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MECHANICAL SEPARATION

What is Electrostatics? Why a Charged Comb attracts paper & dry dandruff? What is Electrostatic Separation? Principle Types Of Electrostatic Separations: Wet Electrostatic Separations Dry Electrostatic Separations Technique Of Charging (Charging Mechanism) Ion Bombardment Contact Electrification Conductive Induction Applications Electrostatic Separation Machines Electrostatic Precipitator Definition Construction Functional Description Types Wet Electrostatic Precipitator Dry Electrostatic Precipitator Applications
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Electrostatics is the branch of science that deals with the phenomenon arising from stationary or slow-moving electric charge.

Why A Charged Comb Attracts Paper And Dry Dandruff ? Suppose the comb ends up positive. Then near side of paper ends up slightly negative from attraction of opposite charges. The other side ends up slightly positive due to repulsion of similar charges.

Separation of finely pulverized materials by placing them in electrostatic separators. Also known as high-tension separation.

PULVERIZED MATERIAL A substance that is reduce to fine particles, by crushing or grinding.

Electrostatic separation is a method of separation based on differential attraction or repulsion of charged particles under the influence of an electric field. Applying an electrostatic charge to the particles is necessary step before particle separation can be accomplished.

Various techniques can be used for charging these include Contact electrification Conductive induction Ion bombardment Generally, separators of the conductive-induction type have a lower capacity per unit length of electrode than the ion-bombardment.

When dissimilar material touch each other, there is an opportunity for the transfer of electric charges.

The extend of charge transfer can be such that a significant surface charge of opposite sign is developed when the materials are later separated.
High temperatures and low humidity favor the development of high surface charges through the mechanism of contact electrification. Rubbing the materials together to increase the area of effective contact can also lead to high surface charges. Particles carrying charges of opposite polarity due to contact electrification will be attracted to opposite electrodes when passing through an electric field and thus can be separated from each other.

The term conductive induction describes the process by which an initially uncharged particle that comes into contact with a charged surface assumes the polarity and, eventually, the potential of the surface.

The charged plate must be balanced by other oppositely charged (or earthed) bodies to maintain overall neutrality.
If a conductor particle and a nonconductor particle are just separated from contact with a charged plate, the conductor particle will be repelled by the charged plate and the non-conducting particle will be neither repelled nor attracted by it.

A question arises How electrostatic separation be done through this technique? In electrostatic separation, this is usually accomplished by means of a single electrode of charge opposite in sign to that of the charged plate.

The conductor particle is then in the electrical field between the two electrodes and experiences a net electrostatic force in the direction of the second electrode.

The non-conducting particle, having no net charge, experiences no electrostatic force in a uniform electric field. Electrostatic separation of the conductor and nonconductor particles can be accomplished by movement of the conductors in the electric field.

The most positive and strongest method of charging particles for electrostatic separation is ion bombardment. WORKING: Both particles are bombarded by ions of atmospheric gases generated by an electrical corona discharge from a high-voltage electrode (usually a fine tungsten-alloy wire at 20 to 30 kV with respect to ground and several centimeters away from the particles).

When ion bombardment ceases, the conductor particle loses its acquired charge to ground very rapidly and experiences an opposite electrostatic force tending to repel it from the conducting surface.
The non-conducting particle, however, being coated on its side away from the conducting surface with ions of charge opposite in electrical polarity to that of the surface, experiences an electrostatic force tending to hold it to the surface.

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There are two types of electrostatic separations:

WET ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATIONS In wet electrostatics separations dust particles are removed from wet saturated air stream (100% relative humidity). DRY ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATIONS In dry electrostatic separation particles are separated from dry air stream.

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MINERAL BENEFICIATION Electrostatic methods are widely used in the processing of ores with mineral concentrates.

Charging by ion bombardment is the technique used in most mineral separations.

PLASTIC AND METAL RECYCLING Electrostatic separation has been increasingly applied to recover nonferrous metals from industrial plastics (telephone and communication scrap).

It also is an important step in the recycling of beverage bottles to reject any remaining nonferrous metals. (Fig. 19-61b).

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There are different types of electrostatic machines which are used in our industry:

Tribo-electric Separators Conductive-Induction Machines Ion-Bombardment Machines

But Electrostatic Precipitator has more importance than all of above so we only discuss it here.

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A device for removing small particles, as of smoke, dust, or oil, from a gas, as air, by passing the gas first through an electrically charged screen that gives a charge to the particles, then between two charged plates where the particles are attracted to one service. When enough dust has accumulated, the collectors are shaken to dislodge the dust, causing it to fall with the force of gravity to hoppers below. The dust is then removed by a conveyor system for disposal or recycling. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices.

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Depending upon dust characteristics and the gas volume to be treated, there are many different sizes, types and designs of electrostatic precipitators.

A shell or house contains the electrodes, exhaust gases and rapper. The shell must be well built with a rigid frame to hold the components in their proper place.
Hot temperatures inside the shell can vary greatly from the temperatures outside the shell. Such tremendous temperature differences can cause expansion and contraction to stress joints and welds.

Often shells are insulated to minimize temperature differences and prevent gases from condensing into corrosive liquids.

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The major precipitator components that accomplish these activities are as follows:

Discharge Electrodes Power Components Precipitator Controls Flue Gas Conditioning

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Electrostatic precipitator (ESP's) are used to extract airborne dust particles from the air. Dust particles are charged by electrodes and adhere to the collector plates in the electrostatic precipitator. Electro-mechanical rappers dislodge the dust particulate from the electrodes and collector plates (rappers are located external to the electrostatic precipitator). The dust particles fall into a common hopper where they are exited through an air lock to the residual collecting conveyor system.

The clean air is evacuated from the electrostatic precipitator into the atmosphere.

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A dry electrostatic precipitator ( ESP ) is a large box. Particulate control begins when the dust laden gases are drawn into one side of the box. Inside, high voltage electrodes impart a negative charge to the particles entrained in the gas. These negatively charged particles are then attracted to a grounded collecting surface which is positively charged.

The gas then leaves the box up to 99.9% cleaner than when it entered.

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For wet electrostatic separations used wet electrostatic separators. WESP uses a vertical cylindrical tube with centrally-located wire electrode (gas flowing upward) with water sprays to clean the collected particulate from the collection surface (plates, tubes). Wet ESPs are used for industrial applications where the potential for explosion is high

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removal of dirt from flue gases in steam plants removal of oil mists in machine shops and acid mists in chemical process plants cleaning of air to remove fungi and bacteria in establishments producing antibiotics and other drugs, and in operating rooms cleaning of air in ventilation and air conditioning systems cleaning of blast furnace gases recovery of valuable materials such as oxides of copper, lead, and tin separation of rutile from zirconium sand

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