coordination is based time-current curves (TCC), ssuming that distribution systems are singlesourced and radial. After connecting DG units to the distribution system, this assumption is no longer valid. Also,DG is often protected with voltage relays and multifunction relays that are monitoring quantities other than overcurrent. Sometimes the protection devices are communicating to other control devices.This is often

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best analyzed by event-based simulation of the entire protection and control system response, which is not always easy to represent with TCC plots. This is another function that will require time series simulation. The time step size would be in milliseconds.

5.7. AMI Load Data

The improvement in metering data accompanying the anticipated expansion of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and other smart grid applications will provide better inputs to distribution system models. The ability to collect load data over a long period of time is critical to understanding a circuits behavior. An improved model will provide better data on end-use patterns and diversity factors for better quantification of distribution system efficiency and improving automation simulations. Efforts are currently underway to use the AMI data for both inputs to and verification of distribution models. Typically,substation metering power data is used to allocate loads and provide the yearly loadshape information. As AMI data becomes available, each load can be allocated separately with its own annual loadshape. This provides additional insight to the circuit; however, this is easier said than done as the AMI data is often not synchronized with other AMI metering on the same feeder, sampling rates may vary from minutes to hours, and the vast amount of data slows computation time.EPRI has begun work on incorporating AMI data into DSA.In the EPRIs Green Circuit Initiative, AMI data was available on selected circuits. Fig. 5 is an example of using AMI data to compute a customers voltage during the peak week. The raw AMI data at the customer in this example was sampled at a 15 minute interval and is compared to the voltages computed in the model using an hourly loadshape derived from AMI data. As shown in Fig. 5, reasonable results can be computed and verified through the use of the customers AMI data; however,much work still remains in determining the optimal usage ofAMI data.
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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid 5.8. Modeling Controllers
Controllers are a key component of Smart Grid visions.Whether smart or dumb, they can have significant impact on the solution. Controllers in common usage today include capacitor switch, load tap changer (LTC), voltage regulator, tie switches, reclosers, sectionalizers, and breaker controls. Various visions of the Smart Grid would add such things such as generator dispatch, energy storage control, microgrid control, electric vehicle control, and demand response control. Modeling of controllers is weak and inconsistent in todays distribution system analysis tools. For example, it is common to assume that the substation LTC can correct the voltage to the desired level without actually simulating it to see if it is possible. Also, the state of controllers is not easy to determine with a static power flow solution. It is frequently necessary to simulate the daily load shape to get all the voltage regulation devices (principally capacitor and regulators) to arrive at the proper values. The desire to have this type of simulator is likely to increase with the introduction of more controlled devices in a Smart Grid implementation.

5.9. Modeling Communications

Communications bandwidth and latency are topics of high interest. What good does it do to have the distribution system saturated with monitors and controllers if it is not possible to communicate with them fast enough to achieve an improvement over existing system designs? This issue is currently being studied at several institutions, e.g., [11, 12]. Simulating the latency has significant implications for distribution system analysis tools. While loading simulations can be adequately performed with time increments no less than 10-15 minutes, latency simulations involving multiple controllers and monitors would ideally be performed in time intervals of a few seconds, or even millisecond intervals.
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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

Simulating large systems for a day, week, month, or year at such a small interval would place severe demands on distribution system analysis tools and the computer systems on which they would run. This is a challenge for any simulation where small time steps are required over long periods of time,e.g. millisecond time steps for months. But it may be necessary to get the right answer. Advancements in parallel computing will hopefully enable this simulation.

5.10. Work Flow Integration

At the same time that life as an engineer is becoming more complicated with Smart Grid implementation, the time pressure to deliver has also increased. Some utilities are being inundated with DG applications for multi-MW projects, and the regulatory requirement to complete an impact study is typically one month. In some cases, screening decisions must be made in two weeks. No matter what new analysis capabilities are developed, the utility engineer cannot spend weeks learning new research-grade software tools, and then more weeks developing separate models for each tool. The new tools have to be robust, and integrate seamlessly with corporate data systems and other software systems, such as the geographic information system (GIS) now used at most utilities.

5.11. NEXT STEPS 5.11.1. Advancing Distribution System Analysis Tools

Many of the expected advancements in distribution system analysis tools will come directly from the commercial vendors as their user communities demand mew eatures. The IEEE will also play a role. Groups such as the IEEE PES DSAS play a significant role in advancing tools by making sure the analysis and modeling needs of the Smart Grid can be met. The DSAS fills this role by 1. Developing new benchmarks that stretch the capabilities in various ways. (See next Section).

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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

2. Supporting data exchange standards such as:a. IEC 61968 and the Common Information Model (CIM) . b. National Rural Electric Cooperatives MultiSpeak 3. Producing a Recommended Practice that defines many of the terms, quantities, and procedures used in distribution system analysis i.e. IEEE Standard P1729, Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution System Analysis 4. Organizing paper and panel sessions as well as other means of technology transfer to keep the industry informed of advances and needs.

5.11.2. Test Feeders

The Test Feeders WG of the DSAS has published several test feeders and is in the process of developing new cases.These test feeders will be central in the effort to verify which distribution system analysis software is suitable for the simulation needs for Smart Grid modeling. The test feeders will also be drivers of advancements in distribution system analysis technology, being designed to incrementally stretch the capabilities of the tools.As an example, the WG has recently introduced an 8500-node test feeder to help benchmark the ability of software and proposed analysis algorithms to handle larger circuits like those encountered in many rural locations. Distribution planners today commonly work with system models consisting of several thousand buses. Given the needs identified for supporting Smart Grid applications, planners will want to model even larger systems. Therefore, any algorithm intended for distribution system analysis tools of the future must scale up from the small system models used to test the algorithm, to many thousands of elements and buses.The 8500-node test feeder has also been designed to present challenges to distribution system analysis software which are common in Smart Grid modeling. The challenges include: 1. Constructing models of large unbalanced distribution feeders. 2. Solving large distribution systems containing numerous unbalances. 3. Modeling the 120/240V center-tapped transformer common in North American systems. See Fig. 6. 4. Modeling LV (secondary) distribution.
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5. Heavily-loaded systems that are near convergence limits. 6. Advanced controls. The 8500-node test feeder includes many elements that may be found on a North American rural distribution feeder:multiple feeder regulators, multiple switched capacitor banks, secondaries, and service transformers. While the likely initial use of the test feeder will be to simply prove that a method can solve the power flow for the defined loads in an acceptable amount of time, the test feeder was also selected for its potential for serving as the basis for future advanced test feeders. Two examples for which there is presently interest are: 1. Distribution automations, including voltage and var control simulation, and 2. Annual loadshape simulation for evaluating energy efficiency options, enewable generation, and electric vehicle impacts.Additional test feeders planned by the WG include: Neutral-to-earth voltage (NEV) Short Circuit benchmarks DG protection Larger distribution system models Inverter-based DG models Asymmetrical contingencies test feeder

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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

CHAPTER 6
(CONCLUSION)

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Distribution System Analysis and the Future Smart Grid

6. CONCLUSIONS
The ability to accurately model distribution systems with Smart Grid components and associated behaviors will require distribution system analysis tools to evolve significantly to meet the challenges. Key challenges include: Merging planning and real-time analysis Very large system models System communication simulation Handling a large volume of AMI data AMI-based decision making Time series simulations Distribution State-Estimation Detail modeling (service transformers, service wiring) Distribution models including the effects of multiple feeders, transmission, subtransmission systems DG integration and protection Generator and inverter models Regulatory time pressures Newer, faster computing methods will continue to be a key emphasis of tool development in distribution system analysis to support the Smart Grid. The ready availability of multiprocessor computers will likely play a key role. Software to exploit these machines for distribution system analysis needs to be developed. This may require looking at distribution system analysis methods in completely different ways than the way it is done today. While this paper deals mostly with simulation capabilities, user interface will have to evolve with the capabilities.EPRI is cooperating with and helping lead IEEE PES efforts in assessing distribution software tools and developing test benchmarks. The creation of new test feeders will include the expanding capabilities of distribution system analysis software tools, particularly those capabilities necessary to support Smart Grid components and behaviors.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] R. C. Dugan, R. F. Arritt, T. E. McDermott, S. M. Brahma, Sr., and K. Schneider. Distribution System Analysis to Support the Smart Grid IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting Conference Proceedings, 2010. [2] R. C. Dugan and W. H. Kersting, Induction machine test case for the 34-bus test feeder description, Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE PES General Meeting, July 2006 [3] W. H. Kersing, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, CRC Press, 2007. [4] OpenDSS Program, Available on the Internet through SourceForge.net, http://sourceforge.net/projects/electricdss. [5] T. E. McDermott, Working Group on Recommended Practice for Distribution System Analysis P1729, Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE PES General Meeting, Pittsburgh, July 2008. . [6] W. H. Kersting and R. C. Dugan, Recommended Practices for Distribution System Analysis, Proceedings of 2006 IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, October 2006, pp 499504. [7] IEEE PES Distribution Systems Analysis Subcommittee Radial Test Feeders, http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/dsacom/testfeeders.html. [8] W. H. Kersting, A Comprehensive Distribution Test Feeder,Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, New Orleans, April 2010. [9] R. F. Arritt and R. C. Dugan, The IEEE 8500-Node Test Feeder,Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, New Orleans, April 2010. [10] S. M. Brahma, Protecting Distribution Systems with Distributed Generation Are We There Yet? Power Industry International - Volume 2 - Issue I, June 2008.

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