LASERS

Name: TAMANA
Matric Number: G1924166
Course: Semiconductor devices
 What is a Laser? How it works?

Title and
Content Latest
Types of Lasers Technologies
Layout with involving Lasers
List
Performance
Parameters of Islamization
Lasers
What is a LASER?
 The term "laser" originated as an
acronym for "light amplification by
stimulated emission of radiation".
 A laser is a device that emits a beam of
coherent light through an optical
amplification process.
 Descendant of MASER.
 Based on the phenomenon of
STIMULATED EMISSION, postulated
by Einstein in
1910’s.                                                         

https://www.ulsinc.com/
  An electron at ground level is excited by a
How does a LASER photon with appropriate energy to move into
the excited state.

work?  This process is called STIMULATED

ABSORPTION.
  The electron does not stay at the excited state for long.
 It comes back to the ground state after some Nano seconds and
Spontaneous Emission emits photonic energy.
 This is called SPONTANEOUS EMISSION.
  If we subject the excited electron to a photon
STIMULATED with required energy, it will come back to the
ground state and emit another photon with

EMISSION same energy , phase and direction.

 This is called STIMULATED EMISSION.
 SPONTANEOUS EMISSION STIMULATED EMISSION

• Light is random or less

coherent. 
• For example in an
SPONTANEOUS LED.
 VS
STIMULATED
• Light in coherent.
• For example in
a LASER.
LIGHT AMPLIFICATION
Now comes the part where we need to amplify the light produced by stimulated emission.
  We put a gain
medium in the cavity.
  It can be solid ,liquid
LIGHT or gaseous.
AMPLIFICATION  Mirrors are at the two
ends of the cavity.
OPTICAL PUMPIMG
 A light is used as an external
energy source that excites
atoms.
 This is called OPTICAL
PUMPING.
 When most of the atoms in
the cavity come to the
excited state it is called
POPULATION INVERSION.
 META STABLE STATES
 It is also an excited state but it has
energy slightly less than the excited
state.
 To increase the duration of an
electron in an excited state
META STABLE STATES are used.
 RADIATION LESS TRANSITION
After absorbing the required energy  from a photon electron goes to the excited state .
 After some time the electron
falls into the META STABLE
STATE.
 This is a RADIATION LESS
TRANSITION.
 STIMULATED  Now the electron has lost some energy  and
needs a photon with slightly lower energy to
ABSORPTION AT THE fall back to the ground state. 
 During this process another photon is emitted
META STABLE STATE of the same energy phase and direction.
ENERGY BAND
DIAGRAM
REPRESENTATIO
N
  When these pairs are created they move across the gain
medium in forward and reverse direction by reflecting from the
mirrors and they start amplifying themselves by interacting
with other atoms having electrons in excited states.
 A chain reaction is started and eventually a time comes when
MONOCHROMATIC the intensity of this beam becomes extremely high that the
LIGHT partially reflecting mirror cannot reflect it back and we get
monochromatic laser light.
 Laser light is monochromatic depending on the medium being
used.
 It can be gaseous liquid and amorphous solid or semiconductor.
 GAS LASERS: The
SOLID STATE
gain medium is
LASERS: The gain
gaseous. Eg :
medium is solid.
helium-neon
Eg : ruby lasers.
lasers.

TYPES OF
SEMICONDUCTO
R LASERS: LIQUID LASERS:
LASERS
specially designed laser medium is a
PN junction diode liquid containing
that emits light organic dye
under forward molecules. Eg :
bias. Eg : GAAS dye lasers.
lasers. 
 ELECTRIC DISCHARGE
BASED: A high voltage
OPTICAL PUMPING. E.g.: electric discharge is passed
Ruby laser. through the medium. E.g.:
He-Ne and semiconductor
lasers. BASED ON
MECHANISM
CHEMICAL LASER: They OF PUMPING
obtain energy from a
chemical reaction. E.g.
:Chemical Oxygen Iodine
Laser.
LATEST
TECHNOLOGIES
The all-silicon laser
Researchers at Fudan
University in Shanghai,
China, developed the world’s
first all-silicon laser, using
silicon nanocrystals with high
optical gain.
MONOLITHICALLY
INTEGRATED HOLMIUM
LASERS
 A team of researchers from the
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT), Harvard
University and other
institutions have demonstrated
a holmium-doped distributed
feedback laser monolithically
integrated on a
silicon photonics platform. 
PERFORMANCE
PARAMETERS
OUTPUT POWER AND
THRESHHOLD CURRENT
As we can see, the output optical power
varies as a function of the current passing
through the diode. When biased below a
threshold current Ith, the output power is
very low. But as the current increases
over the threshold Ith, the output optical
power increases significantly at a sharp
slope. Threshold currents lie typically in
the range of 25 – 250 mA and the output
powers are typically in the range of 1 – 10
mW.


BEAM DIVERGENCE
 In electromagnetics,
especially in optics,
beam divergence is an
angular measure of the
increase in beam
diameter or radius with
distance from the optical
aperture.
LASING THRESHOLD

The lasing threshold is the

lowest excitation level at
which a laser’s output is
dominated by stimulated
emission rather than
by spontaneous emission.
SLOPE EFFICIENCY
 The slope efficiency is an important
property of a laser. It is obtained by
plotting the laser output power against
the input pump power. Above the lasing
threshold, the resulting curve is usually
close to a straight line. The slope
efficiency is the slope of this line. Slope
efficiency can similarly be defined in
terms of output and input energies
instead of powers. This makes it
applicable to pulsed lasers.
ISLAMIZATION

LASERS can be used not only to diagnose but

also to treat deadly diseases like cancer. From
complex eye surgeries to mammography, to
dermatology, lasers have proved to be a
revolutionary measure. From this we can
conclude that even if ALLAH puts us in a
difficult situation, he has bestowed us with
enough capability to fight and find the
solutions. 
ISLAMIZATION
 Ruby lasers
 Tattooing is a sin, because it
involves changing the natural
creation of God, inflicting
unnecessary pain in the
process. Tattoos are classified as
dirty things, which is prohibited
from the Islam religion.
 If by any chance a muslim
brother or sister has got
himself /herself tattooed, he or
she can get it removed with the
help of a ruby laser and repent to
ALLAH and ask for forgiveness.
Any Questions?