KEPLERS LAW

KEPLERS LAWS
1. A planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit with the sun at one focus. 2. The line joining the sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times. 3. The square of the period of revolution of a planet is proportional to the cube of the length of the major axis of its orbit.

Second Law of Motion: F = ma Law of Gravitation: _ GMm _____ F= 3 r _ _____ GMm r=2 r u

 Where F= gravitational force on the planet M and m = the masses of the planet and the sun G = gravitational constant r = I r I, and u = (1/r) is the unit vector in the direction of r

 Planet moves in one plane, therefore by equating the expression for F in Newtons two law, a = - _____ r GM r3

 From the equation, notice that a is parallel to r. It follows that r x a = 0. Formula of theorem is used, ___ (r x v) = r x v + r x v d dt =vxv+rxa=0+0= 0 Therefore, r x v = h

/ h is a constant vector. (assume that = 0 that is r and v is not parallel) Vector r = r(t) is perpendicular to h for all the values of t, so the planet always lies in the plane through the origin perpendicular to h. Thus, the orbit of the planet is a plane curve.

To prove Keplers First Law

h = r x v = r x r = ru x (ru) 2 = ru x (ru + ru) = r (u x u) + rr(u x u) =2r (u x u) Then, 2 a x h = -GM u x (r u x u) = -GMu x (u x u)

r2

= -GM [(u.u)u-(u.u)u] But u.u = 2 |u| = 1 and since |u(t)| = 1 , u.u = 0,

Therefore a x h = GM u So, (v x h) = v x h = a x h = GM u Integrating both side of equation; v x h =GM u + c c is constant vector

 At this point it is convenient to choose the coordinate axes so that the standard basis vector k points in the direction of the vector h. then the planet moves in the xy-plane. Since both v x h and u are perpendicular to h, equation above shows that c lies in the xy-plane. This means that we can choose the xand y-axes so that the vector i lies in the direction of c, as shown in figure below. If is the angle between c and r, thenh) = r ) . are polar coordinates rof . (r, From equation above,+we c . . r (v X (GM u + c) = GM r u the planet. . have: = GMr u u + |r||c| cos = GMr + rc cos

h c

y v

Where c = |c|. Then r = r .(v X h) __________ GM + c cos

.(v X h) 1 ___ r_________ = GM 1 + e cos .

h =. h
2 2

Where e = c/(GM). But r (v . h) = (r X v) X h = |h| = h

Where h = |h|. So
2 h /(GM) eh /c __________ = _________ 1 + e cos 1 + e cos 2

Where h = |h|. So ed _________ r= 1 + e cos

 From the last equation, it shows that the polar equation of a conic section with the focus at the origin and eccentricity e. We know that the orbit of a planet is closed curved and so the conic must be an ellipse. This completes the derivation of Keplers First Law.

NAZIRATUL ASYIKIN MOHD SAM D20091035116