Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MRI PRINCIPLES
Yves De Deene
MRS
Magnetic Resonantce Spectroscopy
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRR
Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry
N.M.R
Spectra
Images
M
g(R1,2)
R1,2
1/31/2008
Water
L=
H2O
I .( I + 1)
Lz = .mI
p = g L .(q p / 2m p ) L
p , z = g L .( q p / 2m p ) Lz
1922
Frankfurt
N Otto Stern
Walther Gerlach
1938
New York
N N N Z
Isidor Isaac Rabi
H z
Fz =
( H) z
H z
1/31/2008
1946
Harvard
E = B
E
-1/2
E = h f
+1/2
Edward Purcell
B0
B
f Larmor =
L
N Spinning charge in a magnetic field ++ + ++ ++ N
G
S
1946
Leipzig / Stanford
dL = L G dt
L
G
The Bloch equation
Felix Bloch
dM = ( M B) dt
M
Nobel price Physics (Bloch & Purcell) in 1952
1/31/2008
B
dM dt
dM = ( M B) dt
f RF =
B0
B0
B0
COIL
B0
Cryogenic magnet
EXCITATION PULSE
Hydrogen proton transmits a radiofrequent electromagnetic wave (yellow) after excitation by an RF pulse (red)
Water molecule
= . B
EXCITATION
SIGNAL RECEPTION
COIL
OBJECT: spin-system
COIL
OBJECT: spin-system
1/31/2008
= . B
IN PHASE
OUT OF PHASE
1949
Illinois
Erwin Hahn
TE TR
TE/2
TE/2
1/31/2008
TE/2
TE/2
Nicolaas Bloembergen
Robert Pound
Edward Purcell
EXCITATION PULSE
REFOCUSING PULSE
T1, T2
T1 (128 MHz)
10
1 0
liquids
B0
c
t
10 1
BL
One water molecule
10
10 12
10 9
10 6
BL
Many water molecules
T
t
1/31/2008
FREE WATER
J
+ - O +
C
Bound layer 0 > 1/c 0 = 1/c 0 < 1/c Intermediate layer Free water
INTERMEDIATE LAYER +
O
+ -
+ +
-
+ -
+ +
N
+ + BOUND LAYER
R2 most effective
0
R1 most effective
Bloembergen
Pound
Purcell
Hydrogen bridges
M
FREE WATER
High mobility
t M
+ - O +
C
INTERMEDIATE LAYER
+
O
+ -
t
+ +
-
+ -
+ +
N
+ +
BOUND LAYER
Low mobility
B0
B0
time Restoration of longitudinal magnetization Energy transfered to lattice (phonons) Entropy increases Repopulation of spins between spin energy levels Interactions with magnetic field fluctuations at Larmor frequency Dephasing of transverse magnetization Energy transferred between spins No entropy change of total spin system No repopulation of spins between spin energy levels Interactions with magnetic field fluctuations at low frequency
time
1/31/2008
1972
Downstate Medical Center - Brooklyn
= . B
Resonance condition fulfilled
Raymond V. Damadien
From nuclear magnetic resonance signal to Magnetic Resonance Imaging An analogon in acoustics
1/31/2008
From nuclear magnetic resonance signal to Magnetic Resonance Imaging An analogon in acoustics
From nuclear magnetic resonance signal to Magnetic Resonance Imaging An analogon in acoustics: Localisation of glasses close together
Frequency encoding
Spatial encoding of the NMR signal is based on frequency changes in the precession
RF COIL
B
f = 64 MHz
=c/ f
= 4.7 m
Fourier transform
1/31/2008
1973
Illinois / Nottingham
Paul Lauterbur
Peter Mansfield
Nature 242, (1973), 190-191 Nobel price for physiology and medicine (Lauterbur & Mansfield) in 2003
1974
Zurich
Richard Ernst
= . B
B z
GRADIENT COILS
64.8 MHz
10
1/31/2008
1.4
1.5
1.6 T
= . B
60
64
68 MHz
EXCITATION PULSE
SLICE SELECTION
B z 1.52 T
f = 64.8 MHz
1.52 T
= . B R = 64.8 MHz
B = 1.52 T
EXCITATION PULSE
PHASE ENCODING
y
11
1/31/2008
EXCITATION PULSE
REFOCUSING PULSE
FREQUENCY ENCODING
B y
1.4
1.5
1.6 T
SLICE SELECTION
2D-FOURIER TRANSFORM
FREQUENCY
AMPLITUDE IMAGE
(f , )
PHASE
12
1/31/2008
T2 weighted (transverse)
T2 weighted (transverse)
MR angiography
MR angiography
MR angiography
Thrombosis
Infarct (stroke)
Neck trauma
T2 weighted
MR angiography
Proton density
Proton density
T2 weighted
13
1/31/2008
Osteoporosis (femur)
2008
I visited Copenhagen frequently after the war. At one point, I gave a talk in Copenhagen, and then afterwards we met with Bjerrum. Bjerrum was a chemist and a great friend of Niels Bohr Bohr said to him: You know, what these people do is really very clever. They put little spies into the molecules and send radio signals to them, and they have to radio back what they are seeing. I thought that was a very nice way of formulating it. That was exactly how they were used. It was not anymore the protons as such. But from the way they reacted, you wanted to know in what kind of environment they are, just like spies that you send out. That was a nice formulation. - Felix Bloch -
14