University of Hartford Gasdynamics Class #1 9/1/2011 Note: This class will be utilizing the Perfect Gas Model

1.3

Perfect Gas
(1)

Thermal Equation of State

Where: ( )

Caloric Equation of State

(2) (3) Where:

In this case, we will assume and are constant. If a gas obeys equations (1), (2), and (3), then it is considered to be a Perfect Gas. Equations (2) and (3) are applicable to monatomic gases until they ionize; for diatomic gases less than 600K; polyatomic gases have more restrictive temperature ranges, which are dependent on the number of atoms in the molecule.

Entropy
(4)

Specific Heats
(5) Note, this is not a state relationship.

(6) and (7)

Isentropic Process - Isentropic Gas Equations

An isentropic process is a reversible, adiabatic process ( From (4), if
P2

). , then ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Temperature

P1

[( )

( )
Entropy

( ) From Equations (1), (4) and (8): ( )

(8)

( ) ( ) ( )

(9) (10)

Values for Air

For standard diatomic air, the following values are true:

Problem
1 2

Note, remember to always use absolute temperature, K or R. If using Engineering units, Pressure must be in pounds per square foot, Known information 1. Fluid is air 2. Isentropic diffuser 3. 4. 5. Find the inlet density, outlet temperature, and outlet density. Calculations , or proper conversion factor must be used.

( )

( )

( )

( )

( ( )

[ ]

( )

Compressibility
Consider an isentropic compression of fluid elements (right). } Remember, any intensive property can be determined by two other intensive properties.

( (

) ) ( ) ( ) (1)

The isentropic bulk modulus of elasticity is defined as the following: ( ) (2) (3) ( )

Comparison of Values
Type of fluid Incompressible fluid Liquids Water Gases Perfect Gas Air Constant Large Variable ( ) Small

Elastic Force
Internal, intermolecular force, which resists compression, measured by Elastic force Fluid type Large Large Incompressible Small Small compressible .