Respiration &respiratory system

Lung ventilation: The flow of air in and out of the alveoli is called ventilation and has two stages: inspiration (or inhalation) and expiration (or exhalation )

Expiration (Exhaling) with resistance: The abdominal muscles contract, pushing the diaphragm upwards The internal intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribs downward This gives a larger and faster expiration More CO2 is expulsed

Inspiration (Inhaling) with resistance: The diaphragm contracts and flattens downwards The external intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribs up and out The volume of the thorax increases More air is delivered deeper into the lungs The lung and alveoli volume increases More oxygen is absorbed

Lung volumes The lung can be divided into four different compartments which are illustrated below . These are: ( )1Total lung capacity (TLC) which is the amount of air in the lungs after a deep breath in. ( )2The residual volume (RV), which is the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration (a deep breath out). ()3The vital capacity (VC) which is the amount of gas expired when going from total lung capacity to residual volume. ( )4The functional residual capacity (FRC) which is the amount of gas within the lungs at end expiration .

Boher effect

Inspired oxygen 160 mmHg Alveolar oxygen ~ 120 mmHg Oxygen in the blood~ 100 mmHg Oxygen at tissue level~ 4-20 mmHg

CO2 + H2O <> H2CO3 H2CO3 <> H+ + HCO3

Hb4(O2)4 + CO2 + H+ = Hb4CO2(H+) + 4O2

Respiration in fish

Respiration in birds