The Theory and Computations of ANOVA: The Mean Squares

Recall that the calculation of the sample variance involves the division of the sum of squared deviations from the sample mean by the number of degrees of freedom. This principle is applied as well to find the mean squared deviations within the analysis of variance. Mean square treatment (MSTR):

SSTR MSTR (r 1)

Mean square error (MSE):

MSE

SSE (n r )

Mean square total (MST):

SST MST (n 1)

(Note that the additive properties of sums of squares do not extend to the mean squares. MST MSTR + MSE.

9-4 The ANOVA Table and Examples

Treatment (i)
Triangle Triangle Triangle Triangle Square Square Square Square Circle Circle Circle

i
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3

j
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3

Value (x
4 5 7 8 10 11 12 13 1 2 3

ij

(x ij -x i ) (x ij -x i )2
-2 -1 1 2 -1.5 -0.5 0.5 1.5 -1 0 1 4 1 1 4 2.25 0.25 0.25 2.25 1 0 1

76

0
3.305124

17

Treatment
Triangle Square Circle

(x i -x)
-0.909 4.591 -4.909

(x i -x) 2
0.826281 21.077281 124.098281

ni (x i -x) 2
84.309124 72.294843 159.909091

n j r ( x x ) 2 17 SSE i i 1 j 1 ij r 2 SSTR n ( x x ) 159.9 i 1 i i SSTR 159.9 79.95 MSTR 1 1) r (3 SSTR 17 2 .125 MSE r n 8 MSTR 79 .95 37.62. F MSE 2 .125 ( 2 ,8 ) Critical p oint ( a = 0.01): 8.65
H may be rejected at t 0.01 level he 0 of signifi cance.

Using the Grand Mean: Table 9-1

Treatment (j) Sample point(j) Value(x ij )
4 5 7 8 6 10 11 12 13 11.5 1 2 3 2 6.909
I=1 Triangle 1 Triangle 2 Triangle 3 Triangle 4 Mean of Triangles I=2 Square 1 Square 2 Square 3 Square 4 Mean of Squares I=3 Circle 1 Circle 2 Circle 3 Mean of Circ les Grand mean of all data points

x1=6 x2=11.5 x3=2

0 5

x=6.909
10

Distance from data point to its sample mean Distance from sample mean to grand mean If the r population means are different (that is, at least two of the population means are not equal), then it is likely that the variation of the data points about their respective sample means (within sample variation) will be small relative to the variation of the r sample means about the grand mean (between sample variation).