Steel used in Ship Building

18th century- Wooden ships were used. No material was easier to be worked with available tools. Low strength, small ships(<60 m)

1807 1830-

Steam propulsion introduced

Iron ships were build. Riveting was joining technology. Bigger ships possible.

1870- Steel ships introduced. riveting contd. Steel made of Bessemer process. (costly and brittle) 1890- Welding introduced in small scale. 1920- Welding introduced for repairs. 1930- All welded tugs. Steel made of open hearth process. Improves cost and quality. 2nd world- All welded steel ships built in large numbers. war-

Steel may be broadly considered as alloy of iron and carbon, the carbon percentage varying from 0.1 per cent in mild steels to about 1.8 per cent in some Hardened steels

MILD STEEL & LOW CARBON STEEL

Mild steel is the most common form of steel because its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications.
Low carbon steel contains approximately 0.050.15% carbon and mild steel contains 0.160.29% carbon, therefore it is neither brittle nor ductile Mild steel has a relatively low tensile strength, but it is cheap and malleable

Medium carbon steel

Approximately 0.300.59% carbon content. Balances ductility and strength and has good wear resistance; used for large parts, forging and automotive components.

High carbon steel

Approximately 0.60.99% carbon content.Very strong, used for springs and high-strength wire

Ultra-high carbon steel

Approximately 1.02.0% carbon content and can be tempered to great hardness

Steels having a higher strength than that of mild steel are employed in the more highly stressed regions of large tankers, container ships and bulk carriers. Use of higher strength steels allows reductions in thickness of deck, bottom shell, and framing where fitted in the midships portion of larger vessels. The weldability of higher tensile steels and reduced fatigue life with these steels is an important consideration in their application in ship structures . The effects of corrosion with lesser thicknesses of plate and section may require more vigilant inspection

STRENGTH NORMAL HT STEEL HT STEEL HT STEEL

CATEGORY MS STRENGTH STRENTH LEVEL 32 Kg/mm2 STRENTH LEVEL 34 Kg/mm2 STRENTH LEVEL 36 Kg/mm2

GRADE A,B,D,E AH,DH,EH AH,DH,EH AH,DH,EH

B
0.21 max
0.80 min 0.5 max 0.04 max 0.04 max

D
0.21 max
0.6 min 0.1-0.5 0.04 max 0.04 max

E
0.18 max
0.7 min 0.1-0.5 0.04max 0.04 max

C% Mn % Si % S% P%

0.23 max
0.58 min 0.5 max 0.04 max 0.04 max

OPEN HEARTH PROCESS ELECTRIC FURNACE PROCESS OXYGEN PROCESS BESSEMER CONVERTOR PROCESS

The properties of steels may be altered greatly by the heat treatment to which the steel is subsequently subjected. These heat treatments bring about a change in the mechanical properties principally by modifying the steels structure. Those heat treatments which concern shipbuilding materials are described.

This consists of heating the steel at a slow rate to at temperature of say 850 C to 950 C, and then cooling it in the furnace at a very slow rate. The objects of annealing are to relieve any internal stresses, to soften the steel, or to bring the steel to a condition suitable for a subsequent heat treatment.

This is carried out by heating the steel slowly to a temperature similar to that for annealing and allowing it to cool in air.

The resulting faster cooling rate produces a harder stronger steel than annealing, and also refines the grain size.

Steel is heated to temperatures similar to that for annealing and normalizing, and then quenched in water or oil.

The fast cooling rate produces a very hard structure with a higher tensile strength.

Quenched steels may be further heated to a temperature somewhat between atmospheric and 680 C, and some alloy steels are then cooled fairly rapidly by quenching in oil or water. The object of this treatment is to relieve the severe internal stresses produced by the original hardening process and to make the material less brittle but retain the higher tensile stress.

Strengths Mild Steel

Yield stress (N/mm2) 250 1000 325

UTS(N/mm2) 400 1500 575

High Tensile Steel Stainless Steel 316

Structural steels low cost, strength, durability, design flexibility, adaptability and recyclability make it a good material of choice for Ships Steel has the highest strength to weight ratio of any building material. Provides consistent material quality; because it is produced in strict accordance with national standards, there is no regional variance in quality.

Fire resistant, does not burn and will not contribute fuel to the spread of fire.
Inorganic; it does not rot, split, crack. Produces less scrap and waste (2% for steel vs. 15-20% for wood). Scrap is 100% recyclable can be recycled indefinitely without losing any of its qualities. Slower aging process with less maintenance. Enhanced resale value.

Almost half the worlds steel production now takes place in electric plants that operate exclusively with recycled scrap and generate no CO2 emissions. The by-products arising from steel production are all re-used. For example, slag is employed as a high-value mineral material for highway construction, as ballast, and for the manufacture of cement.

YOU