Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2008-2009 X-GULLIE
CITES PAGE
SOME OF THE CITES FROM THE CONGRESSIONAL COMITTEES WHERE TO LONG TO PUT ON
EVERY PAGE THEY WERE NEEDED—SO I PUT THEM HERE
Bingaman et al—2007 (JEFF BINGAMAN, New Mexico, Chairman, DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii PETE V.
DOMENICI, New Mexico, BYRON L. DORGAN, North Dakota, LARRY E. CRAIG, Idaho, RON WYDEN, Oregon
LISA MURKOWSKI, Alaska, TIM JOHNSON, South Dakota RICHARD BURR, North Carolina, MARY L. LANDRIEU,
Louisiana JIM DeMINT, South Carolina, MARIA CANTWELL, Washington BOB CORKER, Tennessee, KEN
SALAZAR, Colorado JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming, ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey JEFF SESSIONS, Alabama,
BLANCHE L. LINCOLN, Arkansas GORDON H. SMITH, Oregon, BERNARD SANDERS, Vermont JIM BUNNING,
Kentucky, JON TESTER, Montana MEL MARTINEZ, Florida, Robert M. Simon, Staff Director, Sam E. Fowler,
Chief Counsel, Frank Macchiarola, Republican Staff Director, and Judith K. Pensabene, Republican Chief
Counsel Comprise the COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES in a Hearing before the
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources for the 110th Congress, United States Senate, in the First
Session, “CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY”, 8/1/07, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE)
Byrd and Dorgan et al—2007 (ROBERT C. BYRD, West Virginia, Chairman, DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii,
PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont, TOM HARKIN, Iowa, BARBARA A. MIKULSKI, Maryland, HERB KOHL, Wisconsin,
PATTY MURRAY, Washington, BYRON L. DORGAN, North Dakota, DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California, RICHARD J.
DURBIN, Illinois, TIM JOHNSON, South Dakota, MARY L. LANDRIEU, Louisiana, JACK REED, Rhode Island,
FRANK R. LAUTENBERG, New Jersey, BEN NELSON, Nebraska, THAD COCHRAN, Mississippi, TED STEVENS,
Alaska, ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania, PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico, CHRISTOPHER S. BOND, Missouri,
MITCH MCCONNELL, Kentucky, RICHARD C. SHELBY, Alabama, JUDD GREGG, New Hampshire, ROBERT F.
BENNETT, Utah, LARRY CRAIG, Idaho, KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas, SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas, WAYNE
ALLARD, Colorado, LEMAR ALEXANDER, Tennessee, CHARLES KIEFFER, Staff Director, BRUCE EVANS,
Minority Staff Directo comprise the COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS, and BYRON L. DORGAN, North
Dakota, Chairman, ROBERT C. BYRD, West Virginia, PATTY MURRAY, Washington, DIANNE FEINSTEIN,
California, TIM JOHNSON, South Dakota, MARY L. LANDRIEU, Louisiana, DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii, JACK
REED, Rhode Island, FRANK R. LAUTENBERG, New Jersey, PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico, THAD COCHRAN,
Mississippi, MITCH MCCONNELL, Kentucky, ROBERT F. BENNETT, Utah, LARRY CRAIG, Idaho, CHRISTOPHER
S. BOND, Missouri, KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas, WAYNE ALLARD, Colorado, Professional Staff, DOUG
CLAPP, ROGER COCKRELL, FRANZ WUERFMANNSDOBLER, SCOTT O’MALIA (Minority), BRAD FULLER
(Minority), ROBERT RICH, Administrative Support, comprise the SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND WATER
DEVELOPMENT, in a HEARING BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS, for the
110th Congress, United States Senate, in the First Session, “CLEAN COAL, OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT,
NEW ENERGY OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE”, 8/13/07, U.S. GOVERNMENT
PRINTING OFFICE, http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-
bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110%5Fsenate%5Fhearings&docid=f:38423.pdf)
Katzer et al—2007 (DR. JAMES KATZER is the Executive Director, PROFESSOR STEPHEN ANSOLABEHERE,
Department of Political Science, MIT, PROFESSOR JANOS BEER, Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT,
PROFESSOR JOHN DEUTCH – CO-CHAIR, Institute Professor. Department of Chemistry, MIT, DR. A. DENNY
ELLERMAN, Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, MIT, DR. S. JULIO FRIEDMANN, Visiting Scientist,
Laboratory for Energy and the Environment, MIT, Carbon Management Program, Energy & Environment
Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, HOWARD HERZOG, Laboratory for Energy and the
Environment, MIT, PROFESSOR HENRY D. JACOBY, Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, MIT, PROFESSOR
PAUL L. JOSKOW, Elizabeth and James Killian Professor of Economics and Management, Department of
Economics and Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, MIT, Director, Center for Energy and Environmental
Policy Research, PROFESSOR GREGORY MCRAE, Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, PROFESSOR
RICHARD LESTER, Director, Industrial Performance Center, Department of Nuclear Engineering, MIT,
PROFESSOR ERNEST J. MONIZ – CO-CHAIR, Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physics and Engineering
Systems, Department of Physics, MIT, Director, Laboratory for Energy and the Environment, PROFESSOR
EDWARD STEINFELD, Department of Political Science, MIT, “The Future of Coal: An Interdisciplinary MIT
Study”, 07)
utilities are testing technology to make one of America's most abundant fuel
But, as CBS News correspondent Wyatt Andrews reports,
The cleanest coal plant in North America is operated by Tampa Electric, in the middle of rural Florida. They call it clean
because they don't burn coal exactly - they mix it with water and oxygen and convert it into a gas.
According to company president John Ramil, gasifying coal allows the company to remove pollutants like sulphur, nitrogen and
But if carbon dioxide pollution is the problem with clean coal, many scientists believe there is a solution.
They believe it's possible to recover most of the carbon dioxide and store it underground.
The idea is called "capture and sequester," and a global race is on to learn how it should be done. One Norwegian firm is storing tons of carbon dioxide in rock caves
beneath the North Sea. America's efforts to sequester carbon have stalled. The Department of Energy planned to fund
a plant, but pulled all funding when the price grew too high.
"They took seven years just to decide where they were going to make a pilot plant - and then they decided to cancel it," says Hansen.
And now, the failure to solve the carbon dioxide problem is a threat to coal itself. In the last five years, at
least 63 coal-fired power plants have been scrapped or defeated by public opposition.
Florida Governor Charlie Crist helped pull the plug on the two clean coal plants because he says without a carbon
PRODUCING CLEAN COAL IS KEY TO EFFECTIVE PR AND GROWTH OF THE COAL INDUSTRY
WHICH IS KEY TO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
National Coal Council—1993 (2/93,” THE ROLE OF U.S. COAL IN ENERGY, ECONOMY
AND THE ENVIRONMENT – SPECIAL REPORT”, http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:uu96-
hfv3JAJ:nationalcoalcouncil.org/Documents/THE%2520ROLE%2520OF%2520U.S.%2520COAL%2520IN%252
0ENERGY,%2520ECONOMY.PDF)
The future of the U.S. coal industry is inextricably bound to public policies concerning energy, the economy
and the environment. The purpose of this paper is to:
• Discuss the status of the U.S. coal industry; and
• Review the implications of coal’s role in U.S. energy, economic, and environmental policies.
The potential of clean coal technology provides an enormous future opportunity for the United States.
Energy efficiency can be improved and the environment protected while coal use expands to generate
electricity, promote growth, and improve the nation’s balance of payments. Coal, the nation’s largest
source of domestic energy, contributes both directly and indirectly to the U.S. economy.
Direct Economic Contribution. The $21 billion in current value of annual coal production yields an impact of $81 billion on
the economy. While many U.S. industries have declined over the past two decades, the U.S. coal industry has increased its export position. The abundant coal resources
of the U.S. provide opportunities to improve the nation’s balance of trade in the 1990s, strengthen basic
infrastructure, and employ advanced technologies in the U.S. and overseas.
The U.S. economy and the standard of living it supports depend on coal, primarily in the
Indirect Economic Contribution.
form of electricity. Electric power is the largest and fastest growing end-use sector in energy. Coal is the
principal fuel used to generate electricity. Availability of low-cost coal has enhanced the electrification of
the U.S. economy.
FINDINGS
The economic well-being of the United States depends substantially on coal, primarily in the form of electricity. Coal has
been the nation’s largest domestic source of energy for nearly a decade. Electric power, the largest and fastest
growing end-use sector in energy, is the primary market for coal. Accounting for 56% of total generation, low-cost coal contributed to the
electrification of the economy over the past twenty years. If coal had not been available to meet the growth in electric demand, consumers would have incurred over $190 billion in additional fuel costs since 1971.
Coal contributes over $80 billion annually to the economy and stimulates over one million jobs. Coal also
contributes to the economy in terms of tax revenue, exports, and infrastructure and technology
development. Further development of coal production, combustion, and emissions technologies can ensure
that coal continues to contribute to energy security, economic growth, and environmental protection.
As a direct result of this US economic collapse, Europe’s economy will shortly thereafter follow suit
the Federal Reserve.
– with a resultant global aftermath that will cause the whole world to enter into an extended period of
severe deflation and depression – a new global dark age is now appearing on the event horizon. The indicators are now that these necessary “dire and drastic corrective
steps” will not be initiated; some ineffective measures will indubitably be introduced but merely to appease popular sentiment; but too late and with little corrective effect. Mr. Ben
Benanke of the Federal Reserve is outweighed by his legacy of the impending Greenspan spawned economic meltdown by a most obvious lack of expertise,
lack of experience, lack of nerve (courage) and by policy directions emanating from his ideological oriented
political superiors in the White House, IMF, World Bank and elsewhere. There can now be no doubt at all, that those
institutions responsible for the stewardship of the world’s economy are not dictating nor controlling US and
global economic events and the darkness of this new age will depend on what is done now, prior to this
pending event.
EXTINCTION
Bearden—2000 (Lieutenant Corporal T.E. Bearden is the Director at the Association of Distinguished
American Scientists, a Fellow Emeritus at the Alpha Foundation’s Institute for Advanced Study, the Director
of the Association of Distinguished Scientists, and was a Lieutenant Corporal in the US Army, “The
Unnecessary Energy Crisis”, 6/24/00,
http://www.cheniere.org/techpapers/Unnecessary%20Energy%20Crisis.doc)
History bears out that desperate nations take desperate actions. Prior to the final economic collapse, the stress on
nations will have increased the intensity and number of their conflicts, to the point where the arsenals of
weapons of mass destruction (WMD) now possessed by some 25 nations, are almost certain to be released. As an example, suppose a starving North
Korea launches nuclear weapons upon Japan and South Korea, including U.S. forces there, in a spasmodic suicidal response. Or suppose a
desperate China — whose long range nuclear missiles can reach the United States — attacks Taiwan. In addition to immediate responses, the mutual treaties
involved in such scenarios will quickly draw other nations into the conflict, escalating it significantly. Strategic
nuclear studies have shown for decades that, under such extreme stress conditions, once a few nukes are launched, adversaries and potential
adversaries are then compelled to launch on perception of preparations by one's adversary. The real legacy of the MAD
concept is this side of the MAD coin that is almost never discussed. Without effective defense, the only chance a nation has to survive at all,
is to launch immediate full-bore pre-emptive strikes and try to take out its perceived foes as rapidly and
massively as possible. As the studies showed, rapid escalation to full WMD exchange occurs, with a great percent of the WMD arsenals being unleashed . The resulting great
Armageddon will destroy civilization as we know it, and perhaps most of the biosphere, at least for many
decades.
OVERVIEW (NORMAL)
CLEAN COAL IS ON THE BRINK NOW—ONLY CONTINUED FOCUS CAN ENSURE A TRANSITION—
THIS IS KEY TO THE PROTECTION OF THE U.S. COAL INDUSTRY AND INDEPENDENTLY THE PLAN
UNDERCUTS THE PROFITS OF THE COAL INDUSTRY BY DECREASING DEPENDENCE THIS
COLLAPSES THE US ECONOMY, THIS KILLS THE GLOBAL ECONOMY—THAT’S CBS ‘8, NATIONAL
COAL COUNCIL ’93, BOLTON ‘06
THIS O/W AND TURNS THE CASE—OUR BEARDEN EVIDENCE MAKES SEVERAL CLAIMS
A. MAGNITUDE
1. HORIZONTAL ESCALATION—MUTUAL TREATIES WOULD BE DESTROYED BY THE
PRE-EMPTIVE NATURE OF THE CONFLICTS, THIS DRAWS IN GLOBAL POWERS,
2. VERTICAL ESCALATION— DESPERATE NATIONS TAKE DESPERATE ACTIONS
ENSURING NUCLEAR ESCALATION ENSUREING COLLAPSE OF THE BIOSPHERE AND
EXTINCTION
B. TIMEFRAME—IMPACTS OCCUR AS SOON AS SOLVENCY DOES DUE TO THE ZERO SUM
NATURE OF PROFITABILITY
C. PROBABILITY—PERCEPTION AND HAIRTRIGGER NATURE OF OUR IMPACT MAKES
NATIONS ENGAGE THE WAR EVEN BEFORE THE ECONOMY COLLAPSES SO THEY CAN
PROTSECT THEIRSELVES
D. TURNS CASE—<INSERT HERE>
E. SOLVES CASE--<INSERT HERE>
enemies. The reason is simple: When the mass destruction weapons are unleashed at all, the only chance a nation has to survive is to
desperately try to destroy its perceived enemies before they destroy it. So there will erupt a spasmodic
unleashing of the long range missiles, nuclear arsenals, and biological warfare arsenals of the nations as
they feel the economic collapse, poverty, death, misery, etc. a bit earlier. The ensuing holocaust is certain
to immediately draw in the major nations also, and literally a hell on earth will result. In short, we will get the great
Armageddon we have been fearing since the advent of the nuclear genie. Right now, my personal estimate is that we have
about a 99% chance of that scenario or some modified version of it, resulting.
The economic prosperity of the United States over the past century has been built upon an abundance of
fossil fuels in North America. The United States’ fossil fuel resources represent a tremendous national
asset. Making full use of this domestic asset in a responsible manner enables the country to fulfill its
energy requirements, minimize detrimental environmental impacts, and positively contribute to national
security.
Given current technologies, coal prices, and rates of consumption, the United States has approximately a
250-year supply of coal available. Coal-fired power plants supply about half of our electricity and are expected to continue to do so through mid-century. Because
electricity production increases at a rate of about 2 percent per year, the rate of coal use will increase
proportionally. However, the continued use of this secure domestic resource will be dependent on the
development of cost-effective technology options to meet both economic and environmental goals,
including the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
production, it is sufficient to last more than 200 years (Boyle et al., 2003: 167). Trainer (2006a) used a high estimate of the world's potentially recoverable coal,
at two trillion tonnes of coal equivalent. At the current rate of production, this would be sufficient to last more than 600 years.
[FIGURE 3 OMITTED]
However, with economic growth, coal could be depleted much faster. If coal consumption grows at 2% a
year, then the world's total recoverable coal would be completely depleted before the end of this century
(based on the lower estimate) or by the mid-twenty-second century (based on the higher estimate).
WE CONTROL THE DIRECTION OF UNIQUENESS—THE DOE HAS BEEN PURSUITING CLEAN COAL
SINCE THE 80’S—THEY HAVE BEEN EMPIRICALLY SUCESSFUL
Bauer—2007 (CARL O. BAUER, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL ENERGY,TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT
OF ENERGY in a Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources for the 110th Congress,
United States Senate, in the First Session, “CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY”, 8/1/07, U.S. GOVERNMENT
PRINTING OFFICE, http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-
bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_senate_hearings&docid=f:38602.wais)
In 1985, the Congress authorized DOE to initiate the clean coal technology demonstration program to provide
additional impetus to move technologies from the laboratories to the marketplace. This program evolved into the power plant improvement initiative
and then to the clean coal power initiative at present. The purpose of this cost-shared program was to
develop and demonstrate at commercial scale, innovative technologies that would help industry to meet
the strict environmental requirements, and yet not impinge on the economy of the United States.
More than 20 technologies from the program have achieved commercial success in technologies that are
related to low-NOX burners, selective catalytic reduction, flue gas desulphurization, fluid-bed combustion,
and now mercury. The National Research Council estimated that these technologies have yielded sales totaling more than $27 billion.
that can trace their roots back to the clean coal technology program.
For example, the current generation of low-NO burners alone, is a major clean coal story. Nearly $1.5 billion of these burners have
X
been sold and installed. Selective catalytic reduction now costs half what it did in the 1980's and systems are on order or under construction for 30 percent of the coal-fired power plants. Flue gas
scrubbers are a third of their cost compared to the 1970's and are more reliable, less costly, and more efficient. Fluidized- bed technology development in the core
coal R&D program was first demonstrated in that program and has recorded global sales of over $10
billion. In Tampa, Florida and West Terra Haute, Indiana, the first pioneering full-size coal gasification power
plants, IGCCs, have opened a new pathway for the next generation of clean fuel flexible power plants.
More recently within the coal R&D program, the carbon sequestration regional partnerships have brought
an enormous amount of capability and experience together to work on the challenge of both infrastructure
development and storing huge volumes of CO2 underground permanently. Together with DOE, the partnerships secure the active
participation of more than 500 entities representing more than 350 industrial companies, engineering firms, State agencies, non-governmental organizations, and other supporting organizations.
The partnerships are conducting field tests to validate the efficacy of carbon capture and storage
technologies and a variety of geologic and terrestrial storage sites throughout the United States and Canada. Extensive data information gathered during
the initial stages of the project, of the seven partnerships, identified the most promising opportunities for carbon
sequestration in their regions and are performing 25 geologic field sites and 11 terrestrial field tests.
In conclusion, DOEs clean coal R&D program has a successful track record and a promising future that will
basic raw material to produce hydrogen, high-value chemicals, and liquid transportation fuels. DOE is
developing advanced gasification technologies to meet the most stringent environmental regulations in
any State and facilitate the efficient capture of CO2 for subsequent sequestration—a pathway to ‘‘near-
zero atmospheric emissions’’ coal-based energy. Gasification plants are complex systems that rely on a
large number of interconnected processes and technologies. Advances in the current state-of-the-art, as
well as development of novel approaches, could help reveal the technical pathways enabling gasification
to meet the demands of future markets while contributing to energy security.
"clean coal" but to accelerate its development, aiming to get CCS demonstration projects going more
quickly in more places simultaneously. Like the mythical Hydra, a giant many-headed serpent with poisonous breath, Futuregen and its progeny will be hard to kill.
storage will not be easily derailed. Both political parties enthusiastically endorse the coal industry's "clean
coal" campaign. In his 2008 State of the Union address Jan. 28, President Bush said, "Let us fund new technologies that can generate
coal power while capturing carbon emissions." And, as noted above, both Senator Barack Obama and Senator Hillary
Clinton support carbon capture and storage.
So Futuregen may be dead, but carbon capture and storage is anything but.
the need to tackle rising CO2 emissions to address climate change means
costs have fallen and performance has improved. More recently,
that clean coal technologies now extend to include those for CO2 capture and storage (CCS).
I'm in a little trouble of being sure about wind, biomass as renewable. Pennsylvania includes waste coal as
a renewable resource so there is a certain amount of the politically correct resource, but coal with carbon
capture and sequestration, which effectively removes 90 percent of emissions. Nuclear power, which has
no emissions, are almost never included as part of the Renewable Portfolio Standard.
So it is a little hard to see what the policy problem is that the Renewable Portfolio Standard is trying to address other than creating a market for people who produce wind, solar, and a couple of other kinds of
The difficulty is that, when that Renewable Portfolio Standard is binding and forces, for example, a lot of wind
energy.
in the market and there is also an emission cap, the Renewable Portfolio Standard drives out in our
modeling coal with carbon capture and sequestration. So something that costs 50 percent more is forced into the market and replaces what would otherwise
have been chosen under the motivation of the emission cap, which is a much cheaper way of getting to exactly the same result for greenhouse gas emissions. And I would be more broad about it; I would say, “We
have sulfur regulations, we have mercury regulations, we have NOx regulations.” And all of those set up the incentive to choose the cost minimizing fuel and the RPS as kind of looking for a problem to solve, but
forcing a particular way of meeting all of our environmental aspirations.
THE PLAN WOULD EXCLUDE CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES WHICH DISINCENTIVISES THEIR USE
AND DEVELOPMENT
Josten—2007 (Brus Josten is the Executive Vice President for the Chamber of Commerce of the United
States of America in a Letter to Rep. John Dingell and Rick Boucher, 6/15/07
http://energycommerce.house.gov/Climate_Change/RSP%20feedback/US%20Chamber%2006%2015%2007
.pdf)
One of the major drawbacks to current and RPS bills that have circulated through Congress is the definition of what energy
sources are “renewable.” Clean, safe, and reliable energy sources such as hydropower, nuclear power, and
clean coal technology have typically been excluded from this definition. As a result, the RPS accomplishes
precisely what energy legislation should not do: it picks winners and losers. Should Congress choose to bind all states to a baseline
renewable portfolio standard—which, again, the Chamber does not consider necessary—then it must strive to be as inclusive as possible. If the true policy goal of an RPS is to
encourage energy production, there is no legitimate reason why certain clean, safe energy producers are
left standing at the door while others benefit.
that can trace their roots back to the Clean Coal Technology Program. Approaches demonstrated through
the program include coal processing to produce clean fuels, combustion modification to control emissions,
post-combustion cleanup of flue gas, and repowering with advanced power generation systems. These
efforts helped accelerate production of cost-effective compliance options to address environmental issues
associated with coal use. Relative to carbon capture and storage, DOE is making significant progress in
developing the technologies and infrastructure needed for deployment of these technologies in a future
carbon-constrained world. Evidence of this progress includes:
—The Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada, developed by NETL, the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (Partnerships), and the National Carbon Sequestration Database and
Geographical Information System, contains information on stationary sources for CO2 emissions, geologic formations with sequestration potential, and terrestrial ecosystems with potential for enhanced carbon
uptake, all referenced to their geographic location to enable matching sources and sequestration sites.
—Carbon dioxide capture technology is being developed for solvent, sorbent, membrane, and oxy-
combustion systems that, if successfully developed, would be capable of capturing greater than 90 percent
of the flue gas carbon dioxide at a significant cost reduction when compared to state-of-the-art, amine-
based capture systems. Research and systems analysis have identified potential cost reductions of 30–45
percent for the capture of CO2. In addition, ionic liquid membranes and absorbents are being developed for capture of CO2 from power plants. Ionic liquid membranes have been
developed at NETL for pre-combustion applications that surpass polymers in terms of CO2 selectivity and permeability at elevated temperatures.
—Field projects have demonstrated the ability to ‘‘map’’ CO2 injected into an underground formation at a much higher resolution than previously anticipated and confirmed the ability of perfluorocarbon tracers to
track CO2 movement through a reservoir.
—The Carbon Sequestration Regional Partnerships have brought an enormous amount of capability and experience together to work on the challenge of infrastructure development. Together with DOE, the
Partnerships secured the active participation of more than 500 individuals representing more than 350 industrial companies, engineering firms, state agencies, non-governmental organizations, and other supporting
organizations.
—The Partnerships are conducting field tests to validate the efficacy of carbon capture and storage technologies in a variety of geologic storage sites throughout the United States and Canada. Using the extensive
data and information gathered during the initial stages of the project, the 7 Partnerships identified the most promising opportunities for carbon sequestration in their Regions and are performing 25 geologic field
tests.
Developing the technologies needed to support a widespread expansion of CO2– EOR could substantially
increase existing U.S. reserves and production. The DOE efforts listed above are providing the elements needed to enable this expansion by advancing capture
technologies to ensure a reliable low-cost supply of CO2 and improved EOR technologies to optimize for carbon sequestration co-benefits.
fuels in this country. Technology must, however, be developed to use this resource much more wisely and
efficiently, including addressing how to capture carbon dioxide. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 was a step in the right direction by providing tax
incentives, loan guarantees and other programs to encourage the commercial development of the next generation of clean coal technologies.
minerals in the coal and then regenerating the chemicals again for re-use. This avoids the expense of using fresh chemicals each time, as
well as the need to dispose of them, which can have an environmental impact. By removing unwanted minerals before the coal enters the power plant the new process helps protect the turbines from corrosive
particles.
The aim is to cut unwanted minerals in coal from around 10% to below 0.05%, making the coal 'ultra
clean'. Removing these minerals before using the coal to generate power prevents the formation of harmful particles during electricity production. To do this, the team is using specific chemicals to react with
the minerals to form soluble products which can be separated from the coal by filtration. This process is known as 'leaching'. Hydrofluoric acid is the main chemical being tested. The chemicals not only dissolve the
minerals but are also easy to regenerate from the reaction products, so they are constantly recycled. It is this aspect that has largely been overlooked in past research, but is virtually essential if chemical coal-
cleaning is to be environmentally and commercially viable.
see if coal-cleaning was viable," she says. "The conclusion was that it was too expensive. With the environment
high on the global agenda and coal certain to remain a key energy source for decades, it makes sense to
see if the perception is still justified today."
If it proves technically viable and economically competitive, the new process could help ensure that world
coal reserves are harnessed with less impact on climate change.
Background information
The new process could also help ensure commercial take-up of high-efficiency "combined cycle" power technologies, which have potential to deliver significant carbon dioxide reductions. A combined cycle uses both
gas and steam turbines to produce electricity, with the waste heat from the gas turbines used to heat the steam turbines. By increasing generating efficiency, this reduces both the amount of fuel required and the
emissions produced per unit of electricity generated.
In combined cycles where coal is gasified ('coal gasification'), mineral matter in mined coal gives rise to corrosive particles in the gas, causing severe damage to the turbine that generates electricity. There are two
ways of protecting the turbine -- removing the particles from the gas before it reaches the turbine, or removing unwanted minerals before the coal enters the power plant. The new process focuses on the second
option.
Coal gasification involves the use of steam to turn coal into the gases carbon monoxide and hydrogen. These are then combusted in a gas turbine, offering efficiency gains that reduce the amount of carbon dioxide
produced by 30-50%, compared with conventional coal combustion.
The University of Nottingham research project "Development of a Process for Production of Ultra-Clean Coal" began in June 2005 and will run until October 2007. It is receiving EPSRC funding of just over £126,000.
This is one of many initiatives worldwide looking into ways of using coal to generate electricity more cleanly.
Coal currently meets one-third of the UK's electricity needs and will play a key role in meeting growing global energy demand in the decades ahead. Identifying and deploying effective ways of harnessing it at
acceptable environmental and economic cost is an urgent priority for the global energy industry.
There are two ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from power plants -- (i) increase the thermal efficiency of the power generation process and so produce fewer carbon dioxide emissions per unit of electricity
generated, and (ii) capture the carbon dioxide for long-term storage in secure geological structures. Both are necessary for fighting climate change.
At present, natural gas is the preferred fossil fuel for UK electricity generation as it gives a high thermal efficiency on combustion. However, gas resources are becoming scarcer than coal, so efforts are now focusing
on increasing the thermal efficiency of coal-fired power stations to match the thermal efficiency of natural gas-fired power stations.
Carbon dioxide has been identified as the main gas contributing to climate change. Climate change is now
accepted as a fact by an overwhelming majority of the global scientific community.
Potential uses for ultra-clean coal, apart from power generation, include production of heavy fuel oil,
graphite and carbon fibres. Dr Steel's research has further benefits. As the chemicals are being regenerated, valuable
additional products are made, e.g. pure silica -- a raw material used in the manufacture of a huge range of products such as silicon chips and solar cells. The ultra-clean
coal itself also has non-fuel uses. As a raw material for manufacturing high purity carbon-based products,
e.g. electrodes for the aluminium industry, it could act as a substitute for oil.
This includes, in the regulated market, the ability to recover cost in the rate-base, the technical and financial risks
associated with the deployment of new coal technologies are key factors in determining whether they will
achieve success in the marketplace, and are often difficult to overcome for new technologies seeking to make entry.
The potential return on this investment is enormous. EPRI’s ‘‘Electricity Technology in a Carbon-Constrained Future’’ study suggests that it is
technically feasible to reduce U.S. electric sector CO2 emissions over the next 25 years while meeting the
increased demand for electricity. The study showed that the largest single contributor to emissions
reduction would come from the integration of CCS technologies to advanced coal-based power plants
coming on-line after 2020. Economic analyses of scenarios to achieve the study’s emission reduction goals
show that a 2030 U.S. energy mix including advanced coal technologies with integrated CCS results in
electricity at half the cost of a 2030 energy mix without advanced coal with CCS.
In the case with advanced coal with CCS, the U.S. economy is $1 trillion per year larger than in the case
without advanced coal and CCS, with a much stronger manufacturing sector. A previous EPRI economic study based on financial market
‘‘options’’ principles found a similarly large benefit to U.S. consumers of having coal’s price-stabilizing influence on the electricity system.
Since commercialization of clean coal technology requires advances in R&D as well as technology
advances.
demonstration, other conversion/combustion technologies should not be ruled out today and deserve R&D
support at the process development unit (PDU) scale.
Advanced clean coal technology will be an important part of our future energy portfolio as we transition to
a sustainable energy future with zero emissions.
Managing greenhouse-gas emissions is now the biggest challenge for coal.
The National Energy Technology Laboratory, or NETL, has estimated that using currently available technologies to capture and store 90 percent of the carbon dioxide (CO{-2}) produced by pulverized-coal-fired
power systems would raise the cost of electricity by over 80 percent. For integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems, the cost of electricity would increase by about 35 percent.
Capturing and storing CO{-2} reduces the efficiency of pulverized-coal systems by 30 percent and IGCC
systems by 20 percent.
This results in increased needs for coal and for water, a particularly important issue in arid regions.
Clearly, energy technologies that are capable of economically and efficiently capturing and permanently
storing CO{-2} are needed.
coal-fired power plant. Solar power costs range from 3 to 35 times those for coal-fired power. If solar power
is used on a large scale, then given the intermittency and variability problems, storage would be necessary
to deliver a reasonably reliable electricity output. Taking into account storage, the cost of solar power is
likely to range from 6 to 35 times that of coal-fired power. (8)
sources such as solar power but they are very minor contributors and will remain so for reasons that are beyond the scope of this
paper. In short, the only major energy sources for the next few decades will be oil, natural gas, and coal.
DEMAND FOR COAL IS INCREASING, CONTINUED R&D FOR CLEAN COAL IS CRITICAL FOR
DEVELOPMENT—THIS IS KEY TO SUPPLY CLEAN SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TO MATCH THE GROWING
DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY
CARE—2006 (Coalition for Affordable and Reliable Energy, “Cleaner Enviornment; Clean Coal Technology
(CTT)”, 06, http://www.careenergy.com/cleaner_environment/clean-coal-technology.asp)
Clean Coal Technologies—the products of research and development conducted over the past 20 years—
have resulted in more than 20 new, lower-cost, more efficient and environmentally compatible
technologies for electric utilities, steel mills, cement plants and other industries.
Source: U.S. DOE, Office of Fossil Energy
Clean coal technologies helped make it possible for U.S. utilities to meet more stringent Clean Air Act
requirements while continuing to utilize America’s most plentiful domestic energy resource—coal.
The original Clean Coal Technology Program, which began in 1986, focused on commercializing processes that helped
reduce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions and demonstrating more efficient and environmentally
friendly alternatives to traditional pulverized coal boilers.
New programs in clean coal technology—such as the Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI)—are essential for building on the
progress of the original Clean Coal Technology Program, finding solutions for reducing trace emissions of
mercury; reducing or eliminating carbon dioxide emissions; and increasing fuel efficiencies. Over the longer term, research
in clean coal technology will be directed toward developing coal-based hydrogen fuels. If coupled with sequestration, this will allow greater use of coal with zero emissions. The U.S. Department of Energy has
announced a Presidential initiative to build "FutureGen," a $1 billion project that will lead to the world's first emission-free plant to produce electricity and hydrogen from coal while capturing greenhouse gases.
Coal will remain the largest single source of electricity—accounting for 51 percent of power generation in
2025. Clean coal technologies will help meet these needs, plus continue the decline in SO2 and NOx
emissions already underway.
Source: Table 8, Annual Energy Outlook 2003
The recently announced FutureGen project takes clean coal technology even further. FutureGen, a plant to
produce hydrogen from coal and sequester emissions, will be the world’s first zero emission coal-fired
plant.
energy cooperation has become one of the important contents in bilateral relations between US and
Today,
China.
large and equally important Asia Pacific. Yet this regional stability might be negatively affected for a long time if Washington and Beijing fail to bounce back from this fiasco
and assiduously work to improve their strategic relations. In the meantime, the issue of immediate concern for the USA is nuclear non-
proliferation. Immediate work has to be done by both sides to minimize damages on this issue. The PRC,
armed with the knowledge of America's premier nuclear programs, is likely to be a much more sought after sources for nuclear proliferation
than it has ever been in the past by those countries keenly interested in enhancing the sophistication of
their extant nuclear programs and by those who have not yet developed indigenous nuclear knowhow but
desire to purchase it. China, along with Russia, has an established record proliferating nuclear technology. This reality is not
likely to change in the foreseeable future, much to the continued consternation of now-nuclear India. The increased nuclear sophistication on the troubled
subcontinent carries with it the risk of a potential nuclear holocaust. The Kashmir issue still remains unresolved and very explosive given the
continued intransigence of both India and Pakistan to amicably resolve it.
FutureGen will initiate operations in 2012 and will be the first plant in
the environmentally cleanest fossil fuel fired power plant in the world.
the world to produce both electricity and commercial-grade hydrogen from coal, simultaneously. Virtually
every aspect of the 275 megawatt prototype plant will be based on cutting-edge technology. Once
completed, the technology will be used by member countries to reduce emissions around the globe.
Energy security and environmental protection are shared priorities for both the United States and China.
This creates demand and incentives for the rapid development and deployment of clean and efficient
energy technology. At the second meeting of the Strategic Economic Dialogue, both countries agreed to:
* Coal-Mine Methane (CMM) Capture: Over the next five years, the United States and China will develop up to 15
CHINA WILL CONTINUE TO USE COAL—BUT WANTS TO PRODUCE CLEAN COAL—THIS IS KEY TO
THE CHINESE ECONOMY AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Matthews—2007 (Stuart Matthews is a Staff Writer for the Arabian Business, “The burning issue of clean
coal” 8/5/07, http://www.arabianbusiness.com/energy/energy/497329-the-burning-issue-of-clean-coal)
China is still looking to coal to provide for its energy needs, but it's trying to find a cleaner way of using the
resource.
The establishment of the Clean Energy Commercialisation Centre (CECC) is a start. It will be a joint project between BP and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), although
at this stage it is little more than a recently-signed memorandum of understanding (MoU).
As coal accounts for more than 70% of China's total energy consumption, cleaner use of it is considered
critical for the sustainable development of the Chinese economy. The stated aim of the CECC is ‘to
accelerate the development in China of clean coal conversion technologies'.
How? Well, according to a BP statement, commercialising some key technologies and trying them out in large-scale
demonstration projects is the way forward. Coal will be used as the feedstock in these projects, which are
looking to produce fuel, chemicals and power.
The CECC will also serve a co-ordination role, combining research and development from CAS institutes and other organisations, from both China and elsewhere. The final target is the
creation of commercially viable ideas that can add to China's clean energy development and energy
security. As a major consumer of Middle East oil, anything that has an impact on the country's energy demand could have an impact elsewhere too, a point not lost on BP.
"Given the increasingly important role China plays in the global economy, China's choice and efforts in
promoting new and cleaner energy applications will have a profound impact on both the future of the
Chinese economy and the global energy market," said Iain Conn, BP managing director and chief executive, Refining and Marketing.
economy (against all predictions) suddenly collapses. That would knock Asia into chaos. A massive flood of refugees would
head for Indonesia and other places with poor border controls, which don’t’ want them and cant handle them; some in Japan might lick
their lips at the prospect of of World War II revisited and look to annex a slice of China. That would send
Singapore and Malaysia- once occupied by Japan- into nervous breakdowns. Meanwhile, India might make a grab for Tibet,
and Pakistan for Kashmir. Then you can say hello to World War III, Asia style. That’s why wise policy encourages
Chinese stability, security and economic growth – the very direction the White House now seems to prefer.
CHINA IS INCREASING ITS COAL CONSUMPTION—ITS NOT A QUESTION OF IF, BUT A QUESTION
OF HOW—AMERICAN PRODUCTION IS KEY TO REDUCE CHINESE POLLUTION—THEY CAN’T
AFFORD IT THEIR SELVES
Roberts—2004 (Paul Roberts is a Contributor to Harper's Magazine, “The End of Oil: on the Edge of a
Perilous New World”, 04, pg. 147-148)
Instead, China will solve its looming energy security problems in the worst way possible; through coal. China is, in fact, well on its
way towards becoming the world’s largest coal economy. According to one forecast, to meet its demand for electricity, China must build as many as sixty
400-megawatt electric power plants every year for the next decade, and most of them will burn coal. Despite an apparent decline in coal use during the 1990s (which Western analysts optimistically attributed to
improved energy efficiency and a shift toward gas), Chinese coal consumption is again rising—by nearly 9 percent in 2002. All told, the demand 11
for coal in China, and in neighboring India, which is on a similar coal track, will account for more than two-
thirds of the growth in the world demand for coal. By 2050, more than a third of the energy consumed by
China and its neighbors will come from coal. “The real question isn’t whether china is going to use its coal,”
warns Reid Detchon, a former energy official in the first Bush administration, “but whether China will use its coal cleanly.”
At this point, the answer seems to be no. China is so poor that it simply cannot afford the kind of cutting-edge IGCC
technology needed for a “clean-coal” energy economy. Instead, Beijing is relying largely on the same
obsolete coal-fired technology that plagues the West. Indeed, many of China’s existing coal-fired power plants are so ancient they lack emissions-controlled
technology and waste most of the energy they generate. The result is a power sector that is horribly polluting and so inefficient that, to
meet the nation’s rising energy demand, it has been forced to to build new plants faster than if it used a
more efficient power technology, like gas—thus committing China to burn even more coal and emit even
more pollutants.
The consequences aren’t encouraging. China is already the leading emitter of sulfur dioxide, the
component in coal smoke that causes acid rain, which is ravaging China’s cities and nearly 40 percent of its forests and farmlands. Whereas many Western coal-fired
power plants must install sulfur-“scrubbing” technology, most new coal-fired power plants in China do not—not because the Chinese like acid rain any more than Americans or Europeans do, but because scrubbers
add 30 percent to the cost of a new power plant—the difference between building four new power plants and building only three. In electricity-starved China, where blackouts are still common in most cities, the
if China can’t afford sulfur scrubbers, it is almost impossible to imagine how or why, Beijing
choice isn’t hard.12 And
United States. Given China’s current energy trends, it should occupy first place before the end of the decade.
Between now and 2030, China’s CO2 emissions will increase as much as those of the entire rest of the
industrialized world.13 What is truly alarming here is that, despite all the new growth in power usage and in construction of power plants, China’s per capita consumption of electricity is still less
than a tenth of the average for industrialized countries.14 What this suggests is not only that China still suffers from chronic energy poverty but that, once China starts to lift itself out of that poverty and approach a
Western level of energy use, its energy needs will exceed the capacity of any global system that currently exists.
the merit of greater energy autonomy, given China’s very extensive coal resources. It would also mean
less Chinese pressure on world oil and gas markets. But the impact on the environment would be
substantially greater, both locally and internationally. In the worst case, the heavy environmental toll inflicted by
today’s vast coal mining, shipping, and burning operations, already by far the world’s largest, would grow
much worse as China’s use of coal doubled or even tripled over the next 25 years. More optimistically, China would
become the world’s largest market for advanced clean coal technologies, including gasification and liquefaction, and eventually also including
carbon dioxide capture and storage. But these technologies will add considerably to the cost of coal use, and, in the case of carbon capture and
sequestration, are unlikely to be deployable on a large scale for decades.
economy. Based on the National Mining Association statistics, the average number of miners working daily in this country is
approximately 123,000. The Utah Geological Survey estimates that coal industry in Utah employed approximately 2,000
people in 2006. Employment totals could increase by another 200 to 300 people in 2007 and 2008 as demand for higher production
continues and proposed coal operations commence production. Revenues from coal produced in Utah increased substantially in recent years, reaching an estimated $474.9 million in 2005, 23.0% higher than in
2004. Increases in production and prices are expected in 2006, pushing the estimated revenue up an additional 26.2% to $599.5 million, the highest amount ever recorded in nominal dollars.
While coal supplies are abundant and production cost low, many still view coal as an unwelcome guest.
The major disadvantages of coal come from the adverse environmental impacts that accompany the
mining, transportation and combustion of coal. Coal faces significant environmental challenges in mining,
air pollution, and emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). Indeed, coal-fired plants contribute almost one-third of all the carbon
emissions the United States generates – roughly as much produced by every car and truck on the road. Clearly, no future effort against global
climate change will succeed without reducing coal-related emissions. However, reducing these emissions could
significantly impact the competitiveness of existing and new coal-fired plants, significantly increasing energy costs.
passes that actually puts a serious price on CO2, coal's reign as a "cheap" energy source is officially over.
After many years in the shadows, coal has recently come back into fashion owing to three
energy supplies in the EU.
advantages over oil and gas: lower prices per energy unit, different geopolitical distribution of reserves
and a higher reserves-to-production ratio. The advances in novel and more environmentally friendly
technologies for coal utilisation — Clean Coal Technologies — have further increased the interest in coal.
The full implementation of Clean Coal Technologies will represent a new era in coal use that might
strengthen its market position, especially if coal remains cheaper than oil and gas. Nevertheless, such a scenario raises three important questions that are sometimes overlooked:
1. If Clean Coal Technologies achieve large-scale penetration, will the required coal supply be secured in the long term?
2. If the coal supply is secured, where will it come from?
3. What will the corresponding trends be in coal costs and prices?
coal company about coal's public image problem. Gillette is in the center of the Powder River Basin, the epicenter of the coal boom in America, where 60 foot seams
of coal lay just below the surface.
This vice president, who did not want his name to appear in print, was deeply concerned about coal's future and expressed
frustration with environmental attacks on coal, suggesting that it was all a problem of perception: "People
don't like coal because it's black," he told me.
"If it were white, all our problems would be solved."
Whenever one of those slick ads for "clean coal" pops up on CNN, I think about that conversation in
Gillette. The $35 million "clean coal" campaign, spearheaded by a coal industry front group called American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity (formerly known as
Americans for Balanced Energy Choices), is nothing less than a nationwide effort to paint coal white.
And to the coal industry's credit, they're doing a pretty good job. "Clean coal" is touted by Republicans and
Democrats alike as the solution to America's energy troubles.
The logic is simple: America has lots of coal. We are a technologically advanced society. Ergo, we can clean
up coal. What's the problem?
Well, here's one: "clean coal" is not an actual invention, a physical thing – it is an advertising slogan. Like "fat-free donuts" or "interest-free loans," "clean coal" is a phrase that embodies the Bush-era faith that there
is an easy answer for every hard question in America today. We can have a war in Iraq without sacrifice. We can borrow more than we can afford without worrying about how we'll pay it back. We can end our
dependency on oil by powering our SUVs with ethanol made from corn. And we can keep the lights on without superheating the climate through the magic of "clean coal."
if
Here's another: mining and burning coal remains one of the most destructive things human beings do on this earth. It destroys mountains, poisons water, pollutes the air, and warms the atmosphere. True,
you look at it strictly from the point of view smog-producing chemicals like sulfur dioxide, new coal plants
are cleaner than the old coal burners of yore. But going from four bottles of whiskey a week down to three does not make you clean and sober.
Of course, the "clean coal" campaign is not about reality – it's about perception. It's an exercise in re-branding.
Madison Ave. did it for Harley Davidson motorcycles and Converse shoes. Why not Old King Coal?
It's not a difficult trick – just whip out some slick ads with upbeat music and lots of cool 21st century
technology like fighter jets and computers. Run the ads long enough, and people will believe.
But the real goal of the campaign is not simply to re-brand coal as a clean and modern fuel – it's to
convince energy-illiterate TV viewers that the American way of life depends on coal. The ads remind us
(accurately) that half the electricity in America comes from coal, then shows images of little girls getting tucked into bed at night or Little Leaguers playing ball
under the lights.
The subtext is not simply that, without the electricity from coal, the lights will go out and your family will
be plunged into darkness. It's that, without coal, civilization as we know it will come to an end. As one utility industry
executive asked me while I was reporting Big Coal, "Have you ever been in a blackout? Do you remember how scary it was?"
From the coal industry's point of view, this is a brilliant way to frame the argument. If the choice is, coal or
chaos, they win. This framing also disarms environmental arguments – yes, it's too bad that mountaintop removal mining has destroyed or
polluted 1200 miles of streams in Appalachia and that the Environmental Protection Agency projects a loss of more than 1.4 millionacres – an area the size of Delaware – by the end of the decade.
if it's a choice between losing flattening West Virginia and keeping our lights on, good-bye West
But hey,
Virginia!
A SUCCESSFUL CLEAN COAL CAMPAIGN IS KEY FOR FURTHER AND LONG TERM SUCCESS OF THE
COAL INDUSTRY
Goodell—2008 (Jeff Goodell is the Author of Big Coal: The Dirty Secret Behind America's Energy Future,
“How Clean Coal Cooks Your Brain”, 6/16/08, http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/008131.html)
In the end, the "clean coal" campaign is about using the tools of the 21st century to keep us locked in the
19th century. Like other greenwashing campaigns, it's about using the iconography of sexy technology and
down-home Americana to maintain the status quo.
These campaigns always pretend to offer inspiration about we can do in America if we set our minds and
hearts to it, but in fact the real message is what we can't do: we can't power America without coal, we
can't keep our lights on without destroying Appalachia, and most important of all, we can't pass
meaningful carbon legislation without wrecking the American economy.
This is why the false promise of "clean coal" is dangerous.
The goal is not to solve our problems, but to perpetuate our addiction. In one ad, the narrator even adopts
the feel-good language of substance abuse and recovery: cleaning up coal is a "big challenge," he
explains," but we've made a commitment – a commitment to clean."
After decades of stoking the engines of denial and obfuscation on global warming, it's nice that Big Coal
wants to be a good citizen. But just because your pusher decides to shower and shave, don't delude
yourself into thinking that he cares about your welfare.
His real goal is to keep you hooked.
technology, for example, would dramatically change the significance of the Asian economy powered by coal.
American companies can bring down the costs of IGCC and carbon capture technology sufficiently, China
and India might find themselves able to burn their coal without dooming the climate to catastrophic
warming.
In fact, many experts believe that the United States should not wait until the Chinese and Indians can afford clean-coal technology but should offer the technology as soon as it becomes available and should even
subsidize the purchase, simply to avoid the catastrophe of an Asian energy economy based on dirty coal. Such energy Charity would not be cheap, by one estimate, subsidies of that kind could run the United States
China
at least ten billion dollars for the first hundred plants - a cost that conservative policymakers would oppose. But advocates of such clean-technology exports counter with three points. First, because
and India have little choice but to burn coal, if the United States hopes to avoid climate change it has little
choice but to help the Chinese and Indians adopt clean-coal technology. As one climate expert put it: "America is going to
pay for climate, one way or another. It can either pay now to try to mitigate some of the effects, or it can
pay later, when droughts and floods start to decimate the developing world."
Second, advocates say that the United States could attach strings to technology, making the offer contingent, for example, on a promise from Beijing to stop undercutting U.S. currency or dumping products on the
China and India will not only be the only market for U.S. built clean-coal technology: many
U.S. market. Third,
experts believe that the technology once costs have been driven down, could give rise to a lucrative American export
business - and reverse a depressing trend in which the United States lost the lead in wind technology to
the Danes and in solar technology to Japanese. "We have to start looking at this less as a climate policy
than as an economic stimulus for the U.S. industrial sector," argues Detchon. "We should be approaching this at
scale, not as one-off R&D projects, but in a way that will make these units competitive overseas, where the
bulk of the growth is. This is going to be a growth market, and the United States needs to build up a real
manufacturing strength."
recognize the change and adapt its institutions, its relative position will necessarily worsen. To remain the
preponderant world power, U.S. economic strength must be enhanced by further improvements in productivity, thus increasing real per
capita income; by strengthening education and training; and by generating and using superior science and technology. In the long run the economic future of
the United States will also be affected by two other factors. One is the imbalance between government revenues and government expenditure. As a society the United States has to decide what part of the GNP it
wishes the government to control and adjust expenditures and taxation accordingly. The second, which is even more important to U.S. economic wall-being over the long run, may be the overall rate of investment.
Although their government cannot endow Americans with a Japanese-style propensity to save, it can use tax policy to raise the savings rate.
rival or a return to multipolarity for the indefinite future. On balance, this is the best long-term guiding principle and vision. Such a vision is desirable not as an end in itself, but because a world in
which the United States exercises leadership would have tremendous advantages. First, the global
environment would be more open and more receptive to American values -- democracy, free markets, and the rule of law.
Second, such a world would have a better chance of dealing cooperatively with the world's major problems,
such as nuclear proliferation, threats of regional hegemony by renegade states, and low-level conflicts. Finally,
U.S. leadership would help preclude the rise of another hostile global rival, enabling the United States and
the world to avoid another global cold or hot war and all the attendant dangers, including a global nuclear
exchange. U.S. leadership would therefore be more conducive to global stability than a bipolar or a multipolar balance of power system.
existing clean coal technology (CCT) to a growing worldwide market. U.S. exports of CCT to Australia, Brazil, China, India, Mexico, New
Zealand, South Africa, South Korea, and the European Union (EU) 25 could amount to US $36 billion between 1
pollutants that harm human health, cause acid rain and smog, and adversely affect agriculture, forests, water resources, and buildings. Implementing the policies would
significantly reduce energy-related emissions as summarized in Table ES.2. Sulfur oxide emissions would decrease the most by half in 2010 and
by nearly 75 percent in 2020. The other pollutants are reduced between 7 and 16 % by 2010, and between 17 and 29 percent by 2020, relative to Base case levels in those years.
The complete Climate Protection package including measures to reduce energy-related, land- related, and non-carbon greenhouse gas emissions, as well as modest
purchases of allowances provides a net economic benefit to the US. It also positively affects public health, by reducing emissions of the key
air quality-reducing pollutants, including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulates,
and volatile organic compounds. By dramatically reducing energy consumption, the Climate Protection strategy reduces our dependence on insecure energy supplies, while
enhancing the standing of the US as a supplier of innovative and environmentally superior technologies and practices. Table ES.2: Impact of policies on air pollutant emissions 1900 2010 2010 2020 2020 Base Case
Climate Protection Base Case Climate Protection
air pollution is probably causing about 100,000 deaths per year in the United States.11 These deaths are
principally from heart and lung disease. In addition it is estimated that air pollution causes about 1,000
cancer deaths per year.6
The estimate of 100,000 deaths per year means that 1 American out of 30 dies as a result of air pollution.
Most environmental agents that get abundant media attention and public concern, such as Alar in apples, pesticides that have been banned, PCBs, and formaldehyde, give those exposed less than one chance in
100,000 of dying from their effects. We see that air pollution, which gives 1 chance in 30, is thousands of times more harmful.
low cost base-load power, the best choice was coal. Both North Dakota and Wyoming have ample supplies of coal and we
have considerable knowledge of building and operating coal-based generation plants. We have built gas generation for peaking
purposes and will build more. However, we do not believe it is prudent to build base-load gas generation and expose our
membership to significant fluctuations in natural gas prices. To provide base-load power, Basin Electric is developing two coal-based facilities, one is the
Dry Fork Station in Wyoming and the other will be located either in North Dakota or South Dakota.
Coal provides 50 percent of the electricity generated in the United States. It is our most abundant
domestic resource and will continue to play an important role in meeting our Nation’s energy needs.
However, new technology must be developed to use this resource more wisely and efficiently, including
addressing how to capture the CO2 emissions. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 was a step in the right direction in providing tax incentives, loan guarantees, and other
programs to encourage the commercial development of the next generation of clean coal technology.
Breakthroughs in scientific research and new technological developments are the basis for past and future
advances in clean coal, and cooperative international efforts such as this Conference will speed our
progress and spread the benefits of our work.
DEMAND FOR COAL IS INCREASING, CONTINUED R&D FOR CLEAN COAL IS CRITICAL FOR
DEVELOPMENT—THIS IS KEY TO SUPPLY CLEAN SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, AND THE DEVELOPMENT
OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS
CARE—2006 (Coalition for Affordable and Reliable Energy, “Cleaner Enviornment; Clean Coal Technology
(CTT)”, 06, http://www.careenergy.com/cleaner_environment/clean-coal-technology.asp)
Clean Coal Technologies—the products of research and development conducted over the past 20 years—
have resulted in more than 20 new, lower-cost, more efficient and environmentally compatible
technologies for electric utilities, steel mills, cement plants and other industries.
Source: U.S. DOE, Office of Fossil Energy
Clean coal technologies helped make it possible for U.S. utilities to meet more stringent Clean Air Act
requirements while continuing to utilize America’s most plentiful domestic energy resource—coal.
The original Clean Coal Technology Program, which began in 1986, focused on commercializing processes that helped
reduce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions and demonstrating more efficient and environmentally
friendly alternatives to traditional pulverized coal boilers.
New programs in clean coal technology—such as the Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI)—are essential for building on the
progress of the original Clean Coal Technology Program, finding solutions for reducing trace emissions of
mercury; reducing or eliminating carbon dioxide emissions; and increasing fuel efficiencies. Over the
longer term, research in clean coal technology will be directed toward developing coal-based hydrogen
fuels. If coupled with sequestration, this will allow greater use of coal with zero emissions. The U.S.
Department of Energy has announced a Presidential initiative to build "FutureGen," a $1 billion project that will lead to
the world's first emission-free plant to produce electricity and hydrogen from coal while capturing
greenhouse gases.
Clean Coal Technology is Important, Now and in the Future
Electricity demand will increase 53.4 percent over the next 25 years. Meeting this rising growth rate will
require the construction of the equivalent of more than 1,200 new power plants of 300 megawatts each—the equivalent of about 65
plants each year.
Coal will remain the largest single source of electricity—accounting for 51 percent of power generation in
2025. Clean coal technologies will help meet these needs, plus continue the decline in SO2 and NOx
emissions already underway.
Source: Table 8, Annual Energy Outlook 2003
The recently announced FutureGen project takes clean coal technology even further. FutureGen, a plant to
produce hydrogen from coal and sequester emissions, will be the world’s first zero emission coal-fired
plant.
companies will get in on the ground floor of clean coal technology in order to be best positioned for the
hydrogen economy of the future," says Peter R. Savage, CEO of The Thinking Companies, an energy think tank. "We applaud the Bush
Administration's launch of the FutureGen project. The companies who will profit from a coal-based
hydrogen economy are those who are willing to invest in today's and tomorrow's clean coal technologies,"
notes Savage, the co-author of "Back To Coal: Why Utilities Must Reconsider This Cheap, Plentiful Fuel."
"Back to Coal" is a highly readable, comprehensive report that tells you in detail:
--How coal combustion has progressed, detailing many new efficiency improvements
--Why coal gasification is now a realistic contender for electricity generation
--What's emerging in the way of efficient clean-up techniques to solve SOx, NOx and mercury problems
--How gasification-based IGCCs will help utilities be the founders of a hydrogen economy, if they choose
--How we've made progress in CO2 sequestration
--How coal will beat the path to energy independence, long before renewables can hope to contribute
"Clean coal technology can provide energy that doesn't pollute, uses cheap, domestically available fuel,
and supports the US workforce," says co-author Shirley Strzelecki Savage. "You can't outsource energy production," she notes, "so
why would you want to import a fuel source like LNG? It doesn't make sense."
toward demonstrating innovative technologies to help meet the Clear Sky Initiative, the Global Climate
Change Initiative, Future- Gen, and the Hydrogen Initiative. FutureGen is intended to demonstrate the first
commercial- scale, near-zero-emissions, integrated sequestration and hydrogen production power plant. The
Advanced Research program is designed to develop the underlying basic science and innovative technologies to support the demonstration programs.
winter, the plant's coal supply dwindled as low as 150,000 tons, less than a week's supply, prompting Basin Electric to consider curtailing power
production.
'It's not increased generations causing the stockpile to go down,' Basin Electric spokesman Robb said. 'It's lack of coal deliveries.'
Other power companies are having similar supply problems. Entergy Arkansas said its coal shipments declined up to 20 percent last year , forcing it to reduce
operations at two power plants in Arkansas and to buy power on the open market. Wisconsin utilities incurred nearly $50 million in extra costs last year because of interruptions in coal shipments.
Entergy Arkansas has sued Union Pacific Railroad, claiming the railroad schemed to hold back deliveries of Wyoming coal in an effort to make more money. UP denied the claim, saying it actually turned down new
contracts to ship coal in order to catch up with delayed shipments to existing customers.
Power generating companies are not expecting any improvement this year. David Wilks, president of energy supply for the Minneapolis-based Xcel Energy, testified before a Senate committee last month that
power companies may be forced to buy up to $2 billion worth of natural gas to make up for a coal shortfall.
oil results in an energy loss of 40% (thus, one tonne of coal may be converted into just under three barrels of oil). Assuming a plant life of 20 years, then the total
production cost of converting coal into oil is about $38 a barrel. Given the current world oil prices, this is
not particularly expensive.
However, coal is the dirtiest of fossil fuels. If coal is mined and used on a massive scale to replace oil and natural gas, the
emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollution would get out of control. The world would be on the
path towards environmental catastrophe.
Pollution problems may be somewhat alleviated if so-called "clean coal" and carbon sequestration technologies
are used to remove some of the pollution elements when coal is being processed. However, these technologies involve higher capital
costs and reduce overall energy efficiency. They would not help to address the emissions generated by transportation vehicles, industrial and agricultural equipment (unattached to large-scale facilities) and
residential homes (Boyle et al., 2003: 48, 577-83; The Economist, 2-8 December 2006 (Technology Quarterly Section): 30-2).
With an aggressive RD&D program on efficiency improvement, new ultra-supercritical (USC PC) plants could
reduce CO2 emissions per MWh by up to 25 percent relative to the existing fleet average. Significant
efficiency gains are also possible for IGCC plants by employing advanced gas turbines and through more
energy-efficient oxygen plants and synthesis (fuel) gas cleanup technologies.
COAL IS DISASTROUS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT—CLEAN COAL DOESN’T EXIST NOW BUT
EFFECTIVE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAN COAL WOULD SOLVE
Burke—2004 (Dr. Frank Burke is the Vice President of the Research and Development Consol Energy Inc.,
Speaking on behalf of the National Mining Association to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
in the United States Senate, “Sustainable Low Emission Electricity Generation”, 4/27/07,
http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:s9HW7uGJx9AJ:www.nma.org/pdf/cong_test/burke_042704.pd)
The Need for Clean Coal Technologies
One of the principal reasons for developing new coal-fired generating technologies is to ensure that
electricity generation from coal does not compromise environmental quality. Because of its chemical composition, coal poses
more environmental concerns than other fossil fuels. On average, coal contains more sulfur and nitrogen, and more mineral
matter, than oil or natural gas. Fortunately, the means are available to control the emission of these substances into
the environment to levels that meet current regulatory limits with the wide range of technologies already
deployed on many coal-fired power stations. These include particulate collection devices, such as electrostatic precipitators and fabric filters that control emissions of coal
ash, flue gas desulfurization scrubbers of various designs that control emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and a variety of methods and devices for reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Many of
these were developed under the DOE-industry partnerships of the Clean Coal Program. There are no
technologies in widespread commercial use today to control emissions of mercury or carbon dioxide from coal-fired power plants, but as I will discuss, these
are the subjects of active research programs.
be called "zero emissions" - in reality, extremely low emissions of the conventional coal pollutants, and as low-as-engineered carbon dioxide emissions.
This has come about as a result of the realisation that efficiency improvements, together with the use of
natural gas and renewables such as wind will not provide the deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions necessary to
meet future national targets.
The US DOE sees "zero emissions" coal technology as a core element of its future energy supply in a
carbon-constrained world. It had an ambitious program to develop and demonstrate the technology and
have commercial designs for plants with an electricity cost of only 10% greater than conventional coal
plants available by 2012, but with the cancellation of FutureGen this is in doubt.
It can be easily seen that natural gas, petroleum, and coal make up the vast majority of
civilization from 1920 to 2002.
American energy demand and that as petroleum and gas consumption have risen or fallen, coal has done
the inverse. This is because coal is the only real alternative for gas and oil. Some might argue that there could be other sources of energy
and they would be right but we are simply not ready for them.
be a problem because in the U.S. we have hundreds of years of reserves remaining. Years of reserves remaining is easy enough to
calculate: one only need determine how many tons of coal remain in the ground (available from the EIA) and divide by the production for that year. If we look at the year 2000, we can see that we have 255 years of
coal remaining. However, if we look at other years, we see something strange: there were 300 years of coal reserves in 1988, 1000 years reserves in 1904, and 10,000 years reserves in 1868! As each year goes by,
we use our coal more quickly and we see that the standard formulation of 'years remaining' is nearly meaningless.
indicates that U.S. coal production in 2005 increased 1.9% to 1133.3 million short tons. This is the second straight year
of increased production after significant declines from 2001-2003. This trend is expected to continue. The EIA predicts that U.S.
coal production will continue to increase by an average of 1.1% each year until 2015, when total production will equal 1272
million short tons. Coal production growth should be even stronger between 2015 and 2030, averaging 2% per year, as electricity demand
continues to increase. This demand will likely be met with new or expanded coal-fired power plants.
THE ALTERNATIVE THAT IS BEING USED NOW IS NATURAL GAS—WHICH IS LETTING COAL
MAINTAIN ITS COMPETITIVE ADVANAGE
Kirkham and Hall—2007 (John Kirkham and Richard Hall are natural resource attorneys with Stoel Rives
LLP, “Coal: Like It or Not, It's Here to Stay”, 6/4/07, http://www.stoel.com/showarticle.aspx?Show=2484)
Alternative means of electricity production are actively being pursued to reduce global reliance on coal.
These alternatives, however, have had only limited success. For instance, in the United States, where coal is used almost exclusively to generate electricity, the
chief alternative to coal is cleaner, natural gas. During the 1990s, the price of natural gas averaged below $3 per
thousand cubic feet. These low prices made new, low-cost, efficient natural gas combined cycle power
plants competitive with coal-generated power. As a result of the lower prices and environmental concerns, the electric power sector shifted to increased natural gas
use. Since 2000, natural gas prices have increased and are projected to remain above $3 per thousand cubic feet,
making coal-fired plants increasingly more competitive. Based on the current forecasts, coal will retain its competitive
advantage over natural gas for the foreseeable future. This has resulted in a swing back toward greater
reliance on coal. Consistent with this shift, the Department of Energy recently reported that U.S. utilities are planning to build 150 more coal-fired power plants through 2030, with nearly half slated
for operation by 2011.
above all, powered by coal and coal demand will likely rise strongly as Asian countries continue to raise
living standards (Figure 5). The BP Statistical Review of World Energy reveals that in the period 2001-2006, coal consumption in the Asia-Pacific region increased by 642.1 mtoe, accounting for some
91% of the global increase in coal consumption during that period.
China leads global growth. It has embarked on campaigns to close older, smaller coal-fired stations and
has indicated its desire for the future to primarily build supercritical units of 600 MW or above 1. In 2005, about 70 GW
of new generation came online in China. In 2006, the comparable figure was 102 GW, of which 89% was coal. For 2007, a further 90 GW are expected2. Longer term, the goals are even more ambitious. A vice-
minister of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) indicated that, by 2025, China’s power consumption could reach 11 000 terawatt hours (TWh) with a generating capacity of 2 400 GW3,
increases of 330% and 360%, respectively, from current levels. Although these figures are significantly above other forecasts, coal could make up about 78% of the generation mix by 2030 with nuclear at 3%,
natural gas at 4%, hydro at 12% and renewables at 3% (IEA, 2007c).
THE INCREASE USE OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TRADES OFF WITH STATUS QUO ENERGYS—LIKE
COAL
Goffman—2008 (Ethan Goffman is a Correspondent for Politics and Environment, “Renewable Energy
Likely to Overtake Oil And Coal Sooner than You Think”, 6/17/08,
http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.jsp?articleId=281474977375141&grpId=3659174697247171&nav=Gro
upspace)
Renewable energy is expanding voraciously and will do so even faster, according to experts at a Worldwatch Institute panel (Tipping Point).
Wind power is already in the midst of an explosion, under-remarked on in the mainstream media, and other
renewable energies, such as solar and cellulose ethanol, are likely to follow.
Worldwatch President Chris Flavin explains that we are at an amazing moment in the history of energy, a transformational
moment, driven by historic high energy costs, concern about climate change, and the worldwide impact of government policies. Wind, solar, and other renewables are
likely to replace oil and gas sooner rather than later.
Renewable energy has accelerated greatly in the last three years, and the scope and import of this expansion are severely under-reported, according
to Worldwatch fellow and energy expert Eric Martinot. Investment in new renewable capacity hit $71 billion dollars in 2007 and continues to exceed expectations.
Government policy has been a key driver, Martinot says, overcoming resistance to renewable energy.If current policies supporting renewable energy are
simply maintained, he believes that the momentum will be unstoppable.
Venture capitalist Michael Liebreich, an expert in renewable energy investment, explains that the implications of current growth are far bigger than
people think. Conventional energy use is growing only incrementally, as opposed to the exponential growth
of renewable energy, which is accelerating with stunning speed.
Conventional thinking, which sees oil and coal as virtually unchallenged, is all wrong, according to Liebreich. This is
because the big curve upward of renewable energy will inevitably beat the little curve of conventional
energy.
around a while, it's hardly a "mature" industry, as some critics say. Because of the lack of new plants in so
many years, nuclear in many ways is more like an emerging technology, and so subsidies make sense to
get it going.
It's also true that a shortage of parts and skills is raising the cost of new plants. But if we start building
more plants, the number of companies supplying parts will increase to meet the demand, lowering the
price.
Most important, nuclear power appears economically uncompetitive primarily because the price of "cheaper" fossil
fuels, mainly coal, don't reflect the high cost that carbon emissions pose for the environment. Add those
costs, and suddenly, nuclear power will look like a bargain.
That's likely to happen soon. Governments are expected to assign a cost to greenhouse gases, through
either a direct tax (based on the carbon content of a fuel) or a so-called cap-and-trade system, which
would set a limit on emissions while allowing companies whose discharges are lower than the cap to sell or
trade credits to companies whose pollution exceeds the cap.
Suddenly, big carbon polluters like coal-produced electricity are going to look a lot more expensive
compared with low-carbon sources -- in particular, nuclear, wind and hydropower.
It's estimated that a carbon "price" of between $25 and $50 a ton makes nuclear power economically
competitive with coal. That should be enough to ease investor concerns about utilities that build new nuclear plants.
other technologies. In the 1.9 cent five-year extension case, the 20 additional billion kilowatthours of
generation from wind facilities slightly slows nuclear and coal expansions, although there is also less electricity generated from dedicated
biomass facilities. This wind expansion results in 500 fewer megawatts of biomass capacity relative to the business-as-usual forecast. In 2030, when compared to the
reference case results, nuclear generation is lesser by 10 billion kilowatthours, and there is a similar effect
on coal generation. In the permanent extension cases, which have greater effects on the fuel mix, most of
the additional wind generation is at the expense of coal generation growth. Nearly all of the 2030 wind
power production levels that are above reference case levels result in a dampening of coal generation of
the same magnitude. In the 1.9 cent permanent extension case, 122 billion kilowatthours of additional wind generation is balanced by a drop of 122 billion kilowatthours in electricity generated
from coal. Even in this case, however, coal generation in 2030 is 59 percent above 2005 levels.
With China now demanding more coal than it can produce and India following right behind, and plug-in hybrid cars going
mainstream in the US due to outrageous gas prices, coal is going to become a very hot commodity. "Within the next few years,
power companies are planning to build about 150 coal plants to meet growing electricity demands.
In another New York Times article, "[m]ajor corporations sense the possibility of a profitable new business, and G.E. signed a partnership on
Wednesday with Schlumberger, the oil field services company, to advance the technology of carbon capture and sequestration."
With the US being called the Saudi Arabia of coal with the most reserves of any other nation, and coal
being an "essential part of the world's energy future," it is only a matter of time until the coal rally begins.
the demand for electricity is expected to increase by nearly 50% by 2025 and we can
Outlook published in January of this year,
only assume that this growth will continue beyond that time. Affordable and clean electric energy must be
available to allow our nation to reach its full economic potential. Clean electric energy means economic
growth and it means jobs. Coal, which is over 90% of our nation’s domestic energy resource on a Btu basis, and
now provides over 50% of the electricity we use, is - and must continue to be - the source for much of this
electricity. Advanced clean coal technologies that are being developed under long-standing federal/private
partnerships will assure that coal can continue to be used in a manner consistent with environmental
needs.
The economic prosperity of the United States over the past century has been built upon an abundance of
fossil fuels in North America. The United States’ fossil fuel resources represent a tremendous national
asset. Making full use of this domestic asset in a responsible manner enables the country to fulfill its
energy requirements, minimize detrimental environmental impacts, and positively contribute to national
security.
Given current technologies, coal prices, and rates of consumption, the United States has approximately a
250-year supply of coal available. Coal-fired power plants supply about half of our electricity and are expected to continue to do so through mid-century. Because
electricity production increases at a rate of about 2 percent per year, the rate of coal use will increase
proportionally. However, the continued use of this secure domestic resource will be dependent on the
development of cost-effective technology options to meet both economic and environmental goals,
including the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
Throughout the world, economic growth and political stability are tied to electrification, and electricity is
tied to coal. Therefore, the desire and, in fact, the necessity of the world to utilize its abundant coal resources will not
be denied. Energy availability and energy quality are key to meeting all three aspects of sustainable
development: economic, societal and environmental. The question is not whether we need or will use coal
for human development, but how we will use it.
Low-cost electricity helps farmers and businesses because it lowers their operational expenses and allows
them to be competitive on an international level. It also promotes industrial and economic development, since
low electricity costs attract new business and help retain our existing companies. Low-cost electricity is particularly beneficial to Minnesota and North Dakota as we consume high amounts of energy because of our
weather extremes while enjoying some of the lowest electric rates in the nation.
About 65 percent of Minnesota’s electricity comes from coal. Minnesota’s average electric rates are the 17th lowest in the U.S. Overall, Minnesota’s total
economic benefit from coal exceeds $2.5 billion annually.
North Dakota’s average electric rates are the 8th lowest in the U.S., and about 24,000 jobs in the state are
part of the coal mining and power generating industries. In fact, people working for the coal industry in North Dakota enjoy some of the state’s highest wages.
North Dakota’s economy receives more than $1 billion due to coal, and over $80 million in tax revenue annually.
Coal-based electricity generates substantial economic benefits for our region’s economy, and will continue
to do so for years to come.
Coal-burning power plants produce about half of all electricity in the U.S.
Rising prices for natural gas, caused by strong demand and exacerbated by hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico this summer, has made some
gas-fired plants too expensive to operate. They account for 23 percent of U.S. electric-generating capacity
but less than 18 percent of output, according to the Energy Information Administration.
Regulatory limits on nuclear energy, which generates almost 20 percent of U.S. electricity, and
technological barriers with other sources leave coal as one of the most cost-effective, if heavily polluting,
sources of energy.
"Coal is still the predominant fuel used in generating electricity, and the demand for electricity continues
to increase. Because of that, the demand for coal will continue to increase for the foreseeable future," said Pat
Hemlepp, spokesman for American Electric Power, the largest U.S. coal consumer.
chemical feedstock, and increasingly, for transportation fuels, even as demand continues to grow rapidly in
each of these sectors. The prospect of continued high oil and gas prices make the coal-intensive scenario
more plausible today than it was during the era of cheap oil.
Rising global demand has been good news for U.S. mining companies, which sit on the world's largest coal
reserves.
LOW PRICE AND HIGH AVAILABILITY OF US COAL IS WHY CHINA IMPORTS US COAL—REVERSAL
OF THESE WOULD CAUSE CHINA TO START PRODUCING MORE COAL RATHER THAN IMPORTING
IT
Marquardt—2008 (Katy Marquardt is a Staff Writer for U.S. News, “Skip Alternative Energy—Dig for Coal
Stocks”, 6/5/08, http://www.usnews.com/articles/business/your-money/2008/06/05/skip-alternative-
energy--dig-for-coal-stocks.html)
Hess Corp. is a U.S. name that is working alongside Petrobras in Brazil on this major new oil find. Hess will likely be able to double their proven reserves of oil from a small $36 million investment they made seven
we think the most exciting part of the U.S. energy sector today is our nation's coal companies.
years ago. That said,
the U.S. has the largest reserves of coal in the world, with a 27 percent share.
According to the Energy Information Administration,
Compared to other fossil fuels, coal is by far the cheapest fossil fuel in the world today.
Also, the dynamics are changing in the coal industry. Three situations have developed: First, China, which
was once a big exporter of coal, has become an importer to feed its growing demand for electricity.
Second, there have been major disruptions to the operations of the traditional coal exporters, with flooding
in Australia and power outages in South Africa. Third, U.S. coal is more attractively priced than coal from
other regions of the world. These dynamics have made for dramatic increases in the exports of U.S. coal,
although traditionally, our coal was used primarily for domestic consumption. This export demand shows
no signs of letting up in the future, as both India and China each plan to build more than 1,000 new coal-
fired electricity plants over the next five years.
China alone accounts for approximately 80% of the total deaths in coal mine accidents worldwide (China Daily,
November 13, 2004). Much like its coal production statistics, the safety record of China’s coal industry is full of
controversy (China Brief, October 25, 2006). The official coal mine fatality statistics range from 5,602 to 6,995 deaths
annually in the last decade, though independent experts state that China’s actual death toll is much higher, as mine
owners routinely falsify death counts in order to avoid mine closures or fines [4].
DoE's 13 industrial partners in the Illinois project (the Futuregen Alliance) have bravely promised to press ahead, but
without DoE's billions, the Illinois project is almost certainly dead.
Ho hum, you say?
Not so. The U.S. response to global warming -- and therefore, arguably, the future of the planet -- is wrapped up in this fight.
President Bush had personally announced the Futuregen project Feb. 17, 2003 as a "bold" 10-year demonstration to turn coal into gas (mainly hydrogen and carbon dioxide), burn the hydrogen to make electricity,
In
and bury the carbon dioxide a mile underground, hoping it would stay there forever. Originally Futuregen was also intended to produce liquid transportation fuels from coal, according to the New York Times .
2003, Futuregen was supposed to cost $750 million, but recent estimates have escalated to $1.8 billion,
and further increases were expected, so the DoE pulled out.
Futuregen was an important part of the coal-industry's "clean coal" campaign because it would combine,
for the first time, coal gasification with carbon capture and storage (CCS). Coal gasification had been demonstrated at commercial scale a decade
ago at the small (260-megaWatt) Polk Power Station 40 miles southeast of Tampa, Fla. (Polk uses a system called IGCC , short for integrated gasification combined cycle.) Despite this technical innovation, Polk still
emits its carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, thus contributing to global warming. Futuregen in Illinois was supposed to show that a small (275- megaWatt) electric power plant could combine coal gasification with
carbon capture and storage (CCS), reducing near-term CO2 emissions by perhaps 85% compared to standard coal-burning plants.[1, pg. 4] (In the longer term, no one knows if, or when, CO2 stored below ground
will escape to the atmosphere. The stated goal of the Futuregen project is to store CO2 below ground for 5000 years.)
. Despite the
The challenge facing government and industry is reconciling rapid economic growth and energy demand with the environmental impacts and risks of climate change
environmental concerns and promising advances in the development of alternative energy sources, coal
will undoubtedly continue to play a significant role in power generation for decades to come. Attempts to
abruptly eliminate coal from current and/or future energy options would be imprudent and jeopardize the
availability, reliability and security of a country’s overall energy supply. To ensure future energy needs are
affordable, support for the development of new energy technologies should include research and
development for clean coal technologies as well as improving competitiveness of alternative energy
sources.
additional facilities of these types. Coal-fired power plants are, of course, a major source of carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse gasses, as well as poisonous emissions responsible for “acid rain”; nuclear reactors raise the specter of accidents like those at Three Mile Island (1979) and
Chernobyl (1986), along with the problem of long-lasting radioactive wastes that cannot safely be disposed of. To allay such concerns, the White House sought to emphasize
the promise of what it called “clean coal” and “safe,” “environmentally friendly” nuclear reactors. “[O]ur
plan funds research into new, clean coal technologies,” Bush proclaimed when releasing the NEP in 2001. He further claimed that “[n]ew
reactor designs are even safer and more economical than the reactors we possess today. And my energy plan directs the
Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency to use the best science to move expeditiously to find a safe and permanent repository for nuclear waste.” These assurances
53
were then incorporated into the 2005 energy bill, which provides billions of dollars in subsidies and tax
breaks for the measures envisioned by Bush. 54
developing and deploying clean, energy efficient and renewable energy technology including solar, wind,
biomass, geothermal, and hydrogen energy. Secretary Bodman and China’s Minister of Science and Technology (MOST) Xu Guanhua pledged to continue work to advance
clean renewable energy technologies through discussions on market potential and commercialization and methods and results of research and development.
During bilateral discussions with MOST Minister Xu Guanhua and NDRC Minister Ma Kai, Secretary Bodman also highlighted ongoing cooperation to advance energy security through a
number of cooperative efforts. These efforts include the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP); the International Partnership for a Hydrogen Economy; the Carbon Sequestration
Energy Authority Chairman Sun Qin during which he underscored the importance of the U.S. and China’s
cooperation in nonproliferation work and discussed U.S. private sector development and availability of the
most advanced, safe and cost-effective nuclear energy technology available. These meetings follow Secretary Bodman’s meeting
Thursday with U.S. business leaders in China where they discussed current business opportunities and the role of the business community in the development and advancement of science and technology in the
energy sector.
"There is no such thing as clean coal," says James Hansen, NASA's expert on global warming, who says all coal plants, even TECO's, still emit
millions of tons of carbon dioxide - the most threatening greenhouse gas.
"There is no coal plant that captures the carbon dioxide and that's the major long-term pollutant," says Hansen.
every hard question in America today. We can have a war in Iraq without sacrifice. We can borrow more
than we can afford without worrying about how we'll pay it back. We can end our dependency on oil by powering our SUVs with ethanol made from
corn. And we can keep the lights on without superheating the climate through the magic of "clean coal."
Here's another: mining and burning coal remains one of the most destructive things human beings do on
this earth. It destroys mountains, poisons water, pollutes the air, and warms the atmosphere. True, if you
look at it strictly from the point of view smog-producing chemicals like sulfur dioxide, new coal plants are
cleaner than the old coal burners of yore. But going from four bottles of whiskey a week down to three
does not make you clean and sober.
Of course, the "clean coal" campaign is not about reality – it's about perception. It's an exercise in re-branding.
Madison Ave. did it for Harley Davidson motorcycles and Converse shoes. Why not Old King Coal?
It's not a difficult trick – just whip out some slick ads with upbeat music and lots of cool 21st century technology like fighter jets and computers. Run the ads long enough, and people will believe.
But the real goal of the campaign is not simply to re-brand coal as a clean and modern fuel – it's to
convince energy-illiterate TV viewers that the American way of life depends on coal. The ads remind us
(accurately) that half the electricity in America comes from coal, then shows images of little girls getting tucked into bed at night or Little Leaguers playing ball
under the lights.
The subtext is not simply that, without the electricity from coal, the lights will go out and your family will
be plunged into darkness. It's that, without coal, civilization as we know it will come to an end. As one
utility industry executive asked me while I was reporting Big Coal, "Have you ever been in a blackout? Do
you remember how scary it was?"
If the choice is, coal or chaos, they win. This framing also
From the coal industry's point of view, this is a brilliant way to frame the argument.
disarms environmental arguments – yes, it's too bad that mountaintop removal mining has destroyed or
polluted 1200 miles of streams in Appalachia and that the Environmental Protection Agency projects a loss of more than 1.4 millionacres – an area the size of Delaware –
by the end of the decade.
But hey, if it's a choice between losing flattening West Virginia and keeping our lights on, good-bye West
Virginia!
CLEAN COAL DOESN’T REMOVE CARBON AND SULFUR—I T JUST SHIFTS IT SOMEWHERE ELSE
Seeking Alpha—2007 (“Coal: The Black Gold?“,5/22/07, http://seekingalpha.com/article/36244-coal-the-
black-gold)
A slogan any ad wonk could love, Clean Coal remains a dream more than a reality. The problem, at the end of the day, is that medieval alchemists never figured out how to turn lead into gold. When
people talk about clean coal, what they really mean is “keep all the bad stuff out of the air.” But the bad
stuff has to go somewhere: all that sulfur has to be disposed of; all that carbon has to be taken care of.
This has led most environmental groups to label the “clean coal” movement as nothing more than
greenwash.
The Hubbert model predicts that a resource will peak when ½ of the ultimate production (the total amount that will ever be
produced) has been produced. For arsenic, we see that the production peak occurred exactly in the year that the model predicts. As for manganese, there was an early peak in 1918 but then
production went back down not because of geological constraints but due to human decisions. However, we see a second production peak in 1943 that is only one year after the peak predicted by the Hubbert
model.
It is probably too early to definitively say whether the Hubbert model can be used for coal production in
the U.S., but the examples of British coal, U.S. arsenic, and U.S. manganese seem to indicate that a
Hubbert curve may be able to predict future production trends for U.S. coal.
A full paper will be published at a later date explaining how the Hubbert curve was fit to U.S. coal production data, but the results can be seen in figure 6. The fitted curve takes into
account past production trends and predicts the peak date based on the assumption that once one half of
the ultimate has been reached, production will naturally decline as the remaining coal lies in thinner and
deeper seams. In this fitting of the Hubbert model, the date of peak coal production is forecast to be 2032.
If we look at figure 6, it might seem that the Hubbert curve does not closely match the historic data but that is because of the variable nature of historic growth. The full paper gives details describing analyses that
argue that the fitted curve does indeed match the historic data. Some critics have argued that Hubbert's curves are really just curve fitting which is partially true but the Hubbert model also takes into account
remaining and original reserves which are determined using geological knowledge.
solutions. Many municipalities are simply building conventional coal-fired power plants as fast as they can,
oft en with subpar environmental controls. While they are willing to import coal from the poorer inland
provinces, they are not willing to invest in the large-scale infrastructure that would make them dependent
on electricity generated in those interior regions. It is commonly observed that in China everybody wants to generate power, and nobody wants to rely on others for
it.
For the state petroleum firms, which increasingly see themselves as gas companies and hold substantial cash reserves, coal is a
advanced coal-based solutions or technologies.
substitute for their products and the coal industry a competitor. Large-scale clean coal solutions are
unlikely to be much more appealing to the national power companies, the nominal parents of most of
China’s coal-burning plants. Large-scale clean coal is associated with power generation at the mine mouth,
which in turn is associated with control by the mining industry, and the power companies have little
interest in yielding control of their industry to mining concerns.
development trends as the present, there will be great increase of coal output, sales and exports in the
coming several years.