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Mobile Communication Systems

Lecture No 7: Air Interface Techniques

After completing this module ,you will be able to

Describe the process of analog to digital conversion Explain different Air Interface techniques Describe various Transmission Remedies Cellular Traffic and Control Channels

Beginning of Digital communication

Analog to Digital Conversion

Analog to Digital Conversion

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM consists of three steps Sampling Quantization Coding

PCM

Sampling

In the first step of conversion voice signal is measured 8000 times per second

PCM

Quantization

In quantization the amplitude of the levels are mapped onto a restricted number of levels

PCM

Coding

In the final step ,each level is coded or given a binary value. When the digital signal is received, the binary value is then converted back to its original analog value.

Access Methods

Principles
Multiplex
Multiple-shift usage of the medium without interference 4 multiplex methods: Space Time Frequency Code

Media Access Methods

controls user access to medium

FDMA
In Frequency Division Multiple Access each connection uses one frequency all the time. To listen to another radio signal, you must tune the radio to another frequency. Communication using FDMA can only have one conversation per frequency at a time

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

Frequency
User n User 2 User 1 Time

FDMA Bandwidth Structure

Frequency

Total bandwidth

FDMA Channel Allocation

User 1

Frequency 1 Frequency 2

User 2

Frequency n

User n

Mobile Stations

Base Station

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

Based on FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing, Frequency Multiplex) i.e. to transmission channels several frequencies are permanently assigned, for instance radio transmitting stations
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6
f

k6 k5
f1 f2 f3 FDMA finds selection f4 f5 f6

k4
k3 k2 k1
t

s secure distance

TDMA
In Time Division Multiple Access Frequencies are divided into Frames. Each frame is divided into Eight time slots. Each mobile call is assigned a time slot. Information transmitted in one time slot is a Burst

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

Frequency

User 1

User 2

User n

Time

TDMA Frame Structure

3 Frame

Time

TDMA Frame Illustration for Multiple Users

User 1 User 2

Time 1 Time 2

Time n

User n

Mobile Stations

Base Station

TDMA
Frames of Frequency

1 TDMA Frame have Eight Time Slots

TDMA
Eight calls can share the same frequency, separated in time.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

Based on TDM (Time Division Multiplexing, Time Multiplex) i.e. to transmission channels is the transmission medium is slot assigned for certain time, is often used in LANs Synchronization (timing, static or dynamic) between transmitting and receiving stations is required k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

TDMA finds selection

f1

k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6 k1

Spread Spectrum Systems

Also known as CDMA It has a special code called Pseudo noise code It is independent of signal. It is larger than the input signal, so it is said to spread the signal.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

Frequency

User n

...

User 2

User 1

Time

Code

CDMA
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

f1 CDMA decoded

CDMA illustrated by example

The Principle of CDMA can be explained for an example communication partners stand closely to each other, each transmission station (Sender) is only so loud, that it does not interfere to neighbored groups transmission stations (Senders) use certain Codes (for instance, just other languages), they can be just separately received by other transmission stations receiving station (Listener) attunes to this language (Code), all other Senders are realizing this only as background noise if receiving station (Listener) cannot understand this language (Code), then it can just receive the data, but it cannot do anything with them if two communication partners would like to have some secure communication line, then they should simply use a secret language (Code)

Transmitted and Received Signals in a CDMA System

Information bits

Code at transmitting end

Transmitted signal

Received signal

Code at receiving end

Decoded signal at the receiver

Frequency Hopping
Frequency
Frame
Slot

f1

f2
f3

f4
f5 Time

Issues

Time Dispersion
Time dispersion is caused by signal Reflection of far away objects like mountain. This Reflected D bit causes interference with Direct Bit, is known as Inter Symbol Interference or ISI.

TIME Alignment
This problem occurs when a radio signal takes longer time to arrive and the transmission slides into another time slot.
Occurs when a MS moves farther from the base station.

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Advantages

Transmission Solutions
To help or eliminate problems in Radio Transmission the digital modulation and multiplexing techniques are used to provide a variety of advantages also.

Transmission Remedies
Speech Coding Channel Coding Interleaving Frequency Hoping Antenna Diversity Timing Advance Ciphering

Speech Coding
Speech coding makes it possible Transmit speech accurately without defining every single bit of information about tone and modulation. Reduce the number of bits needed without sacrificing quality.

Channel Coding
Channel coding corrects error in the received bit stream by adding bits to the coded speech.

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4 5 6 7

Interleaving
Work in conjunction with channel coding Spread out the information in a bit stream Helps ensure that interference wont affect the entire message.

Frequency Hoping
It minimizes the Fading with changing the carrier frequency at frequent levels.

Antenna Diversity
Incorporates two separate receiving Antennas Each side receive the same radio signal independently. The system chooses the better of the two radio signals

Equalization
A solution for Time Dispersion Information transmitted in one time slot is called a burst. Part of the information in the time slot is a know bit pattern called Training sequence. Equalizer will use this Training sequence for determining what was received versus the effects of time dispersion.

Timing Advance
A solution for Time Alignment It instruct the Mobile station to transmit earlier so the information stays in sequence.
Start Sending Signal

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4 5 6 7

Ciphering
A process of using mathematical algorithm to protect information against eavesdropping.

Channels and their Types

Channel
There are two type of channel PHYSICAL CHANNEL LOGICAL CHANNEL

Logical Channels
TCH

There are 12 Logical Channels 3 of them are Traffic Channels 9 are Control Channels

CCH

Traffic Channels
The 3 TCH carried Encoded speech and Data

Enhanced Full Rate Full Rate Half Rate

Control Channels
The 9 Control Channels carry signaling information.

Broadcast Channels

Common Control Channels

Dedicated Control Channels

Broadcast Channels
The 3 Broadcast channels carry information from the System to all the Mobile Stations in the coverage area

FCCH SCH BCCH

Common Control Channels

Three types of Common Control channels are used for accessing the mobile station to the network in a coverage area

RACH PCH AGCH

Dedicated Control Channels

The DCCH carry point to point traffic between BTS And specific MS when a call is in Progress

SDCCH SACCH FACCH

Questions & Answers

Thank You