Simpson's Rule

Simpson's Rule In numerical analysis, Simpson's rule is a method for numerical integration, the numerical approximation of definite integrals. Specifically, it is the following approximation: Simpson's rule also corresponds to the 3-point Newton-Cotes quadrature rule. The method is credited to the mathematician Thomas Simpson (17101761) of Leicestershire, England. Kepler used similar formulas over 100 years prior and in German the method is sometimes called Keplersche Fassregel for this reason. Simpson's rule is a Newton-Cotes formula for approximating the integral of a function using quadratic polynomials (i.e., parabolic arcs instead of the straight line segments used in the trapezoidal rule). Simpson's rule can be derived by integrating a third-order Lagrange interpolating polynomial fit to the function at three equally spaced points. In particular, let the function be tabulated at points , , and equally spaced by distance , and denote . Then Simpson's rule states that Know More About Free Math Solver Math.Tutorvista.com

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Simpson's rule is a staple of scientific data analysis and engineering. It is widely used, for example, by Naval architects to numerically integrate hull offsets and cross-sectional areas to determine volumes and centroids of ships or lifeboats. If the interval of integration is in some sense "small", then Simpson's rule will provide an adequate approximation to the exact integral. By small, what we really mean is that the function being integrated is relatively smooth over the interval . For such a function, a smooth quadratic interpolant like the one used in Simpson's rule will give good results. However, it is often the case that the function we are trying to integrate is not smooth over the interval. Typically, this means that either the function is highly oscillatory, or it lacks derivatives at certain points. In these cases, Simpson's rule may give very poor results. One common way of handling this problem is by breaking up the interval into a number of small subintervals. Simpson's rule is then applied to each subinterval, with the results being summed to produce an approximation for the integral over the entire interval. This sort of approach is termed the composite Simpson's rule. Simpsons rule is a very accurate approximation method. In fact, it gives the exact area for any polynomial function of degree three or less. In general, Simpsons rule gives a much better estimate than either the midpoint rule or the trapezoid rule. A Simpsons rule sum or approximation is sort of an average of a midpoint sum and a trapezoid sum, except that you use the midpoint sum twice in the average. So, if you already have the midpoint sum and the trapezoid sum for some number of rectangles or trapezoids, you can obtain the Simpsons rule approximation with the following simple average: Learn More Physics Tutor

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In the above examples, we computed the average rate of change of the function F(t) over the interval from t = -10 to t = 0 and then again over the interval from t = -20 to t = -10. You may have noticed that we used the same formula for calculating the average rate of change as the one we use for calculating the slope of a line between two points. Figure 1 shows a graph of F(t) and the line through the points (-10, F(-10)) and (0, F(0)). Area of rectangle = Length * Breath. In general notation area of rectangle is denoted by the symbol A, the Length of rectangle is denoted by the symbol L and the breath of rectangle is denoted by the symbol B. So we can write as: A = L. B, Now we show you the some of the example that helps in understanding the concept of calculating the area of rectangle. Example: Find the area of rectangle which has the length of the side is 20m and the breath of the side is 10m? Solution: In the above question given that the length of rectangle is 20m and the breadth of the rectangle is 10 m. So we solve this problem by applying the area of rectangle: Area of rectangle = Length * Breathe, A = L * B, A = 20 * 10, A = 200m2. In the above we can see that the area of rectangle can easily be calculated by using the formula of rectangle. In the above we the power of two with the 200m2.This is done because in the formula two values of meter are multiplied to each other.

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