Computer Graphics VIII Comp. Sci. & Engg.

8th Semester Question Bank Unit-I

(1) Define the following terms : (i) Refresh rate (ii) Update rate (iii) Vertical and horizontal blanking interval (iv) Fluorescence

(2) Write a short note on CGA. 4 (3) Explain in detail, the Enhanced Graphics Adapter. Draw the block digram of the same. 6 (4) Explain the significance of error term in Bresenhams Line algorithm. 3 (5) What are the requirements of Interactive Computer Graphics? How are these achieved? 5 (6) Explain suitable procedure for generating thick lines. 4 (7) Write a short note on Direct View Storage Tube Display. 5 (8) Explain the concept of Calligraphic Display and Raster Refresh Display. 8 (9) A typical monitor has horizontal resolution of 360. Usable fraction of scanline is 50 Sec. Cell size is 9*12 dots. Calculate the character format. If refresh rate is 60 Hz, vertical blanking interval=1.25 ms and horizontal Blanking interval =15 Sec, Calculate the dot clock frequency. 6 (10) State and explain the essential characteristics of line drawing Algorithm. 5 (11) Explain in detail Colour Graphics Adapter. Draw the block digram of the same. 8/7 (12) Compare and contrast the Direct View Storage Tube and Calligraphic Refresh Display. 5 (13) Explain Bresenhams Line generating algorithm. Also give the significance Error Term. 9/6 (14) Write a short note on Pointing and Positioning Devices. 4/6 (15) Develop an algorithm for generating circle in first quadrant with centre As (h,k) with radius R. 8 (16) What is Interlaced Scanning? Discuss in brief. 6/3 (17) What is Video Adapter? Explain each component of a video Adapter. 7 (18) Consider a Non-Interlaced raster system with resolution of 1280 By 1024, a refresh rate of 60 Hz, a horizontal retrace time of 5 Microseconds and a vertical retrace time of 500 s. What is the fraction of the total refresh time per frame spent in horizontal retrace of the electron beam? 4 (19) Give the drawback of DDA algorithm and discuss Bresenhams Line

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Generation algorithm in detail. 10 Write an algorithm for drawing circle in third quadrant in anticlockwise Direction, using Bresenhams algorithm. And also draw the flowchart. 10 What do you understand by the term Linear Input Device? 3 Give the advantages and disadvantages of DVST display , vector refresh display and master displays. Suggest an application area for which each class of device is best suited. 7 A monitor has vertical scanning rate of 60 Hz, vertical and horizontal Blanking interval are 1.5msec and 12.5 sec respectively. Horizontal scan rate is given as 16.2 kHz. (i) Calculate how long is the frame rate and the number of scan lines. (ii) What fraction of frame time is actually usable for displaying purpose? 6 Rasterize the line from (-1,1) to (5,-8) using Bresenhams line drawing Algorithm. 7 Write a short note on VGA. 6

Unit-II
(1) A polygon is defined by following vertices : V1(4,3), V2(7,3) , V3(9,5), V4(7,7), V5(4,7) and V6(2,5) Clip a line P1(-1,2) to P2(5,9) about the polygonal window using Cyrus-Beck algorithm. 7 (2) What is Aliasing? Suggest different ways of achieving Antialising. (3) Define Scan Conversion. Explain in detail any two scanning techniques and compare them. 6 (4) Explain Cohen-Sutherland outcode algorithm for line clipping. 6 (5) A polygon window is defined by the vertices A(1,1), B(5,2), C(9,1), and (5,5). Clip a line from P1(1,2) and P2(9,4) about the given window using Cyrus Beck algorithm. 7 (6) What is aliasing? Suggest different ways of achieving antialiasing. 5 (7) Explain the concept of Interior and Exterior clipping. How will you apply Cyrus-Beck algorithm for clipping a line about a concave polygon. 8 (8) Explain with the help of suitable example, scan line seed fill algorithm. State its advantages over simple seed fill algorithm. 10 (9) Give the classification of regions. Also comment on the algorithm used to fill the respective regions. 3 (10) Explain Cyrus-Beck line clipping algorithm with suitable Example. 9 (11) Suggest a method for clipping a line about a circular window. 4/6 (12) Write a short note on Antialiasing. 3 (13) Explain the terms Spacial Coherence and Scanline Coherence State with examples the different problems encountered While filling the polygon using coherence techniques. How are These achieved? 7 (13) Explain with the help of suitable example, simple seed fill algorithm

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For 8-connected region. Also give its drawbacks. 6/7 Explain Sutherland Hdgman polygon clipping algorithm with Suitable example and flowchart. 7 A polygon is defined by the vertices P1( ), P2( ), P3( ), P4( ) P5( ). If the region is boundry defined and seed pixel at ( ), fill this Polygon using seed fill algorithm. 8 Explain the following terms: (i) Half Scan Line (ii) Local Maximum and Local Minimum (iii) Spacial Coherence (iv) Scanline Coherence 6

Unit-III
(1) What is windowing? State its utility in Graphics Packages. (2) Explain with examples how matrix representation of transformation is useful in Computer Graphics. 5 (3) Derive the transformation for transforming a co-ordinate point p(x,y) in one Cartesian system to the co-ordinate value p1((x1,y1) in another Cartesian system that is rotated by an angle anticlockwise w.r.t. the previous one. (4) Write a note on Homogeneous Co-ordinates. 3 (5) Derive the transformation matrix for rotation about an arbitrary axis In 3-D. The arbitrary axis passes through points A[2 1 1 1] and B[3 2 2 1]. 8 (6) Write short note on Viewing Transformation. 5/4 (7) Differentiate between : (i) Object model and Image model (ii) Window and viewport 6 (8) Show that rotation about origin by 270 degrees is equivalent to rotation About two axes. 4 (9) Find the normalization transformation N with rectangular window Having four conrner co-ordinates as A(2,0), B(6,4), C(4,6) and D(0,2) Viewport having equal distance of 0.25 in each direction from centre Of standerd N.D.C. screen. 7 (10) A triangle is defined by vertices P1(0,0), P2(2,0), and P3(3,2) Is enlarged twice in X-direction and thrice in Y-direction. The vertex P3 of the enlarged triangle is rotated counter-clockwise. Find the resultant points of the triangle. 6 (11) Derive the transformation matrix for rotation about an arbitrary Axis in 3-D. 7 (12) Write a short note on Three dimentional transformation. 4 (13) What do you mean by concatenation? How is it achieved? 4/3 (14) Find the reflection of a triangle defined by the vertices A(1,1), B(5,1) And C(1,5) about a line y=2x+10. 9 (15) Write a short note on Normalised Device Co-ordinates. 4/3

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State the significance of Homogeneous Co-ordinates. How Are they useful in different projection techniques? 4 Obtain the instant transformation matrix for deriving fig B from Fig A. Fig A is described by the vertices A1(2,1), A2(4,1), A3(3,2) and fig B is described by vertices B1(-4,-2), B2(-2,-2) and B3(-3,-1). 6 Correct the square defined by vertices A(0,0), B(1,0), C(1,1) and D(0,1) into parallelogram by applying appropriate transformation. 6 Derive the transformation matrix required to convert a polygon defined as P : A(1,1), B(3,1), C(3,3) and D(1,3) into another polygon defined as P : A(-3,-2), B(-2,-2), C(-2,1) and D(-3,1). 5 Find the normalization transformation of a window whose lower left Conrner at (0,0) and upper right corner is (4,3) onto normalized device screen so that aspect ratio are preserved. 4

Unit-IV (1) State and explain, basic properties of B-spline curves. 6 (2) Determine the blending functions for uniform, periodic B-spline Curve for d=5. 7 (3) What are the different techniques of curve generation? Discuss any one technique in detail. 6 (4) Explain Bazier Curve in detail. 7 (5) What is Bazier Curve? Enlist the general characteristics of Bazier curve. Given that A0(1,1), A1(2,3), A2(4,2) and A3(3,1) are the vertices of Bezier polygon , determine seven points of Bezier curve. 8 (6) Write a short note on B-Spline curve. 5/6 (7) What are the different properties associated with curves? Explain the Significance of each of them. 8 (8) Determine the blending functions for uniform, periodic B-spline Curve for d=3. 7

Unit-V (1) (2) (3) (4) Explain different types of Parallel Projections. 5 Derive the transformation matrix for Perspective projection. 8 Give various techniques of Ray tracing and explain any one in detail. 6 Illustrate various techniques of mapping 3D objects on 2D graphics screen With the help of suitable figure. Also derive the necessary transformation matrix for the same. 10 (5) Give various techniques of ray tracing. 3 (6) Explain the window tree structure of Warnocks algorithm. 5 (7) Explain Painters algorithm for Hidden Surface removal. 5

(8) Explain Z-buffer algorithm. 4 (9) Explain the process of Priority assignments in Painters algorithm. 6 (10) Write a short note on Gouraud Shading. 6 (11) Differentiate between Parallel and Perspective projection. 6 (12) Derive the transformation matrix for Parallel and Perspective projection. 8/10 (13) Write a short note on Phong Shading. 6 (14) What are the different algorithm used for removing hidden surfaces? Explain any one in detail. 7

Unit-VI (1) What is display file compiler? Clearly explain the reasons for segmenting the display file. Also explain the different organisations of a display file. 7/9 (2) Describe the structure of a segmented display file. 6 (3) Explain with examples, various segmenting functions. 7 (4) Write a short note on Display file compiler. 4 (5) Write a short note on Graphics Kernel system. 4 (6) Explain the concept of a segment and operations performed on segment. 7 (7) Write a short note on X-window system. 4 (8) What is windowing? State its utility in graphics package. 5 (9) Write an algorithm for creating a segment. What is the difference between closing And deleting a segment? 6