UNIT II

Induced and
Spontaneous Radiation
LASER
Construction &
Working
M.Sc. Physics
Dr. Sapna Singh
 • Stimulated emission is the process by
which an incoming photon of a specific
frequency can interact with an excited
atomic electron (or other excited
molecular state), causing it to drop to a
Stimulated lower energy level.
Emission • The liberated energy transfers to the
electromagnetic field, creating a new 
photon with a frequency, polarization,
and direction of travel that are all
identical to the photons of the incident
wave. 
Stimulated Emission
 • Spontaneous emission is the process in
which a quantum mechanical system (such
Spontaneous as a molecule, an atom or a subatomic
particle) transits from an excited energy
Emission state to a lower energy state (e.g., its ground
state) and emits a quantized amount of
energy in the form of a photon.
Spontaneous Emission
 • It happens when a photon of light having
energy E2 – E1 = hυ is incident on an atom in
Stimulated/ the ground state, the atom in the ground state
E1 may absorb the photon and jump to a
Induced higher energy state E2. This process is called
Absorption stimulated absorption or induced absorption.
• This is called so because the incident photon
has stimulated the atom to absorb the energy.
Induced/Stimulated Absorption
LASER
LASER:
Light
Amplification by
Stimulated
Emission of
Radiation
Solid Laser: Ruby Laser
https://physicswave.com/ruby-laser-
construction-and-working/
 3 Stage LASER

The Ruby Laser emits laser light in the red region of the
electromagnetic spectrum, having a wavelength of
approximately 694.3 nanometers (nm).
Advantage
• It has large power output.
• The pumping efficiencies can be increased by
using cylindrical Mirrors. 
• It has a narrow linewidth.
• The pulse duration of the Ruby Laser is
relatively long compared to other types of
lasers.
• Visible Wavelength – The Ruby Laser emits
laser light in the red region of the
electromagnetic spectrum, which is visible to
the human eye.
• Ruby Lasers are relatively low cost and
simple to construct, which makes them
accessible to a wider range of users.
Disadvantage
• The output laser beam is not continuous
but the light is emitted in pulses.
• The Monochromaticity may be affected by
crystalline Imperfection. Thermal distortion
and scattering.
• Frequent cooling is required as a lot of heat
energy is produced during its operation.
• A large amount of energy is required to
Trigger laser oscillations.
• Short lifetime: The lifetime of the flashlamp
in a Ruby Laser is relatively short.
Gas Laser: He-Ne Laser
https://physicswave.com/helium-neo
n-laser-construction-and-working/
He-Ne Laser
Construction
Energy Level Diagram
Advantage
• It is more directional and
monochromatic than a 
solid-state laser.
• It has high stability of frequency.
• It can operate continuously without
the need for cooling as in done in 
ruby laser.
• Low cost.
• High stability.