BÀI GIẢNG

TỔNG QUAN VỀ THIẾT BỊ

CHỤP CẮT LỚP CỘNG HƯỞNG TỪ HẠT NHÂN
(MAGNETIC RESONACE IMAGING - MRI)

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 TỔNG QUAN VỀ
THIẾT BỊ CHỤP CẮT LỚP CỘNG HƯỞNG TỪ HẠT NHÂN

 Khái niệm về chụp cắt lớp cộng hưởng từ

hạt nhân (MRI).
 Quá trình phát triển của kỹ thuật chụp cắt
lớp cộng hưởng từ hạt nhân.
 Cơ sở vật lý ứng dụng trong thiết bị chụp
chụp cộng hưởng từ hạt nhân
 Tổng quan về thiết bị MRI Folie 2
 Venography
Fiber Track Imaging

Anatomy

Angiography

Perfusion

Peter Bandettini NIH Folie 3

fMRI– With Statistical Parametric Mapping

R Finger

Tongue

z-values > 3

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3D Surface Views

R Finger Tongue
Movement Movement

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Physical Science
Technology
Methodology
Engineering

Computer
Physics Science
Statistics

Cognitive
Science

Neuroscience
Physiology
Medicine

Interpretation Applications
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Peter Bandettini NIH
 The history of NMR?
CW NMR 40MHz
At least five Nobel Prizes 1960
J. Dadok, O. Chramosta, R. Pospisil

1944 1952 1952 1991 2002

Isidor Isaac Rabi Edward M. Purcell Felix Bloch Richard R. Ernst Kurt Wuthrich
1898-1988 1912-1997 1905-1983 1933- 1938-
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History: MRI

• 1940s – Bloch & Purcell: Nuclear Magnetic

Resonance
• 1973 - Lauterbur: gradients for spatial localization of
images
• 1977 – Mansfield: first image of human anatomy, first
echo planar image (a fast imaging technique)
• 1990s - Discovery that MRI can be used to
distinguish oxygenated blood from deoxygenated
blood. Leads to Functional Magnetic Resonance
imaging (fMRI)
Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield won the Nobel Prize in
Physiology/Medicine (2003) for their pioneering work in MRI
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 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Where is it?
A branch of spectroscopy deals with nucleus of atoms that possess both
magnetic and angular moments in a magnetic field

A powerful analitycal chemistry technique used to measure a mount of

nucleus in each chemical environment

Wave length (nm)

1nm 10 102 103 104 105 106 107

the wave X-ray UV/VIS Infrared Microwave Radio

the transition electronic Vibration Rotation Nuclear
Technique X-ray UV/VIS Infrared/Raman NMR
Fluorescence

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 What we are talking about N, M and R?

 Properties of the Nucleus

Nuclear spin

Nuclear magnetic moments

 The Nucleus in a Magnetic Field

Precession and the Larmor frequency

Nuclear Zeeman effect & Boltzmann distribution

 When the Nucleus “meet” the right Magnet and radio wave
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

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 Properties of the Nucleus

Nuclear spin
Nuclear spin is the total nuclear angular momentum quantum number.
called “Quantum number I”
Only nuclei with spin number I  0 can absorb/emit electromagnetic radiation

A nucleus with:
* Even mass A and even charge Z  I=0
Example: 12C, 16O, 32S  No NMR signal
* Even mass A and odd charge Z  integer value I
Example: 2H, 10B, 14N  NMR detectable
* Odd mass A  I=n/2, with n is an odd integer
Example: 1H, 13C, 15N, 31P  NMR detectable

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 Basic Physics of MRI
NMRable Nuclei

 Body 1H content is high due to water (>67%)

 Hydrogen protons in mobile water are primary source of
signals in fMRI and aMRI
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Basic Physics of MRI

• All magnetic fields are the result of charge in motion

• Nucleus of an atom has a magnetic moment when it
has an odd number of protons (or neutrons). Single
proton in Hydrogen yields strongest magnetic effect.

Model of
spin as
motion

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 Properties of the Nucleus

Nuclear magnetic moments

Magnetic moment  is another important parameter for a nuclei

 =  I (h/2)
I: spin number;
h: Plank constant;
: gyromagnetic ratio

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 The Nucleus in a Magnetic Field
Precession and the Larmor frequency
The magnetic moment processes a characteristic angular frequency called the
Larmor frequency ω, which is a function of r and B0

 
Magnetic moment:  =  I (h/2)

Angular momentum: dJ/dt=  x B0

ω =rB0

Linear precession frequency v= ω/2p= rB0/2p

  
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 The Nucleus in a Magnetic Field
Nuclear Zeeman effect
• Zeeman effect: when an atom is placed in an external magnetic field, the
energy levels of the atom are split into several states.

Spin State Energy EI = - . B0 =-mIB0 r(h/2p)

•For a nucleus with I=1/2, the energy difference between two states is
 ΔE=E-1/2-E+1/2 = B0 r(h/2p)

The Zeeman splitting is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field

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 The Nucleus in a Magnetic Field
Boltzmann distribution
More particles in the lower-energy state than in the higher one

P particle population in each state

Pm=-1/2 / Pm=+1/2 = e -DE/kT T the absolute temperature
k Boltzmann constant 1.381*10-28 JK-1

Example:

At 298K, what fraction of 1H nuclei in 2.35 T field are in the upper and lower states?
(m=-1/2 : 0.4999959 ; m=1/2 : 0.5000041 )

Anything that increases the population difference

will give rise to a more intense NMR signal

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When the nucleus meet the magnet !!!
When the particle moves (precession) at vprecession and absorb enengy

E=hvprecession

E: Absorb energy, h: Plank constant

With I=1/2 nuclei in B0 field, the energy gap between two spin states:

E =hvphoton

E=rhB0/2

When the radiation frequency exactly match the precession frequency

Ephoton=hvprecession=hvphoton=E=rhB0/2

This call “NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE”!!!

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 Before excitation of the small energy B1
Without B0 With B0

1. Provide energy for the nuclei to spin

Ei=-miB0 (rh/2)

=rB0
2. Induce enery level seperation

v =v1-v2=(r1-r2)B0/2

Randomly oriented around the z axis

M z=M, Mxy=0
M is the net nuclear magneticzation Folie 19
 During the excitation

z


Mo x
x
B1 Mxy
y
y
o
 deg pulse 90 deg pulse

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 Relaxation Rates

The Bloch Equations:

dMx(t) / dt =  [ My(t) * Bz - Mz(t) * By ] - Mx(t) / T2

dMy(t) / dt = [ Mz(t) * Bx - Mx(t) * Bz ] - My(t) / T2

dMz(t) / dt = [ Mx(t) * By - My(t) * Bx ] - ( Mz(t) - Mo ) / T1

T1 determine the length of the recycle delay needed between acquisitions

T2 determine the line width of the signal

Also provide experimental information on the physical processes governing relaxation,

including molecular motions (dynamics).

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 After the excitation
Relaxation process

The spin-latticle relaxation (T1) The spin-spin relaxation (T2)

dMx/dt=-Mx/T2
dMz/dt=-(Mz-Mz,eq)/T1
dMy/dt=-My/T2

dephasing

NMR spectroscopy record this process!!! Folie 22

 Collecting MNR signals

Mxy

time

(if there’s no relaxation ) (the real case with T1 &T2)

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Collecting MNR signals

Spin Echo method

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 NMR Signals

NMR signals
FT
0 0 .1 0 0.2 0 0 .3 0 0.4 0 0 .5 0 0.6 0 0 .7 0 0.8 0 0.9 0 1.0 0
t1 sec

Frequency
234 233 232 231 230 229 228 227 226 225 224 223
f1 ppm

Different nucleus “type” will give different NMR signal

Same “nucleus type”, but “different nucleus”

could generate different signal

Depending on the chemical environment,

there are variations on the magnetic field that the nuclei feels

Each nuclei could be surrounded by different electron environment,

so the nuclei “feel” different net magnetic field, Beffect

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HIỆN TƯỢNG CỘNG HƯỞNG TỪ HẠT NHÂN

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KÍCH THÍCH HIỆN TƯỢNG CHTHN

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QUÁ TRÌNH CHƯƠNG ĐỘNG TỰ DO

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TÍN HIỆU CỘNG HƯỞNG TỪ HẠT NHÂN

Tách sóng
pha cầu phương

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 Chemical Shift

Difference between the resonance frequency of the nucleus and a

standard.

Standard:
-Tetramethylsilane, Si(CH3)4 (or
= ( - REF) x106 / REF TMS)
- 2,2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-
sulfonate (or DSS)

Alcohols, protons 
Aromatics to ketones
Acids Amides
Olefins Aliphatic
Deshielded Aldehydes Shielded
(low field) (up field)
ppm
15 10 7 5 2 0
TMS

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 Chemical Shift

HO-CH2-CH3
0=rBeffect

low high
field o field

Notice that the intensity of peak is proportional to the number of H

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 Chemical Shift
Example of 1D : 1H spectra, 13C spectra of Codeine C18H21NO3, MW= 299.4

1H

13C

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 J-Coupling (spin-spin coupling)
Nuclei which are close to one another, could cause an influence on each
other's effective magnetic field

1
H 1 1
H H
If the distance between non-equivalent nuclei
is less than or equal to three bond lengths 13
C three-bond
one-bond

Each spin now seems to has two energy ‘sub-levels’ depending on the
state of the spin it is coupled to:
J (Hz)

I S
 
S I I S

The magnitude of the separation is called coupling constant - J (in Hz)
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J-Coupling (spin-spin coupling)

N neighboring spins: split into N + 1 lines

Single spin:

One neighboring spins: - CH – CH -

Two neighboring spins: - CH2 – CH -

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 1
H NMR—Spin-Spin Coupling
When n protons on one adjacent carbon and m protons on the other, the
number of peaks:

(n + 1)(m + 1)

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 Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE)

NOE could provide information of distance between two atoms:

NOE / NOEstd = rstd6 / r 6

Thus, NOE is very important parameter for structure determination of macromolecules

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 THIẾT BỊ CHỤP CẮT LỚP CHTHN

Ảnh cộng hưởng

từ

Bàn điều khiển

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CẤU TRÚC TỔNG QUÁT CỦA THIẾT BỊ
CHỤP CẮT LỚP CHTHN (MRI)

• Hệ thống nam châm

• Hệ thống tạo trường Gradient
• Hệ thống vô tuyến (RF)
• Hệ thống Máy tính, điều khiển và hiển thị
• Hệ thống định vị và kiểm soát bệnh nhân
• Hệ thống nguồn cung cấp

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SƠ ĐỒ KHỐI TỔNG QUAN CỦA THIẾT BỊ MRI

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 PHÂN LOẠI THIẾT BỊ CHỤP CẮT LỚP
CỘNG HƯỞNG TỪ HẠT NHÂN

1/ Phân loại theo cường độ từ trường

2/ Phân loại theo kiểu nam châm

3/ Phân loại theo cấu trúc bên ngoài của thiết bị

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THÀNH PHẦN VÀ HOẠT ĐỘNG CỦA
TỪNG KHỐI
1/ Hệ thống nam châm siêu dẫn

2/ Hệ thống tạo trường gradient

3/ Hệ thống vô tuyến (RF)

4/ Hệ thống điều khiển, xử lý và hiển thị

5/ Thiết bị định vị và kiểm soát bệnh nhân

6/ Hệ thống nguồn

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NAM CHÂM

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CẤU TẠO NAM CHÂM

-Độ ổn định tb 0.1ppm/h

-Kích thước: dài 189cm, đk 90cm
-Công suất 7.3- 8.1kVA
-Trọng lượng 6.1 tấn, 4.9 (ko Heli 1320 lit)
-Độ tiêu hao He 0.1l/h

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BỘ TÁCH SÓNG PHA CẦU PHƯƠNG

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