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MS3-ASME Gas Turbine Technologies Presentation
MS3-ASME Gas Turbine Technologies Presentation
by
Gas Turbines
Types How They Work Applications Components of Plant Flow Paths Operation
Simple Cycle
Operate When Demand is High Peak Demand Operate for Short / Variable Times Designed for Quick Start-Up Not designed to be Efficient but Reliable
Combined Cycle
Operate for Peak and Economic Dispatch Designed for Quick Start-Up Designed to Efficient, Cost-Effective Operation Typically Has Ability to Operate in SC Mode
Principles of Operation
Open Cycle
The energy contained in a flowing ideal gas is the sum of enthalpy and kinetic energy. Pressurized gas can store or release energy. As it expands the pressure is converted to kinetic energy.
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Thermodynamic Fundamentals
Principles of Operation
Compressor As air flows into the compressor, energy is transferred from its rotating blades to the air. Pressure and temperature of the air increase. Most compressors operate in the range of 75% to 85% efficiency. Combustor The purpose of the combustor is to increase the energy stored in the compressor exhaust by raising its temperature. Turbine The turbine acts like the compressor in reverse with respect to energy transformation. Most turbines operate in the range of 80% to 90% efficiency.
Principles of Operation
Overall Energy Transformations (Thermal Efficiency)
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Simple Cycle
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33781 kW
96 T
195.8 p 597 T
897
879.8 p 954 T
120 T
FW
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Combustion System
Exhaust System
Simple Cycle Stack Transition to HRSG Open-Air cooled TEWAC Hydrogen Cooled Diesel Motor Static
Paper Towel thru compressor
Turbine
Generator
Multiple Shaft, Single Shaft Number of Stages Material and Manufacturing Processes
Starting Systems
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Conventional Fuels
Natural Gas Liquid Fuel Oil Crude Oil Refinery Gas Propane
Nonconventional Fuels
Synthetic Fuels
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6B Gas Turbine
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Frame 5 GT
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Compressor
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Aeroderivatives
Higher Pressure Ratios and Firing Temperatures Result in Higher Power Output per Pound of Air Flow Smaller Chilling/Cooling Systems Required Compressor Inlet Temperature Has a Greater Impact on Output and Heat Rate Benefits of Chilling/Cooling Systems are More Pronounced
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Prime Mover (Combustion Turbine) Fuel Supply & Preparation Emissions Control Equipment Generator Electrical Switchgear Generator Step Up Transformer Starting System (Combustion Turbines) Auxiliary Cooling Fire Protection Lubrication System
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GSU
Generator
Switchgear / MCC
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Starting Engine
Fire Protection
Gas Turbine Exhaust used as the heat source for the Steam Turbine cycle Utilizes the major efficiency loss from the Brayton cycle Advantages:
Relatively short cycle to design, construct & commission Higher overall efficiency Good cycling capabilities Fast starting and loading Lower installed costs No issues with ash disposal or coal storage High fuel costs Uncertain long term fuel source Output dependent on ambient temperature
Disadvantages
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Biggest losses are mechanical input to the compressor and heat in the exhaust
Typically 50% of the gas turbine output More with duct-firing up to 750 MW for 3 on 1 configuration Up to 520 MW for 2 on 1 configuration
Construction time about 24 months Engineering time 80k to 130k labor hours Engineering duration about 12 months Capital Cost ($900-$1100/kW) Two (2) versus Three (3) Pressure Designs
Larger capacity units utilize the additional drums to gain efficiency at the expense of higher capital costs
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Simple cycle efficiency (max ~ 44%*) Combined cycle efficiency (max ~58-60%*) Correlating Efficiency to Heat Rate (British Units)
h= 3412/(Heat Rate) Simple cycle Combined cycle h= 3600/(Heat Rate) Simple cycle Combined cycle
--> 3412/h = Heat Rate* 3412/.44 = 7,757 Btu/Kwh* 3412/.58 = 5,884 Btu/Kwh* --> 3600/h = Heat Rate* 3600/.44 = 8,182 KJ/Kwh* 3600/.58 = 6,207 KJ/Kwh*
Practical Values
HHV basis, net output basis Simple cycle 7FA (new and clean) 10,860 Btu/Kwh (11,457 KJ/Kwh) Combined cycle 2x1 7FA (new and clean) 6,218 Btu/Kwh (6,560 KJ/Kwh)
*Gross LHV basis
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Fuel Type, Composition, and Heating Value Load (Base, Peak, or Part) Compressor Inlet Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Inlet Pressure Drop
Varies significantly with types of air cleaning/cooling Affected by addition of HRSG, SCR, CO catalysts Used for either power augmentation or NOx control
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Relative Humidity
Altitude Correction
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Humidity Correction
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Cogeneration Plant
A Cogeneration Plant
Power generation facility that also provides thermal energy (steam) to a thermal host. paper mills, chemical plants, refineries, etc potentially any user that uses large quantities of steam on a continuous basis. Require both steam and electrical power
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Combustion Turbine (CT/CTG) Steam Generator (Boiler/HRSG) Steam Turbine (ST/STG) Heat Rejection Equipment Air Quality Control System (AQCS) Equipment Electrical Equipment
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Steam Turbine
GE D11
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Usually utilizes a cooling tower to reject heat to the atmosphere Rarely uses once through cooling (retrofit applications or ocean)
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Questions?