Ngun: Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia quc Khmer

Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Bn chu v chu u vo khong 1200 CN . quc Khmer l mt cu quc rng ln nht ng Nam (vi din tch ln n 1 triu km2, gp 3 ln Vit Nam hin nay) ng trn phn lnh th hin nay thuc Campuchia. quc Khmer, tch ra t Vng quc Chn Lp, tng cai tr v c phn t phin thuc m ngy nay thuc lnh th ca cc quc gia: Lo, Thi Lan v min nam Vit Nam Trong qu trnh to lp nn ch ny, ngi Khmer c cc mi quan h thng mi vi quc Java v sau vi quc Srivijaya gip bin gii quc Khmer v pha nam. Di sn ln nht ca quc Khmer l Angkor - kinh ca quc ny vo thi cc thnh ca n. Angkor l chng tch ca sc mnh v s thnh vng ca quc Khmer v cng l hin thn ca nhiu tn ngng m n mang trong mnh. Cc tn gio chnh thc ca ch ny l: n gio, Pht gio i tha cho n khi Pht gio Nam truyn chim u th sau khi c du nhp t Sri Lanka vo th k 13. Lch s ca Angkor vi vai tr l trung tm ca quc Khmer lch s cng l lch s Khmer t th k 9 n th k 15. T quc Khmer v cng t khu vc Angkor - khng c mt ghi chp bng vn bn no cn st li n ngy ny m ch c nhng vn bn c khc chm trn . Do nhng g cn c bit n ngy nay v nn vn minh Khmer lch s c ch yu tham kho t cc ngun:

Khai qut kho c, phc dng li v iu tra. Cc bn chm khc trn bia v trn cc n ghi chp li nhng chin cng chnh tr v tn gio ca cc triu hong . Cc bc ph iu trn cc bc tng ca cc n i miu t cc cuc hnh qun, cuc sng trong cung, cc cnh ch ba v cc cnh sinh hot thng ngy ca dn chng.

Cc ghi chp cn lu li c ca cc s thn, nh bun v nhng ngi l hnh Trung Hoa xa.

S khi u ca k nguyn Vng quc Khmer Angkor c cho l bt u t nm 802 sau Cng nguyn. Trong nm ny, vua Jayavarman II t xng "Chakravartin" (hong ca thin h).

Lch s
Thnh lp
Jayavarman II l mt hong t ca triu i Sailendra Java nh l mt con tin hong gia ca vng quc ch hu ca Java hay l n hc tp (hoc c hai) vn cha c khng nh. Nh thi gian Java, ng mang ngh thut v vn ha ca triu nh Sailendran ca Java v cho triu nh Khmer. Sau khi tr v nh vng quc Chn Lp, ng nhanh chng xy dng th lc ca mnh, nh bi nhiu v vua khc v nm 790 tr thnh hong ca vng quc Khmer. Trong nhng nm tip theo, ng m rng lnh th ca mnh v cui cng thnh lp kinh mi Hariharalaya gn th x Roluos ca ca Campuchia ngy nay. Do vy, ng t nn mng cho kinh Angkor tri di n 15 km v pha ty bc. Nm 802, ng t xng Chakravartin (vua thin h) bng mt l ng quang theo phong cch n gio. Bi th, ng khng nhng tr thnh mt v vua c thnh thnh sc phong v v ch m cn ng thi tuyn b s c lp ca vng quc mnh khi vng quc Java. Jayavarman II mt nm 834.

Cng c
Indravarman I, v vua th t ca quc Khmer, cng c vng chc t nc mnh vi nhng chng trnh xy dng ln, bao gm h thng thy li v cc n i, nh vo ca ci ginh c thng qua mu dch v nng nghip. Cng trnh u tin l n Preah Ko v cc cng trnh thy li. Con Indravarman I l Yasovarman I (tr v t 889 - 915), l ngi thit lp mt kinh mi Yasodharapura - thnh ph u tin ca Angkor. Ngi n trung tm ca thnh ph c xy Phnom Bakheng, mt ngn i cao 60 m gia ng bng trong khu vc Angkor. Di triu Yasovarman I cng trnh ng Baray cng c to dng, y l cng trnh h cha nc c kch thc 7,5 x 1,8 km.

Ri lon

Mt bc ph iu th k 12 hoc 13 ti n Bayon ti Angkor Thom miu t chin tranh gia Khmer v Chmpa. Vo u th k 10, sau khi Yasovarman I qua i, quc Khmer lp tc b chia r. Vua Harshavarman I v Ishanavarman II (em ca Harshavarman I) phi vt v gi ngi bu trc s tranh ginh ca ngi ch - Jayavarman IV. Ngi ch b nh lui khi Angkor v thit lp mt kinh mi Koh Ker, cch Angkor khong 100 km. Sau khi Ishanavarman II qua i, Jayavarman IV ln lm vua. Con ca Jayavarman IV l Harshavarman II ni ngi cha c 3 nm th b em h l Rajendravarman II cp ngi.

Pht trin
Rajendravarman II ri tr v Yasodharapura. Nhiu hc gi cho rng Rajendravarman II xy dng mt ch chnh tr trung ng tp quyn, tng cng s qun l trc tip i vi cc th lnh a phng. ng bt u bt u cc d n xy dng ln m cc vua u tin d tnh v cho thit lp mt lot cc n khu vc Angkor; trong c ng Mebon, trn mt c lao ca ng Baray, v nhiu n th Pht v cha. Nm 950, chin tranh ln u n ra gia quc Khmer v Vng quc Chmpa pha ng (ngy nay l min Trung Vit Nam). T nm 968 n 1001 l thi k tr v ca con trai Rajendravarman II, Jayavarman V. ng ta ng quang sau khi vt qua cc hong thn khc. Giai on tr v ca ng phn ln l thi k thanh bnh, nh du bi s pht trin thnh vng v pht trin rc r nn vn ha. ng cho thit lp mt kinh mi gn Yashodharapura, Jayenanagari. Di triu ca vua Jayavarman V c cc nh trit hc, cc hc gi v cc ngh s. Cc ngi n mi cng c xy dng, trong , quan trng nht l Banteay Srei, c xem nh cng trnh c tnh ngh thut v thm m bc nht ca Angkor v Ta Keo l ngi n u tin ca Angkor xy hon ton bng sa thch.

Tr thnh quc
Sau ci cht ca Jayavarman V l vi nm xung t. Vua Udayadityavarman I va ln ngi b Jayavirahvarman lt . Ri n lt Jayavirahvarman b Suryavarman I (tr v 1010 - 1050) ginh mt ngi bu. Sut thi k tr v ca mnh, Suryavarman I phi chin u trn p cc i th mu ton lt mnh bng bo lc. ng l v vua Khmer u tin sng phi xy thnh bo v mnh v hong cung. ng m rng vng quc ca mnh n tnh Lopburi ca Thi Lan ngy nay, v

pha nam n eo t Kra. Ti Angkor, vic xy dng Ty Baray bt u di triu Suryavarman I, mt h cha nc th 2 v rng hn h ng Baray vi kch thc 8 x 2,2 km.

Angkor Wat, nm 2006. Na cui th k 11 v u th k 12 trong lch s Campuchia l thi k ca cc cuc tranh ginh quyn lc tn bo. Sau n thi k huy hong di s cai tr ca Suryavarman II. Di s cai tr ca ng, ngi n ln nht ca Angkor c xy dng trong khong thi gian 37 nm: Angkor Wat, l ni thi thn Vishnu. ng xm chim vng quc Haripunjaya ca dn tc Mn n pha ty (ngy nay l min Trung Thi Lan) v mt khu vc xa hn v pha ty ca vng quc Pagan (Myanma ngy nay), pha nam ln v khu vc bn o Malay n vng quc Grahi (nay l tnh Nakhon Si Thammarat ca Thi Lan), v pha ng ly nhiu tnh ca Champa, v pha bc n bin gii pha bc ca Lo ngy nay. S kt thc ca hong Suryavarman II khng c r rng lm. Vn bia cui cng ghi nhn tn ng c lin quan n cuc xm lc i Vit l t nm 1145. C l ng qua i trong mt cuc hnh qun trong khong thi gian t nm 1145 n 1150. Thi k tip theo cc vua tr v trong thi gian ngn v b v vua sau lt bng v lc. Cui cng, nm 1177, Khmer b qun Chmpa nh bi trong mt trn thy chin trn h Tonl Sap v b chim ng trong mt thi gian ngn.

Huy hong

quc Khmer cui th k 12 Jayavarman VII (tr v t 1181-1219) tp hp mt i qun, nh ui qun Chm Pa v ginh li kinh Yasodharapura. Nm 1181, ng ln ngi v tip tc chin tranh vi Chm Pa trong sut

22 nm cho n khi nh bi nc ny vo nm 1203 v xm chim phn ln lnh th ca Chm Pa. Jayavarman VII c coi l v hong v i cui cng ca Angkor khng ch v nhng chin cng ca ng chng li qun Chm Pa m cn l mt ngi cai tr khng phi l bo cha nh cch cc hong trc cai tr v ng l ngi thng nht quc ny v trn c l do cc cng trnh xy dng c tin hnh di thi k cai tr ca ng. Kinh mi c tn gi l Angkor Thom (c ngha l: "Thnh ph v i") c xy dng. khu trung tm, nh vua (mt pht t Pht gio i tha) cho xy dng lm ta thp quc gia - Bayon vi cc thp c cho l mang hnh khun mt ca Qun Th m b tt, mi thp cao vi mt c chm khc bng . Cc n cha khc c xy dng di thi Jayavarman VII l Ta Prohm, Banteay Kdei v Neak Pean, cng nh h cha nc Srah Srang. Cng vi nhng cng trnh , mt h thng cc ng ph c xy dng kt ni cc trn ca quc. Bn cc ph ny, 121 nh ngh c xy cho cc nh bun, quan chc v l khch. ng cng cho thit lp 102 bnh x.

Suy vong
Indravarman II k v v tip tc hon thnh cc cng trnh xy dng ca cha. Di s tr v ca Indravarman II, Campuchia c s n nh chnh tr trong nc. Tuy nhin, sc chi phi ca quc Khmer i vi cc vng t xa bt u gim i. Kt qu, Chm Pa ginh li c lp, v Vng quc Sukhothai pha Ty bt u ni ln. Ging nh cha mnh, Indravarman II l mt Pht t v ng cho xy xong mt lot cha chin c khi cng t thi cha mnh. ng khng thnh cng v mt chin tranh. Nm 1220, ngi Khmer rt khi nhiu tnh m trc chim c ca Chm-pa. V pha ty, cc thn dn ngi Thi ca ng ni ln chng li v thnh lp nn vng quc Xim u tin l Vng quc Sukhothai v y li ngi Khmer. Trong 200 nm tip theo, ngi Thi tr thnh i th chnh ca Kambuja. Jayavarman VIII (tr v 1243-1295) k nhim Indravarman II. Tri vi cc vua trc , Jayavarman VIII theo n gio v l mt ngi chng Pht gio mt cch kch lit. ng cho ph hy phn ln cc tng Pht quc ny (cc nh kho c c on c khong hn 10.000, trong cn rt t ph tch cn st li n ngy nay) v cho chuyn cc cha Pht gio thnh n th n gio. T bn ngoi, quc Khmer ang b qun Nguyn Mng ca tng Sagatu ca Ht Tt Lit e da. ng ta trnh ng vi qun Mng C (khi chim ht Trung Hoa) bng cch cng np hng nm cho nh Nguyn. Triu i ca Jayavarman VIII kt thc nm 1295 khi ng b con r l Srindravarman (tr v 1295-1309) lt . Vua mi l ngi theo Pht gio Thng ta b (Theravada), mt trng phi ca Pht gio du nhp vo ng Nam t Sri Lanka v sau lan ra khp khu vc. C rt t t liu lch s v thi k sau triu vua Srindravarman. Vn bn cui cng ngi ta bit c l mt bia khc t nm 1327. Khng c ngi n ln no c xy thm. Cc nh s hc ng rng c mi lin h gia vic nh vua theo Pht gio Nam truyn (do khng c xem l "devaraja" na) v vic khng cn phi xy dng cc n ln cho devarajas hay th cc thn linh bo v cho h. Vic t b quan nim devaraja cng c th dn n s nh mt quyn lc ca hong gia v do dn n thiu nhn cng. H thng thy li cng b thoi ha dn n ma

mng tht bt do l lt v hn hn. Trong khi trc mi nm c 3 v la - iu ny gp phn ct yu cho s thnh vng v quyn lc ca quc Khmer - s gim st ma mng lm cho quc ny suy yu thm. Quc gia ln bang pha ty ca quc ny l Vng quc Xim u tin - Vng quc Sukhothai, b mt vng quc khc ca ngi Thi (vng quc Ayutthaya) nh bi vo nm 1350. Sau nm 1352, ngi Thi m nhiu cuc tin cng vo quc Khmer nhng u b nh bt. Cui cng, nm 1431, Ayutthaya chim c Angkor. Trung tm ca ca vng quc Khmer cn st li nm pha nam, khu vc m ngy nay l Phnm Pnh. Tuy nhin, c nhiu du hiu cho thy Angkor khng b b hoang. Mt chi ca cc vua Khmer vn cn li Angkor. S sp cui cng ca Angkor vo thi y l s chuyn i tm quan trng v kinh t, v do l chnh tr, khi Phnm Pnh tr thnh mt trung tm mu dch bn sng M Kng. Cc cng trnh xy dng tn km v cc xung t quyn lc trong ni b hong gia cng nh du chm ht cho quc Khmer. S hy hoi sinh thi v h hng h tng c s l mt cch l gii mi khc cho s chm dt ca quc ny. D n i Angkor tin rng ngi Khmer c mt h thng knh rch v h cha phc tp phc v cho mu dch, giao thng v thy li. Cc knh c s dng thu hoch ma mng v khi dn s tng ln th h thng knh rch b cn tr dn n thiu nc v b l lt honh hnh. p ng cho s dn tng thm, ngi ta cht cy trn cc ngn i Kulen ly t canh tc la. i trc lm cho knh b bi lp khi ma to. S ph hy h thng thy li dn ti cc hu qu nghim trng khc[1]. C mt s bng chng cho thy Angkor c s dng lu hn. Di thi vua Barom Reachea I (tr v 1566 - 1576), l v vua tm thi k v sau khi y li qun Thi quay li ng Angkor trong mt thi gian ngn. T th k 17, c nhng vn bn khc chm cho thy c cc khu nh c ca ngi Nht dc theo phn cn li ca quc Khmer. Cu chuyn ni ting nht l ca Ukondafu Kazufusa, ngi n Tt Khmer vo nm 1632.

Cc hong tr v
Th t 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Vua Jayavarman II Jayavarman III Indravarman I Yasovarman I Harshavarman I Ishanavarman II Jayavarman IV Harshavarman II Rajendravarman II Tn Jayavarman Jayavarthon Indravarman Yasovarthon Harshavarman Isanavarman Jayavarman Harshavarman Rajedravarman ngi 802-850 850-877 877-889 889-900 900-925 925-928 928-941 941-944 944-968

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Jayavarman V Udayadityavarman I Jayavirahvarman Suryavarman I Udayadityavarman II Harshavarman III Noriditdravarman Jayavarman VI Dharanindravarman I Suryavarman II Dharanindravarman II Yasovarman II Tribhuvanidityavarman Jayavarman VII Indravarman II Jayavarman VIII Indravarman III Srei Jayavarman Jayavarman IX Trosok Peam Nippean Bat Lompong Racha Soryavong Thomma Saok Borommaracha II (Campuchia)

Jayavarman Udayadityavarman Jayavirahvarman Suryavarman Udayadityavarman Harshavarman Noriditdravarman Jayavarman Dharanindravarman Suryavarman Dharanindravarman Yasovarman Tribhuvanidityavarman Jayavathon Indravarman Jayavarman Srei Indravarman Srei Jayavarman Jayavama Borommesvarah Ponhea Chey Nippean Bat Lompong Racha Soryavong Thomma Saok

968-1001 1002 1002-1006 1006-1050 1050-1066 1066-1080 1080-1113 1080-1107 1107-1113 1113-1150 1150-1156 1156-1165 1165-1177 1181-1218 1218-1243 1243-1295 1295-1307 1307-1327 1327-1336 1336-1340 1340-1346 1346-1351 1357-1363 1363-1373 1373-1393

B Chm Pa xm chim: 1177-1181

B Sukhothai xm chim

B Sukhothai xm chim: 1352-1357 Borommaracha I (Campuchia) Borommarama

B Sukhothai xm chim: 1393 (5 thng). 61 Ponhea Yat 1393-1463