MACE32102

To be provided by Exams Office:

Rogers and Mayhew “Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of
Fluids”: Fifth Edition – SI Units

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TWO HOURS

UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER

ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

23rd May 2016

1400-1600

ANSWER ALL 5 QUESTIONS

All questions DO NOT carry equal marks

Electronic calculators may be used, provided that they cannot store text.

Data sheets at the end of this exam paper may be used

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1. (a) A steam power plant operates on a reheated Rankine cycle, with the following
operational data:

Condenser pressure: 0.03 bar

Feed pump efficiency: 100%
Boiler pressure: 180 bar
High pressure turbine inlet temperature: 600𝑜 C
High pressure turbine efficiency: 95%
Reheater pressure: 50 bar
Low pressure turbine inlet temperature: 500𝑜 C
Low pressure turbine efficiency: 95%

(i) Draw the T – s diagram for this cycle, marking in all the necessary state points,
and given temperatures and pressures. [5 marks]

(ii) The power output of the plant is to be 5MW. Evaluate the required mass flow
rate of steam and the thermal efficiency of the cycle. [12 marks]

(b) The plant in (a) is modified by incorporating regenerative heating using an open
feedwater heater and an additional feedpump. The additional operational data are:

Bleed pressure: 20 bar

Exit conditions from feedwater heater: wet saturated.

(i) Modify the T – s diagram in (a) for this system, carefully marking the new state
points and given pressure. Indicate the path followed by the bled steam on this
diagram. [4 marks]

(ii) Discuss the methods required to evaluate the enthalpy values at the new state
points and the fraction of steam bled for this case, but do not make any
calculations. [4 marks]

2. For an ideal gas mixture, the chemical potential of a species k is given by

𝜇𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘𝑜 + 𝑅 0 𝑇ln(𝑝𝑘 )
where 𝜇𝑘𝑜 is a constant, R⁰ is the universal gas constant, T is temperature and 𝑝𝑘 is the
partial pressure of species k. Using this definition or otherwise, show that the equilibrium
constant for the reaction
1 1
𝑁𝑂 ⇔ 𝑁2 + 𝑂2
2 2
is given by
𝑛
𝐾(𝑇) = 𝑛 𝑁𝑂𝑛 ’
√ 𝑁 2 √ 𝑂2
where 𝑛𝑘 refers to the number of moles of species k. [10 marks]

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3. Methane (CH4) burns in air at an equivalence ratio of 1.1 and produces a product
temperature of 1800K. During the combustion, the only equilibrium reaction is given by
the water gas shift:
𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 ⇔ 𝐶𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑂
with an associated equilibrium constant given by
𝑛𝐻 𝑂 𝑛𝐶𝑂
𝐾(𝑇) = 2
𝑛𝐻2 𝑛𝐶𝑂2
where 𝑛𝑘 refers to the number of moles of species k.

(a) Write down the stoichiometric equation for methane in air without dissociation.
[2 marks]

(b)Write down the equation for the methane burning in air at the given equivalence ratio
and including dissociation. [4 marks]

(c) Using the given equilibrium reaction, derive a quadratic equation for the number of
moles of CO₂ (i.e. a quadratic equation for 𝑛𝐶𝑂2 ). [12 marks]

(d)Using the equation derived in part Q3(c), find the mole fractions of the product
species at the given product temperature. [7 marks]

4. An air conditioned room is maintained at a temperature of 21𝑜 C and a relative humidity

of 55% when the barometric pressure is 101325N/m².

(a) Calculate the absolute humidity of the air-water vapour mixture. [6 marks]

(b) Calculate also the temperature of the inside of the windows in the room if moisture
is just beginning to form on them. [6 marks]

(c) What mass of water vapour per kg of dry air in the room must be removed from the
mixture in order to prevent condensation on the windows when their temperature
drops to 4𝑜 C. [6 marks]

(d) Calculate the initial relative humidity to satisfy the condition of part (c) of this
question if the temperature in the room remains at 21𝑜 C, and the barometric
pressure remains constant. [7 marks]

5. An industrial refrigerator uses ammonia as a working fluid. At the inlet to the

compressor, the temperature is 0𝑜 C with a dryness fraction of 0.98. At the outlet of the
compressor, the pressure is 11bar. The compressor has an isentropic efficiency of 93%.
Calculate
(a) The actual work taken by the compressor. [8 marks]

(b) The minimum amount of work that the compressor could possibly take. [3 marks]

(c) The rational efficiency. [2 marks]

(d) The lost work. [2 marks]

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END OF PAPER

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DATA SHEETS FOR ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

1 Work
1.1 Displacement work 𝛿𝑊 = 𝑝𝑑𝑉 and, for a process in which the pressure varies with
volume 𝑊 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉
1.2 Constant pressure (isobaric) process 𝑝𝑉 0 = 𝐶
2
𝑊1−2 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = 𝑝(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
1
1.3 Constant volume (isochoric) process 𝑝𝑉 ∞ = 𝐶
2
𝑊1−3 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = 0 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑉 = 0
1
1.4 Process defined by 𝑝𝑉 = 𝐶
𝑉4 𝑝1
𝑊1−4 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 ln ( ) = 𝑝1 𝑉1 ln ( ) = 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
𝑉1 𝑝4
𝑛
1.5 Process defined by 𝑝𝑉 = 𝐶
𝑝1 𝑉1 − 𝑝5 𝑉5
𝑊1−5 =
𝑛−1

2 First law of thermodynamics – closed systems

2.1 Differential form in the absence of kinetic and potential energy
𝛿𝑄 − 𝛿𝑊 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑉𝑑𝑉 + 𝑔𝑑𝑍
2.2 Integrated form
𝑉22 𝑉12
𝑄 − 𝑊𝑠 = 𝑚 (𝑢2 + + 𝑔𝑧2 ) − 𝑚 (𝑢1 + + 𝑔𝑧1 )
2 2
2.3 Specific heat at constant volume
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞
𝑐𝑣 = ( ) = ( )
𝜕𝑇 𝑣 𝜕𝑇 𝑣
2.4 Enthalpy ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑝𝑣
2.5 Specific heat at constant pressure
𝜕ℎ 𝜕𝑞
𝑐𝑝 = ( ) = ( )
𝜕𝑇 𝑝 𝜕𝑇 𝑝

3 Steady flow energy equation

𝑉𝑒2 − 𝑉𝑖2
𝑄̇ − 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ (ℎ𝑒 − ℎ𝑖 + + 𝑔(𝑍𝑒 − 𝑍𝑖 ) )
2
3.1 Stagnation enthalpy
𝑉2
ℎ0 = ℎ +
2
3.2 Velocity at exit to a nozzle
𝑉12
𝑉2 = √2 ((ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) + )
2
3.3 Work from an adiabatic machine
− 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇(ℎ𝑒 − ℎ𝑖 ) = 𝑚̇(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )

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4 Second law of thermodynamics

4.1 Thermal efficiency
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊 𝑄1 − 𝑄2 𝑄2
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = =1−
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑄1 𝑄1 𝑄1
4.2 Coefficient of performance of a refrigerator
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑄2 𝑄2
𝛽= = =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑠 𝑄1 − 𝑄2
4.3 Coefficient of performance of a heat pump
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑄1 𝑄1
𝛽′ = = =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑠 𝑄1 − 𝑄2
4.4 Relationship between  and ’
𝑄2
𝛽 =1+ =1+𝛽
𝑊𝑠
4.5 Entropy: change of entropy between two states
2
𝛿𝑞𝑅
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = ∫
1 𝑇
4.6 Change of entropy in terms of differentials of other properties
𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑝𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑ℎ − 𝑣𝑑𝑝

5 Properties of pure substances

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝑥=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝑣 = 𝑥𝑣𝑔 + (1 − 𝑥)𝑣𝑓
𝑢 = 𝑥𝑢𝑔 + (1 − 𝑥)𝑢𝑓
ℎ = 𝑥ℎ𝑔 + (1 − 𝑥)ℎ𝑓
𝑠 = 𝑥𝑠𝑔 + (1 − 𝑥)𝑠𝑓

6 Perfect gases and mixtures of perfect gases

6.1 Ideal gas equation of state
𝑝𝑣
=𝑅
𝑇
6.2 Universal gas constant
𝑅 0 = 𝑀𝑤 𝑅
6.3 Mixture averaged molecular weight
−1
Yα
𝑀 = ∑ 𝑥𝛼 𝑀𝛼 = (∑ )
Mα
𝛼 α
6.4 Mixture averaged specific heats
(𝑐𝑣 )𝑚𝑖𝑥 = ∑(𝑐𝑣 )𝑎 𝑌𝛼 (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)
𝛼
(𝑐𝑝 )𝑚𝑖𝑥 = ∑(𝑐𝑝 )𝑎 𝑌𝛼 (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)
𝛼
(𝑐̅𝑣 )𝑚𝑖𝑥 = ∑(𝑐̅𝑣 )𝑎 𝑥𝛼 (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)
𝛼
(𝑐̅𝑝 )𝑚𝑖𝑥 = ∑(𝑐̅𝑝 )𝑎 𝑥𝛼 (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑)
𝛼
6.5 Relationship between specific heats 𝑅 = 𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑣

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6.6 Relationship between mole and mass fraction

𝑀𝛼 𝑥𝛼
𝑌𝛼 =
𝑀
6.7 Internal energy
𝑇
𝑢 = ∫ 𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑢0 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢0 = 𝑢(𝑇0 )
𝑇0
6.8 Enthalpy ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑅𝑇
𝑇
ℎ = ∫ 𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇 + ℎ0 . 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ0 = ℎ(𝑇0 )
𝑇0
6.9 Entropy change
𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑝𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑇 𝑃
𝑑𝑠 = = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑑𝑣
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝑇2
𝑐𝑣 𝑣2
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑅𝑙𝑛
𝑇1 𝑇 𝑣1
𝑇2 𝑐
𝑝 𝑝2
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛
𝑇1 𝑇 𝑝1

7 Availability
7.1 Non flow availability, for specified dead state p0, T0
𝑎 = 𝑢 + 𝑝0 𝑣 − 𝑇0 𝑠
7.2 Steady flow availability, for specified dead state p0, T0
𝑏 = ℎ − 𝑇0 𝑠
7.3 Non flow exergy
𝜉𝑁 = 𝑎 − 𝑎0
7.4 Steady flow exergy
𝜉𝐹 = 𝑏 − 𝑏0
7.5 Lost work with reference to dead state T0
𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑇0 Δ𝑖 𝑠
where is is the irreversibility.
7.6 Rational efficiency
𝑊
𝜂𝑡ℎ =
𝑊max

8 Free energies
8.1 Helmholtz function
𝐹 = 𝑈 − 𝑇𝑆
8.2 Gibbs function
𝐺 = 𝐻 − 𝑇𝑆
8.3 Chemical potential
𝜕𝐹
𝜇𝛼 = ( )
𝜕𝑚𝛼 𝑇,𝑉,𝑚
𝛽
𝜕𝐺
𝜇𝛼 = ( )
𝜕𝑚𝛼 𝑇,𝑃,𝑚
𝛽

End of data sheets

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