L A

ight

mplification

timulated

mission

adiations

Absorption of Energy
When an electrons absorbs energy(heat, light or electricity)it jumps to higher energy level or orbit within the atom.

Emission
The transfer of an electron from higher energy state to lower energy level causes the radiation of energy in terms of photon. It could be of two types 1. Spontaneous 2. Stimulated

Spontaneous Emission
The release of energy absorbed by the electron in transition from higher energy state to lower energy state is called spontaneous emission.

Radiated light in this way will be Multi wavelength Incoherent Multidirectional

Stimulated Emission
The emission of electromagnetic radiation in the form of photons of a given frequency, triggered by photons of the same frequency. when the electron drops back to a lower energy orbit is stimulate another electron which emits the photon of same frequency, phase and polarization in the same direction

Properties of Laser Light

So, due to stimulated emission light coming out of laser is Coherent

Monochromatic

Directional

Einstein Relation
Population of two energy level system by Boltzman

Upward transition rate

B12 is the constant of prop and known as coefficient of absorption

Continued
The total downward transition from level 2 to 1 would be

For a system in Thermal equilibrium the total upward and downward transition rate is same, So

Continued.
Relating it with a black body radiation

Question
Calculate the ratio of the stimulated emission rate to the spontaneous emission rate for the incandescent lamp operating at a temperature of 1000k.It may be assumed that the average operating wavelength is 0.5um.

Conditions for LASERS(Lasing)

Population Inversion
The condition in which higher or upper energy level has more population than the lower energy level is called population inversion.

Continued..
Pumping
The energy used to simulate electrons from lower energy state to higher is i.e. to achieve population inversion is called pumping.

Multiple Energy level System

Continued..

Light Amplification

Example: Ruby Laser