Hull Inspection Course

Hull structures and loads

Det Norske Veritas

2007
 Hull functions
The ship hull functions are:

Watertight Integrity:
- External
- Internal

Structural Integrity
- Local
- Global

Fit for Purpose, operationally

Slide 2
Loads acting on a ship structure

Slide 3
Loads acting on a ship structure

1. Internal loads:
- Cargo
- Ballast
- Fuel
- Flooding
- Loading/unloading
- ….
2. External loads:
- Sea
- Ice
- Wind

- …. Slide 4
Local static and dynamic sea loads

Static Dynamic

Max at the bottom Max around the waterline

Note: The relative size of static/dynamic pressure is not to scale!

Slide 5
 Global sea loads

• Global dynamic vertical and horizontal wave bending

moments and torsion give longitudinal dynamic stresses in
deck, bottom and side

Highest global dynamic loads for all longitudinal members

in the midship area
Slide 6
Combination of loads

Slide 7
Hull girder strength
Hull girder strength - example

30kg 35kg 35kg 35kg 35kg 35kg 35kg 35kg 30kg

Bulkcarrier dimensions: Model dimensions [scale 1:100]:

Length overall 289 m Length overall 289 cm
Breadth 45 m Breadth 45 cm
Depth 23.90 m Depth 23.90 cm
Ligthship weight ~ 19,500 t Ligthship weight ~ 19.5 kg
Typical material thicknesses 20 mm Typical material thicknesses 0.2 mm

Same as 2 sheets of normal printing paper

Slide 9
The secret - Structural hierarchy

Local stress : Plate / stiffener

Girder stresses: Webframes / Girders /Floors
Hull girder stresses; Deck & bottom / Side /
long. Bhd.

Slide 10
 Stress
Example:

Cross sectional area = 100 mm2

Force applied = 25000 Newton
That is about 2.5 Ton.

Stress (A car weights about 1.5Ton)

Force
Stress = 25000÷100 = 250 N/ mm2

Normal shipbuilding grade A mild steel

Yield stress is 235 N/ mm2

Force
Stress =
Area
Slide 11
Stress
Simply supported beam - concentrated load
ℓL/2 F
Single beam with
concentrated load,
simply supported ends
F/2 F/2
F
Shear
Q=F/2
Force
Q=F/2

Bending
Moment

M=Q x ℓL/2

Slide 12
 Bending stress - Simple beam with load

F
A A

R1 A A R2

Area effective in
transferring the bending
Of the beam

n.a

Section A-A Distribution of stress

Caused by bending

Max stress at flanges.

Zero stress at neutral axis: Slide 13
 Shear stress - Simple beam with load

F
A A

R1 A A R2

Area effective in Distribution of the

transferring load stress
to the supports
Middle of the web:
Max stress

Section A-A

Slide 14
Shear stresses – a real case

Buoyancy and weights are not evenly distributed along

a ships length…

…hence, a global shear force and bending moment

distribution is set up on the hull girder
Slide 15
Beam with fixed ends – distributed load
No rotation!
p

Single beam
with distributed
load, fixed ends
pL/2 L pL/2

Shear
Force Q=pL/2

Q=pL/2

Bending
M=pL2 /12
Moment

M=pL2 /24

Max at the ends Slide 16

Level 1: Plate - simple beam

Plating
Stiffener

Water pressure
No
rotation!
A plate strip
considered as a beam
with fixed ends and
evenly distributed load

Slide 17
PLATE AS A BEAM
Level 2 Longitudinal - simple beam

Longitudinal between two web frames

Max shear and bending moment

at supports (web frames)

Symmetric load fwd and aft of

web frames gives no rotation -
fixed ends

Slide 18
Level 3 : Transverse web - simple beam

Beam with fixed ends and

concentrated loads from the
bottom longitudinals

Max shear and bending

moment towards ends
(side & long bhd.)

SF
BM Slide 19
 Beams, load transfer - example

Double bottom structure

Stresses taken up by the bottom

plating are transferred through the
hierarcy of structures into the hull

Floor / transverse
Side girder bottom girder

Centre girder

Stiffeners supported
by floors
Slide 20
Single beam VS Hull girder
A A
F

A A
Bending stress, σ

Compression

Tension

Hull Girder
Section A-A Shear stress, τ

Slide 21
A ship full of beams

Slide 22