Standards and Applications of SDH

Why SONET/SDH? SONET/SDH solution SDH format SDH mapping/multiplexing SDH pointer application

Why SONET/SDH
SONET/SDHs goal
simplify interconnection between network operators expand the compatibility

Imperfection of PDH
Three different regional digital hierarchies Rate & Format conversion induces extra high cost to customers

Demanding broadband services

To the high speed signals, the processing time for performing conversion between PDH region is not long enough

SONET/SDH solution
Modularity
51.84 155.52 622.08 2488.32 9953.28 OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 OC-48 OC-192 STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 155.52 622.08 2488.32 9953.28 Speed Unit (Mbps)

SONET/SDH solution
Fixed percentage overhead
DS1 1.544Mbps 28 OC-1 51.84Mbps 3 OC-3 155.52Mbps 4 OC-12 622.08Mbps

Mux
OH

Mux

Mux

Overhead insertion for PDH signals

Voice 64Kbps 24

Mux
OH1

DS1 1.544Mbps 4

Mux
OH2

DS2 6.312Mbps 7

Mux
OH3

DS3 44.736Mbps

SONET/SDH benefits
Reduce costs
simplified standard interfaces eliminate vendor proprietary interfaces

Integrated network elements

enhanced operations capabilities

Survivability
grants upgradability (modularity)

No bandwidth bottlenecks

SDH & PDH

PDH and SDH containers
Digital Hierarchy Level Rate (Mbps) North American
0.064 1.544 6.312 44.736 274.176

Japan

Europe

ISDN

SDH Designated Signal

0 1 2 3

0.064 1.544 6.312 32.064 95.728 -

0.064 2.048 8.448 34.368 139.264 -

H11 H12 H31 H32 H4 -

C-11 C-12 C-2 C-3 C-3 C-4 -

SDH End-to-End Connection

SDH PDH Regenerators section REG REG STM-N STM-N Multiplex section Path PDH

PTE
STM-1

MSTE

MSTE
STM-1

PTE

STM-N

SDH Format
STM-1 frame
1 2 1 9 10 11 270

RSOH
AU-n pointers

MSOH
9

P O H

STM-1 PAYLOAD

C-4 AU-4 VC-4

125s

Location of SDH overhead bytes

RSOH (Regenerator section overhead)
1 1
A1 A1

2
A1

3
A2

5
A2

6
A2

7
J0 Trace

Framing bytes

National use

2
B1 BIP-8 Media depend. byte E1 Orderwire D2 Data com R MDB Res. R MDB Res. F1 User D3 Data com National use R Reserved R

D1 Data com

Media depend. byte

Location of SDH overhead bytes

MSOH (Multiplex section overhead)
5
B2 BIP-24 B2 B2 K1 APS R Reserved R Reserved R Reserved Z1 Growth Z1 R R R D5 Data com D8 Data com D11 Data com Z2 Growth R Reserved R Reserved R Reserved R Reserved Z2 M1 FEBE R R R R K2 APS D6 Data com D9 Data com D12 Data com E2 Orderwire R Reserved R Reserved R Reserved R Reserved R R R R

D4 Data com D7 Data com D10 Data com S1 SSM

8 9

National use

VC-3/VC-4 Path Overhead

1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

9 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

1byte
Path trace BIP-8 Signal label Path status User Multi. frame PUC Growth NOB

270

Regenerator SOH
AU-n pointers

Multiplex SOH

125s

VC-1/VC-2 Path Overhead

VC-1/VC-2 POH
V5
125s

Bit No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 J2 N2 J1 N1

Assignments BIP-2 FEBE RFI L1 L2 L3 Signal Label RDI B3 G1 C2 G1

J2
250s

N2
375s

K4
500s

K4: under study

STM-1 Mapping Structure

STM-N N AUG AU-3 VC-3 7 TUG-2 4 TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.544 Mbps 3 TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2.048 Mbps TU-2 VC-2 C-2 3 AU-4 VC-4 3 TUG-3

TU-3 VC-3 C-4 139.264 Mbps

C-3 44.736 Mbps 6.312 Mbps 34.368 Mbps

STM-1 Pointers Locations

AU-4 pointer
A1 H1 Y Y H2 I I H3 H3 H3 VC-4

(E-4 mapping)

AU-3 pointer
A1 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 3 VC-3s

(DS3 mapping)

STM-1 Pointers Locations

TU-3 pointer
A1 AU-4 pointer P O H VC-4 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 (E-3 mapping)

TU-2/TU-1 pointer
A1 AU-4 pointer P H V1 VC-4 or VC-3

(DS1/E1/DS2 mapping) V2 V3 V4

O (VC-2s, VC-12s or VC-11s)

Pointers Organization
(H1, H2) pointer
H1 N N N N S S I
N: New Data Flag (NDF) S: Size bit

H2 D I D I D I D I D

H3

I: Increment bit D: Decrement bit

Negative justification opportunity

(TU-1/TU-2) pointer
V1 N N N N S S I
TU size 0 0 TU-2 1 0 TU-12 1 1 TU-11

V2 D I D I D I D I D

V3

V4

Pointer action

For future study

Frequency Justification
positive frequency justification
1 4 9 1 4 9 1 4 9 1 4 9 STM-1 Frame No.1 H3 H3 H3 (H1, H2)= (0110100000000011) Frame No. 2 H3 H3 H3 (H1, H2)= (0110100000000011) Frame No. 3 I-bits inverted (H1, H2)= (0110101010101001) Frame No. 4 (H1, H2)= (0110100000000100) (3 3 3) J1 X at time ts Start of VC-4 (3 3 3) J1

H3 H3 H3 3 stuffed bytes

(4 4 4) J1

H3 H3 H3

(4 4 4) J1

Frequency Justification
negative frequency justification
1 4 9 1 4 9 1 4 9 1 4 9 STM-1 Frame No.1 H3 H3 H3 (H1, H2)= (0110100000000011) Frame No. 2 H3 H3 H3 (H1, H2)= (0110100000000011) Frame No. 3 D-bits inverted (H1, H2)= (0110100101010110) Frame No. 4 H3 H3 H3 (H1, H2)= (0110100000000010) (3 3 3) J1 X at time ts Start of VC-4 (3 3 3) J1

(2 2 2) J1

(2 2 2) J1