Fore

ship Contents – Fwd and aft structural parts

1. Hull structure breakdown – fwd part of ship

2. Hull structure breakdown – aft part of ship
3. Case

Slide 4
Fore
ship Structural functions of fore ship

1. Watertight integrity (local strength)

- Resist external sea pressure / Bow impact / bottom
slamming
- Resist internal pressure from ballast
2. Web in hull girder (global strength)
- Side plating act as the web in the hull girder beam

Slide 5
Fore
ship Structural build up fore ship

Collision bhd. Chain locker

Stringer decks

Breast hook

Side webframes

Bulbous bow

Slide 6
Fore
ship Structural build up fore ship

Vertical side frames Horizontal side longs

Slide 7
Fore
ship Structural functions of fore ship

• Shell side must withstand static and dynamic

loads from external sea pressure.
• Bow impact and bottom slamming introduce
additional loads
Slide 8
• Internal pressure from ballast
Fore Structural build up fore peak
ship
Horizontal stiffening

Plate supported by side longs

Side longs supported at webframes
Webframes supported at stringer flats

BM and SF distribution for a single beam

with distributed load and fixed ends
Slide 9
Fore Structural build up fore peak
ship
Horizontal stiffening

Reduced
efficiency
due to flare
angle

Slide 10
Fore Structural build up fore peak
ship
Vertical stiffening

Plate supported by side

frames
Side frames supported by
stringer flats

SF Bm

Slide 11
Fore
ship Functions of fore peak global strength

2. Web in hull girder (global strength)

• Ship side / longitudinal swash bulkhead
carry global shear forces from net load
in fore peak to the collision bhd.

Full draught
Side plating is acting as with empty
web in the hull girder beam fore peak
most critical

Cont.

Slide 12
Fore
ship Functions of fore peak Global strength

2. Deck and Bottom in hull girder (global strength)

- The global bending moments are always zero at fwd / aft end.
- The longitudinal stresses in deck and bottom are moderate in fore
structure
- If large flare – wave induced compression stresses in deck may critical

Slide 13
Fore
ship Hull damages in fore ship

Characteristic damages fore ship Fore ship specially

1. Corrosion – lost ship side fore peak prone to hull
damages.
2. Buckling of stringers
Of top 10 damages
3. Bow impact on tankers are 6 of
them in the fore
4. Damages to the wave breaker ship!
5. Bottom slamming

Slide 14
 Oil Tanker 357 000
Fore
ship
Lost shipside DWT built 1973
20 years

Heavy
local
corrosion

Experience feedback

• Local heavy corrosion – increase stress level

- reduced buckling strength
• local buckling stiffener collapse – web frame
buckling/collapse
• Side longs double span – overload and
Slide 15
collapse
 Oil Tanker 357 000
Fore
ship
Lost shipside - Impact of function DWT built 1973
20 years

• Shell side lost its watertight integrity

• Lost buoyancy – increased fwd. draught –

impact on longitudinal strength

• Reduced shear carrying capacity for hull girder

• Collision bhd. Exposed to dynamic sea loads

Slide 16
 Oil Tanker
Fore Buckling of stringer in fore 302,419 DWT built 1992
Buckling of stringers in fore peak tank
ship
peak tank (after 1 year)

Buckling in stringer no 1, 2 & 3 in fore

peak tank. Stringer no 1 shown, other
Slide 17
stringers similar buckling pattern
 Oil Tanker
Fore Buckling of stringer in fore peak 302,419 DWT built 1992
Buckling of stringers in fore peak tank
ship
tank (after 1 year)

Stringer as beam

Local web buckling due to lateral load axial stress in web

Buckling of stringer due to high shear / compression stresses

Slide 18
Experience feedback
 Oil Tanker
Fore Buckling of stringer 302,419 DWT built 1992
Buckling of stringers in fore peak tank
ship Impact of function (after 1 year)

• Buckled / deformed stringers may

develop cracks penetrating the shell – cause
leak – impact on trim – draught
• If stringers are significantly reduced in
strength the webframes loose their support.
• Side longitudinals loose their support at
webframes.
• Side longitudinals with excessive loads
may collapse and ship side collapse –
flooding of fore structure.
Slide 19
 Container ship
Fore
ship Bow Impact Damage 1 year

A recent damage in 2001…..

Occurred during the first year of operation

Slide 20
 Container ship
Fore
ship Bow Impact Damage 1 year

Slide 21
 Container ship
Fore
ship Bow Impact Damage 1 year

Bow impact: Peak pressure

Important factors:
Flare angle,
Waterline angle,
Height above waterline
Vessel speed
Roll and pitch

Sea Pressure: ”Evenly” distributed

h0

Slide 22
 Container ship
Fore
ship Bow Impact Damage 1 year

Local plate buckling

Slide 23
 Container ship
Fore Bow Impact Damage 1 year
ship Impact of function

• Buckled plating may lead to leakage

• Damages to longitudinals may reduce their load
carrying capacity
• Damages to stringers and webs could lead to
reduced support of longitudinals which again
may lead to ship side collapse and flooding.

Slide 24
 Bulk Carrier
Fore 220 000Dwt
ship Bottom slamming fore ship Built 1997

• Bottom plate set in

• Bottom longs tripped ( L-profiles)
• Webframes buckled between longs and access holes
Slide 25
Fore Feeder
ship Bottom slamming fore ship L = 100 m

Plates set in and punctured

Floors twisted and damaged
Mostly for small ships in
ballast condition
Slide 26
Fore Feeder
ship Bottom slamming fore ship L = 100 m

Parametres:

TBF = Ballast draught forward. Increasing ballast draught

decreases slamming load.

BB = Breadth of flat bottom. “V” shape forward

reduces slamming load.

X = Distance from FP. Pitch component of relative

velocity, and therefore slamming load, decreases
with distance from FP

Slamming Pressure

Slide 27
Slamming Pressure
Fore Bottom slamming
ship
Impact of Function

• Bottom longs tripped will not efficiently support

plate
– Bottom plate + longs will be set in
– In plane buckling capacity significantly reduced
• not critical in this area due to low vertical bending moment
• Bottom floors buckled, webframes reduced their
load carrying capacity
• Loss of watertight integrity – flooding possible
scenario – impact on trim - draught

Slide 28
Aft ship
Contents – Fwd and aft structural parts

1. Hull structure breakdown – fwd part of ship

2. Hull structure breakdown – aft part of ship
3. Case

Slide 29
Aft ship
Structural build up aft ship

Transom stern plate

Engine room bulkhead

Webframes

Floors

Slide 30
Aft ship
Structural build up aft ship

Engine room platform

Side plate &

longitudinals

Webframe side

Webframe deck

Slide 31
Aft ship
Structural build up aft peak tank

Horizontal side longs Vertical side frames

Slide 32
Aft ship
Structural functions of aft ship

• Shell must withstand static and dynamic sea pressure, bottom

slamming may introduce additional loads
• Internal pressure from ballast
• Dynamic impulses from the propeller
Slide 33
Loads are taken up by the hull plating, stresses are transferred from plate to stiffener
Aft ship
Functions of aft ship

Web in hull girder (global strength)

Ship side together with the
Global loads are
longitudinal swash acting on the hull
bulkheads are taking up girder beam
global shear forces from
net load on the hull girder
in the aft end
Side plating is acting
High shear as web in the hull
forces fwd. of girder beam
engine room
full load
conditions

Cont.

Slide 34
Aft ship
Functions of Aft ship

2. Deck and Bottom in hull girder (global strength)

- The global bending moments are always zero at fwd / aft end
- The longitudinal stresses in deck and bottom are moderate in fore peak

Slide 35
Aft ship
Functions of Aft ship

• Ensure adequate stiffness for:

– Main engine support (double bottom engine room)
– Steering gear support (steering gear flat / aft peak)
– Rudder horn (aft peak structure)

Slide 36
Aft ship
Hull damages in aft ship

Characteristic damages for the aft ship:

1. Buckling of engine room stringers
2. Stern Slamming
3. Cracks due to vibration
4. Cavitation damages to the rudder

Slide 37
 Oil Tanker
Built 1992
Aft ship
Buckling Buckling of stringers in engine room
(after 1 year)

Buckling of stringers aft in

engine room 7100 / 11150
mm above baseline

Buckling of side stringer

7700 mm above baseline
in engine room (P/S)
Slide 38
Aft ship
Buckling

External sea pressure

Bending
moment

Bending + shear
exceed the
buckling capacity
of the plate

Slide 39
Aft ship Buckling
Impact of function

• Stiffeners may loose their support and areas

may be overloaded
• Collapse of panels and leakage may be a
possible scenario

Slide 40
Aft ship
Stern Slamming Container Ship

• Flat stern structure is prone to be high stern slamming impact

load - the wider beam, the higher impact pressure and total load
on the stern
Slide 41
Aft ship
Stern Slamming Container Ship

Repaired
connection area/
scallop

Scallop and stiffener

connection to outer shell
longitudinals in ballast tanks
in after body area were found
Slide 42
fractured in several locations.
Aft ship
Stern Slamming Container Ship

F
Slide 43
Aft ship Stern Slamming Container Ship
Impact of function

• Side longitudinals may loose their support at

web frames
• Crack may penetrate the shell plating - loss of
watertight integrity - flooding possible scenario

Slide 44
Aft ship
Cracks in aft peak tank due to vibrations

Cracks in Trans. at Steering Gear Flat

Supporting structure below

oscillating machinery

Passage doors in engine room area

Slide 45
 Aft ship
Cracks in aft peak tank due to vibrations

Crack in weld between

web frame and shell side

Crack

Repair;
Crack caused by vibration of
the web frame due to Additional intercostals to
impulses from the propeller change natural frequency
for side webs
Crack start in scallop
Slide 46
Aft ship Vibration damages
Impact of function

• The supporting structure may get less effective

• If the cracks are in the side shell frames or
webs, this may lead to crack in the shell plate
and thereby leakage.

Slide 47
Aft ship Typical on Container Ship
Rudder Cavitation

Typical repair;
• Grind the affected area
• Pre-heat
Slide 48
• Re-weld
Aft ship
Rudder Cavitation

Pressure distribution around

typical rudder profile
Pressure
distribution
(suction) Cavitation of rudder blade depend on:
U = speed of
Positive ambient water • Shape of profile
pressure • Thickness of profile
• Rudder angle
Pressure distribution due to
• Speed of water over profile
shape of profile

Pressure distribution due to

thickness of profile

Slide 49
Aft ship
Rudder Cavitation

• Stainless steel shielding

– Preferred solution welded
with continuous weld in
small pieces – not slot
welds

Slide 50
Aft ship
Rudder Cavitation

This is how it may end if

the shielding is not
welded properly

Slide 51
Aft ship Rudder Cavitation
Impact on function

• Cracks may occur which could lead to reduced

rudder support and maneuverability

Slide 52