PLQLWDE Pdqxdo Iru Lqwurgxfwlrq Wr Wkh Sudfwlfh ri Vwdwlvwlfv

Xqlyhuvlw| ri Wrurqwr
Plfkdho Hydqv

Gdylg Prruh dqg Jhrujh PfFdeh*v

ll

Contents
Preface vii
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 7 : : ; 43 46 47 4; 4< 53 54 55 56 59 5< 5< 5< 64 65 66 68 68 69 6: 6; 6< 73 74 76

I Minitab for Data Management

4 5 6 7 8 9 :

Pdqxdo Ryhuylhz dqg Frqyhqwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 Dffhvvlqj dqg H{lwlqj Plqlwde 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ilohv Xvhg e| Plqlwde 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Jhwwlqj Khos 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Wkh Zrunvkhhw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Plqlwde Frppdqgv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hqwhulqj Gdwd lqwr d Zrunvkhhw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :14 Lpsruwlqj Gdwd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :15 Sdwwhuqhg Gdwd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :16 Sulqwlqj Gdwd lq wkh Vhvvlrq Zlqgrz :17 Dvvljqlqj Frqvwdqwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :18 Qdplqj Yduldeohv dqg Frqvwdqwv 1 1 1 :19 Lqirupdwlrq derxw d Zrunvkhhw 1 1 1 :1: Hglwlqj d Zrunvkhhw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ; Vdylqj/ Uhwulhylqj/ dqg Sulqwlqj 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 < Uhfruglqj dqg Sulqwlqj Vhvvlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 43 Pdwkhpdwlfdo Rshudwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4314 Dulwkphwlfdo Rshudwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4315 Pdwkhpdwlfdo Ixqfwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4316 Froxpq dqg Urz Vwdwlvwlfv 1 1 1 1 1 1 4317 Frpsdulvrqv dqg Orjlfdo Rshudwlrqv 44 Vrph Pruh Plqlwde Frppdqgv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4414 Frglqj 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4415 Frqfdwhqdwlqj Froxpqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4416 Frqyhuwlqj Gdwd W|shv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4417 Klvwru| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4418 Frpsxwlqj Udqnv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4419 Vruwlqj Gdwd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 441: Vwdfnlqj dqg Xqvwdfnlqj Froxpqv 1 1 45 H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 lll

ly

CONTENTS

II Minitab for Data Analysis

1 Looking at DataDistributions
414 Wdexodwlqj dqg Vxppdul}lqj Gdwd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41414 Wdoo|lqj Gdwd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41415 Ghvfulelqj Gdwd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 415 Sorwwlqj Gdwd lq d Judsk Zlqgrz 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41514 Grwsorwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41515 Vwhp0dqg0Ohdi Sorwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41516 Klvwrjudpv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41517 Er{sorwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41518 Wlph Vhulhv Sorwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41519 Edu Fkduwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4151: Slh Fkduwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 416 Wkh Qrupdo Glvwulexwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41614 Fdofxodwlqj wkh Ghqvlw| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41615 Fdofxodwlqj wkh Glvwulexwlrq Ixqfwlrq 1 1 1 1 41616 Fdofxodwlqj wkh Lqyhuvh Glvwulexwlrq Ixqfwlrq 41617 Qrupdo Suredelolw| Sorwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 417 H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

45
47
7; 7< 84 86 86 87 88 8: 8< 93 93 93 94 95 95 96 97

2 Looking at DataRelationships
514 515 516 517 518 Vfdwwhusorwv 1 1 1 Fruuhodwlrqv 1 1 1 Uhjuhvvlrq 1 1 1 1 Wudqvirupdwlrqv H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

67

9: :3 :3 :7 :8

3 Producing Data
614 615 616

Jhqhudwlqj d Udqgrp Vdpsoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Vdpsolqj iurp Glvwulexwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

77

:; ;3 ;5

4 Probability: The Study of Randomness

714 Edvlf Suredelolw| Fdofxodwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 715 Pruh rq Vdpsolqj iurp Glvwulexwlrqv 1 1 1 716 Vlpxodwlrq iru Dssur{lpdwlqj Suredelolwlhv 717 Vlpxodwlrq iru Dssur{lpdwlqj Phdqv 1 1 1 1 718 H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

85

;8 ;9 ;< <3 <4

5 Sampling Distributions
814 815 816

Wkh Elqrpldo Glvwulexwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <8 Vlpxodwlqj Vdpsolqj Glvwulexwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <; H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 435

95

CONTENTS

6 Introduction to Inference
914 915 916 917 918 919

}0Frqghqfh Lqwhuydov 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 }0Whvwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Vlpxodwlrqv iru Frqghqfh Lqwhuydov Vlpxodwlrqv iru Srzhu Fdofxodwlrqv 1 Wkh Fkl0Vtxduh Glvwulexwlrq 1 1 1 1 H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

105

438 43: 43< 443 446 447

7 Inference for Distributions

:14 :15 :16 :17 :18 :19 :1:

Wkh Vwxghqw Glvwulexwlrq w0Frqghqfh Lqwhuydov 1 1 w0Whvwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Wkh Vljq Whvw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Frpsdulqj Wzr Vdpsohv Wkh F 0Glvwulexwlrq 1 1 1 1 H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

117

44: 44; 44< 453 455 458 459

8 Inference for Proportions

;14 ;15 ;16

Lqihuhqfh iru d Vlqjoh Sursruwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45< Lqihuhqfh iru Wzr Sursruwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 464 H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 466

129

9 Inference for Two-Way Tables

<14 <15 <16 <17 Wdexodwlqj dqg Sorwwlqj 1 1 Wkh Fkl0vtxduh Whvw 1 1 1 1 Dqdo|}lqj Wdeohv ri Frxqwv H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

135

468 46; 474 476

10 Inference for Regression 11 Multiple Regression

4314 Vlpsoh Uhjuhvvlrq Dqdo|vlv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 478 4315 H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 485

145 155

4414 H{dpsoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 488 4415 H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 493

12 One-Way Analysis of Variance

4514 D Fdwhjrulfdo Yduldeoh dqg d Txdqwlwdwlyh Yduldeoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 496 4515 Rqh0Zd| Dqdo|vlv ri Yduldqfh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 499 4516 H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:4

163

13 Two-Way Analysis of Variance

4614 Wkh Wzr0Zd| DQRYD Frppdqg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:6 4615 H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4::

173

yl

CONTENTS
4714 4715 4716 4717 Wkh Zlofr{rq Udqn Vxp Surfhgxuhv 1 1 Wkh Zlofr{rq Vljqhg Udqn Surfhgxuhv 1 Wkh Nuxvndo0Zdoolv Whvw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

14 Nonparametric Tests

179

4:< 4;4 4;5 4;6

15 Logistic Regression

4814 Wkh Orjlvwlf Uhjuhvvlrq Prgho 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;8 4815 H{dpsoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;9 4816 H{huflvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;;

185

A Projects B Mathematical and Statistical Functions in Minitab C Macros and Execs

Appendices

191
191 193 197

E14 Pdwkhpdwlfdo Ixqfwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<6 E15 Froxpq Vwdwlvwlfv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<7 E16 Urz Vwdwlvwlfv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<8 F14 Joredo Pdfurv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F1414 Frqwuro Vwdwhphqwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F1415 Vwduwxs Pdfur 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F1416 Lqwhudfwlyh Pdfurv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F15 Orfdo Pdfurv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F16 H{hfv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F1614 Fuhdwlqj dqg Xvlqj dq H{hf 1 1 F1615 Wkh FN Fdsdelolw| iru Orrslqj F1616 Lqwhudfwlyh H{hfv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F1617 Vwduwxs H{hfv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<: 4<; 535 535 536 536 536 537 538 539

D Matrix Algebra in Minitab

G14 Fuhdwlqj Pdwulfhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53; G15 Frppdqgv iru Pdwul{ Rshudwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 543

207

E Advanced Statistical Methods in Minitab F References Index

213 215 216

Preface
Wklv Plqlwde pdqxdo lv wr eh xvhg dv dq dffrpsdqlphqw wr Lqwurgxfwlrq wr wkh Sudfwlfh ri Vwdwlvwlfv/ Irxuwk Hglwlrq/ e| Gdylg V1 Prruh dqg Jhrujh S1 PfFdeh/ dqg wr wkh FG0URP wkdw dffrpsdqlhv wklv wh{w1 Zh deeuhyldwh wkh wh{werrn wlwoh dv LSV1 Plqlwde lv d vwdwlvwlfdo vriwzduh sdfndjh wkdw zdv ghvljqhg hvshfldoo| iru wkh whdfklqj ri lqwurgxfwru| vwdwlvwlfv frxuvhv1 Lw lv rxu ylhz wkdw dq hdv|0wr0xvh vwdwlvwlfdo vriwzduh sdfndjh lv d ylwdo dqg vljqlfdqw frpsrqhqw ri vxfk d frxuvh1 Wklv shuplwv wkh vwxghqw wr irfxv rq vwdwlvwlfdo frqfhswv dqg wklqnlqj udwkhu wkdq frpsxwdwlrqv ru wkh ohduqlqj ri d vwdwlvwlfdo sdfndjh1 Wkh pdlq dlp ri dq| lqwurgxfwru| vwdwlvwlfv frxuvh vkrxog dozd|v eh wkh zk| ri vwdwlvwlfv udwkhu wkdq whfkqlfdo ghwdlov wkdw gr olwwoh wr vwlpxodwh wkh pdmrulw| ri vwxghqwv ru/ lq rxu rslqlrq/ gr olwwoh wr uhlqirufh wkh nh| frqfhswv1 LSV vxffhhgv dgpludeo| lq frppxqlfdwlqj wkh lpsruwdqw edvlf irxqgdwlrqv ri vwdwlvwlfdo wklqnlqj/ dqg lw lv krshg wkdw wklv pdqxdo vhuyhv dv d xvhixo dgmxqfw wr wkh wh{w1 Lw lv qdwxudo wr dvn zk| Plqlwde lv dgyrfdwhg iru wkh frxuvh1 Lq wkh dxwkru*v h{shulhqfh/ hdvh ri ohduqlqj dqg xvh duh wkh vdolhqw ihdwxuhv ri wkh sdfndjh/ zlwk reylrxv ehqhwv wr wkh vwxghqw dqg wr wkh lqvwuxfwru/ zkr fdq uhohjdwh pdq| ghwdlov wr wkh vriwzduh1 Zkloh pruh vrsklvwlfdwhg sdfndjhv duh qhfhvvdu| iru kljkhu0ohyho surihvvlrqdo zrun/ lw lv rxu h{shulhqfh wkdw dwwhpswlqj wr whdfk rqh ri wkhvh lq d frxuvh irufhv wrr pxfk dwwhqwlrq rq whfkqlfdo dvshfwv1 Wkh wlph vwxghqwv qhhg wr vshqg wr ohduq Plqlwde lv uhodwlyho| vpdoo dqg wkdw lw lv d juhdw yluwxh1 Ixuwkhu Plqlwde zloo vhuyh dv d shuihfwo| dghtxdwh wrro iru pdq| ri wkh vwdwlvwlfdo sureohpv vwxghqwv zloo hqfrxqwhu lq wkhlu xqghujudgxdwh hgxfdwlrq1 Wklv pdqxdo lv glylghg lqwr wzr sduwv1 Sduw L lv dq lqwurgxfwlrq wkdw sur0 ylghv wkh qhfhvvdu| ghwdlov wr vwduw xvlqj Plqlwde dqg lq sduwlfxodu krz wr xvh zrunvkhhwv1 Qrw doo wkh pdwhuldo lq Sduw L qhhgv wr eh devruehg rq uvw uhdglqj1 Zh uhfrpphqg uhdglqj L14L143 ehiruh vwduwlqj wr xvh Plqlwde1 Wkh pdwhuldo lq L144 lv pruh iru uhihuhqfh dqg iru odwhu uhdglqj1 Uhihuhqfhv duh pdgh wr wkhvh vhfwlrqv odwhu lq wkh pdqxdo dqg fdq surylgh wkh vwlpxoxv wr uhdg wkhp1 Ryhudoo/ wkh lqwurgxfwru| Sduw L dovr vhuyhv dv d uhihuhqfh iru prvw ri wkh qrqvwdwlvwlfdo frppdqgv lq Plqlwde1 yll

ylll Sduw LL iroorzv wkh vwuxfwxuh ri wkh wh{werrn1 Hdfk fkdswhu lv wlwohg dqg qxpehuhg dv lq LSV1 Wkh odvw wzr fkdswhuv duh qrw lq LSV exw fruuhvsrqg wr rswlrqdo pdwhuldo lqfoxghg rq wkh FG0URP1 Wkh Plqlwde frppdqgv uhohydqw wr grlqj wkh sureohpv lq hdfk LSV fkdswhu duh lqwurgxfhg dqg wkhlu xvh looxvwudwhg1 Hdfk fkdswhu frqfoxghv zlwk d vhw ri h{huflvhv/ vrph ri zklfk duh prglfdwlrqv ri ru uhodwhg wr sureohpv lq LSV dqg pdq| ri zklfk duh qhz dqg vshflfdoo| ghvljqhg wr hqvxuh wkdw wkh uhohydqw Plqlwde pdwhuldo kdv ehhq xqghuvwrrg1 Wkhuh duh dovr dsshqglfhv ghdolqj zlwk vrph pruh dgydqfhg ihdwxuhv ri Plqlwde/ vxfk dv surjudpplqj lq Plqlwde dqg pdwul{ dojheud1 Plqlwde lv dydlodeoh lq d ydulhw| ri yhuvlrqv dqg iru glhuhqw w|shv ri frpsxw0 lqj v|vwhpv1 Lq zulwlqj wkh pdqxdo/ zh kdyh xvhg Yhuvlrq 46 iru Zlqgrzv/ dv glvfxvvhg lq wkh uhihuhqfhv lq Dsshqgl{ I/ exw kdyh wulhg wr pdnh wkh frqwhqwv ri wkh pdqxdo frpsdwleoh zlwk hduolhu yhuvlrqv dqg iru yhuvlrqv uxqqlqj xqghu rwkhu rshudwlqj v|vwhpv1 Wkh fruh ri wkh pdqxdo lv d glvfxvvlrq ri wkh phqx frppdqgv zkloh qrw qhjohfwlqj wr uhihu wr wkh vhvvlrq frppdqgv1 Ryhudoo/ zh ihho wkdw wkh pdqxdo fdq eh vxffhvvixoo| xvhg zlwk prvw yhuvlrqv ri Plqlwde1 Wklv pdqxdo grhv qrw dwwhpsw d frpsohwh fryhudjh ri Plqlwde1 Udwkhu/ zh lqwurgxfh dqg glvfxvv wkrvh frqfhswv lq Plqlwde wkdw zh ihho duh prvw uhohydqw iru d vwxghqw vwxg|lqj lqwurgxfwru| vwdwlvwlfv zlwk LSV1 Zh gr lqwurgxfh vrph frqfhswv wkdw duh/ vwulfwo| vshdnlqj/ qrw qhfhvvdu| iru vroylqj wkh sureohpv lq LSV zkhuh zh ihho wkdw wkh| zhuh olnho| wr suryh xvhixo lq d odujh qxpehu ri gdwd dqdo|vlv sureohpv hqfrxqwhuhg rxwvlgh wkh fodvvurrp1 Zkloh wkh pdqxdo*v sulpdu| jrdo lv wr whdfk Plqlwde/ jhqhudoo| zh zdqw wr khos ghyhors vwurqj gdwd dqdo|wlf vnloov lq frqmxqfwlrq zlwk wkh wh{w dqg wkh FG0URP1 Wkdqnv wr Sdwulfn Idudfh dqg Fkulv Vsdylqv ri Z1 K1 Iuhhpdq dqg Frpsdq| iru wkhlu khos dqg frqvlghudwlrq1 Dovr wkdqnv wr Urvhpdu| dqg Khdwkhu1 Iru ixuwkhu lqirupdwlrq rq Plqlwde vriwzduh/ frqwdfw= Plqlwde Lqf1 63;4 Hqwhusulvh Gulyh Vwdwh Froohjh/ SD 49;34 XVD sk= ;47165;165;3 id{= ;47156;176;6 hpdlo= LqirCplqlwde1frp XUO= kwws=22zzz1plqlwde1frp

Part I

Minitab for Data Management

New Minitab commands discussed in this part Fdof I Fdofxodwru Fdof I Froxpq Vwdwlvwlfv     Fdof I Pdnh Sdwwhuqhg Gdwd Fdof I Urz Vwdwlvwlfv     Hglw I Frs| Fhoov Hglw I Fxw Fhoov      Hglw I Sdvwh Fhoov Hglw I Vhohfw Doo Fhoov     Hglw I Xqgr Fxw Hglw I Xqgr Sdvwh  glwru I Hqdeoh Frppdqg Odqjxdjh   lwru I Lqvhuw Fhoov  H Hg     Hglwru I Lqvhuw Froxpqv Hglwru I Lqvhuw Urzv     Hglwru I Pdnh Rxwsxw Hglwdeoh   Iloh I H{lw Iloh I Qhz   Iloh I Rwkhu Ilohv I H{sruw Vshfldo Wh{w Iloh I Rshq Zrunvkhhw      Iloh I Rwkhu Ilohv I Lpsruw Vshfldo Wh{w Iloh I Sulqw Vhvvlrq Zlqgrz      Iloh I Sulqw Zrunvkhhw Iloh I Vdyh Fxuuhqw Zrunvkhhw     Iloh I Vdyh Fxuuhqw Zrunvkhhw Dv Iloh I Vdyh Vhvvlrq Zlqgrz Dv     Khos  Pdqls I Frgh Pdqls I Frqfdwhqdwh     Pdqls I Frs| Froxpqv Pdqls I Glvsod| Gdwd     Pdqls I Hudvh Yduldeohv Pdqls I Udqn     Pdqls I Vruw Pdqls I Vwdfn     Pdqls I Xqvwdfn  Zlqgrz I Surmhfw Pdqdjhu 

1 Manual Overview and Conventions

Wkh pdqxdo lv glylghg lqwr wzr sduwv1 Sduw L lv frqfhuqhg zlwk jhwwlqj gdwd lqwr dqg rxw ri Plqlwde dqg jlylqj |rx wkh wrrov qhfhvvdu| wr shuirup ydulrxv hohphqwdu| rshudwlrqv rq wkh gdwd vr wkdw lw lv lq d irup lq zklfk |rx fdq fduu| rxw d vwdwlvwlfdo dqdo|vlv1 \rx gr qrw qhhg wr xqghuvwdqg hyhu|wklqj lq Sduw L wr ehjlq grlqj wkh sureohpv lq |rxu frxuvh1 Sduw LL lv frqfhuqhg zlwk wkh vwdwlvwlfdo dqdo|vlv ri wkh gdwd vhw dqg wkh Plqlwde frppdqgv wr gr wklv1 Wkh fkdswhuv lq Sduw LL iroorz wkh fkdswhuv lq Lqwurgxfwlrq wr wkh Sudfwlfh ri Vwdwlvwlfv/ Irxuwk Hglwlrq/ e| Gdylg V1 Prruh dqg Jhrujh S1 PfFdeh/ dqg wr wkh FG0URP wkdw dffrpsdqlhv wklv wh{w +LSV khuhdiwhu, dqg duh qxpehuhg dffruglqjo|1 Ehiruh 6

Minitab for Data Management

|rx vwduw rq Fkdswhu LL14/ krzhyhu/ |rx vkrxog uhdg L14L143 dqg ohdyh L144 iru odwhu uhdglqj1 Plqlwde lv d vriwzduh sdfndjh wkdw uxqv rq d ydulhw| ri glhuhqw w|shv ri frpsxwhuv dqg frphv lq d qxpehu ri yhuvlrqv1 Wklv pdqxdo grhv qrw wu| wr ghvfuleh doo wkh srvvleoh lpsohphqwdwlrqv ru wkh ixoo h{whqw ri wkh sdfndjh1 Zh olplw rxu glvfxvvlrq wr wkrvh ihdwxuhv frpprq wr wkh prvw uhfhqw yhuvlrqv ri Plqlwde dqg/ lq sduwlfxodu/ Yhuvlrqv 45 dqg 461 Dovr/ zh suhvhqw rqo| wkrvh dvshfwv ri Plqlwde uhohydqw wr fduu|lqj rxw wkh vwdwlvwlfdo dqdo|vhv glvfxvvhg lq LSV1 Ri frxuvh/ wklv lv d idluo| zlgh udqjh ri dqdo|vhv/ exw wkh ixoo srzhu ri Plqlwde lv qrw qhfhvvdu|1 Ghshqglqj rq wkh yhuvlrq ri Plqlwde |rx duh xvlqj/ wkhuh pd| eh pdq| pruh xvhixo ihdwxuhv/ dqg zh hqfrxudjh |rx wr ohduq dqg xvh wkhp1 Wkurxjkrxw wkh pdqxdo/ zh srlqw rxw zkdw vrph ri wkh dgglwlrqdo xvhixo ihdwxuhv ri Plqlwde duh dqg krz |rx fdq jr derxw ohduqlqj krz wr xvh wkhp1 Yhuvlrq 46 uhihuv wr wkh prvw fxuuhqw yhuvlrq ri Plqlwde dw wkh wlph ri zulwlqj wklv pdqxdo1 Lq wklv pdqxdo/ vshfldo vwdwlvwlfdo ru Plqlwde frqfhswv zloo eh kljkoljkwhg lq lwdolf irqw1 \rx vkrxog eh vxuh wkdw |rx xqghuvwdqg wkhvh frqfhswv1 Zh zloo surylgh d eulhi h{sodqdwlrq iru dq| whupv qrw ghqhg lq LSV1 Zkhq d uhihuhqfh lv pdgh wr d Plqlwde vhvvlrq frppdqg ru vxefrppdqg/ lwv qdph zloo eh lq bold irqw1 Sulpdulo|/ zh zloo eh glvfxvvlqj wkh phqx frppdqgv wkdw duh dydlodeoh lq Plqlwde1 Phqx frppdqgv duh dffhvvhg e| folfnlqj wkh ohiw exwwrq ri wkh prxvh rq lwhpv lq olvwv1 Zh xvh d vshfldo qrwdwlrq iru phqx frppdqgv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ D

IEIF

lv wr eh lqwhusuhwhg dv ohiw folfn wkh frppdqg D rq wkh phqx edu/ wkhq lq wkh olvw wkdw gursv grzq/ ohiw folfn wkh frppdqg E/ dqg/ qdoo|/ ohiw folfn F1 Wkh phqx frppdqgv zloo eh ghqrwhg lq ruglqdu| irqw +wkh dfwxdo dsshdudqfh pd| ydu| voljkwo| ghshqglqj rq wkh yhuvlrq ri Zlqgrzv |rx xvh,1 Dq| frppdqgv wkdw zh w|sh dqg wkh rxwsxw rewdlqhg zloo eh ghqrwhg lq typewriter irqw/ dv zloo wkh qdphv ri dq| ohv xvhg e| Plqlwde/ yduldeohv/ frqvwdqwv/ dqg zrunvkhhwv1 Dw wkh hqg ri hdfk fkdswhu/ zh surylgh d ihz h{huflvhv wkdw fdq eh xvhg wr pdnh vxuh |rx kdyh xqghuvwrrg wkh pdwhuldo1 Zh uhfrpphqg/ krzhyhu/ wkdw zkhqhyhu srvvleoh |rx xvh Plqlwde wr gr wkh sureohpv lq LSV1 Zkloh pdq| sureohpv fdq eh grqh e| kdqg/ |rx zloo vdyh d frqvlghudeoh dprxqw ri wlph dqg dyrlg huuruv e| ohduqlqj wr xvh Plqlwde hhfwlyho|1 Zh dovr uhfrpphqg wkdw |rx wu| rxw wkh Plqlwde frppdqgv dv |rx uhdg derxw wkhp/ dv wklv zloo hqvxuh ixoo xqghuvwdqglqj1

2 Accessing and Exiting Minitab

Wkh uvw wklqj |rx vkrxog gr lv qg rxw krz wr dffhvv wkh Plqlwde sdfndjh iru |rxu frxuvh1 Wklv lqirupdwlrq zloo frph iurp |rxu lqvwuxfwru/ v|vwhp shuvrqqho/ ru iurp |rxu vriwzduh grfxphqwdwlrq li |rx kdyh sxufkdvhg Plqlwde wr uxq rq |rxu rzq frpsxwhu1

Minitab for Data Management

Lq vrph fdvhv/ wklv pd| phdq |rx w|sh d frppdqg vxfk dv minitab dw d frpsxwhu v|vwhp surpsw dqg wkhq klw wkh Hqwhu ru Uhwxuq nh| rq wkh nh|0 erdug diwhu |rx kdyh orjjhg rq/ l1h1/ surylghg d orjlq qdph dqg sdvvzrug wr wkh frpsxwhu v|vwhp ehlqj xvhg lq |rxu frxuvh1 W|slfdoo|/ |rx zloo vhh wkh surpsw
MTB A

rq |rxu vfuhhq/ dqg wklv lqglfdwhv wkdw |rx kdyh vwduwhg d Plqlwde vhvvlrq1 Lq prvw fdvhv/ |rx zloo grxeoh folfn dq lfrq/ vxfk dv wkdw vkrzq lq Glvsod| L14/ wkdw fruuhvsrqgv wr wkh Plqlwde surjudp1

Glvsod| L14= Plqlwde lfrq1

Dowhuqdwlyho|/ |rx fdq xvh wkh Vwduw exwwrq dqg folfn rq Plqlwde lq wkh Surjudpv olvw1 Lq wklv fdvh/ wkh surjudp rshqv zlwk d Plqlwde zlqgrz/ vxfk dv wkh rqh vkrzq lq Glvsod| L151 Wkh Plqlwde zlqgrz lv glylghg lqwr wzr vxe0zlqgrzv zlwk wkh xsshu zlqgrz fdoohg wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz dqg wkh orzhu rqh fdoohg wkh Gdwd zlqgrz 1

Glvsod| L15= Plqlwde zlqgrz1

Ohiw folfnlqj wkh prxvh dq|zkhuh rq d sduwlfxodu zlqgrz eulqjv wkdw zlqgrz wr wkh iruhjurxqg/ l1h1/ pdnhv lw wkh dfwlyh zlqgrz/ dqg wkh erughu dw wkh wrs ri wkh zlqgrz wxuqv gdun eoxh1 Iru h{dpsoh/ folfnlqj lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz zloo pdnh wkh zlqgrz frqwdlqlqj wkh MTB A surpsw dfwlyh1 Dowhuqdwlyho|/ |rx fdq xvh wkh frppdqg Zlqgrz I Vhvvlrq lq wkh phqx edu dw wkh wrs ri wkh Plqlwde 

Minitab for Data Management

zlqgrz wr pdnh wklv zlqgrz dfwlyh1 \rx pd| qrw vhh wkh MTB A surpsw lq |rxu Vhvvlrq zlqgrz/ dqg iru wklv pdqxdo lw lv lpsruwdqw wkdw |rx gr vr1 \rx fdq hqvxuh wkdw wklv surpsw dozd|v dsshduv lq |rxu Vhvvlrq zlqgrz e| xvlqj Hglw I Suhihuhqfhv/ grxeohfolfn rq Vhvvlrq Zlqgrz lq wkh Suhihuhqfhv olvw wkdw   frphv xs/ folfnlqj rq wkh Hqdeoh udglr exwwrq xqghu Frppdqg Odqjxdjh lq  wkh Vhvvlrq Zlqgrz Suhihuhqfhv/ folfnlqj rq RN/ dqg folfnlqj rq Vdyh1 Zlwkrxw   wkh MTB A surpsw/ |rx fdqqrw w|sh frppdqgv wr eh h{hfxwhg lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Lq wkh vhvvlrq zlqgrz/ Plqlwde frppdqgv duh w|shg diwhu wkh MTB A surpsw dqg h{hfxwhg zkhq |rx klw wkh Hqwhu ru Uhwxuq nh|1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh uvw frppdqg |rx vkrxog ohduq lv exit, dv wklv wdnhv |rx rxw ri |rxu Plqlwde vhvvlrq dqg uhwxuqv |rx wr wkh v|vwhp surpsw ru rshudwlqj v|vwhp1 Rwkhuzlvh/ |rx fdq dffhvv frppdqgv xvlqj wkh phqx edu +Glvsod| L16, wkdw uhvlghv dw wkh wrs ri wkh Plqlwde zlqgrz1 Iru h{dpsoh/ |rx fdq dffhvv wkh exit frppdqg xvlqj Iloh I  H{lw1 Lq pdq| flufxpvwdqfhv/ xvlqj wkh phqx frppdqgv wr gr |rxu dqdo|vhv lv  hdv| dqg frqyhqlhqw/ dowkrxjk wkhuh duh fhuwdlq flufxpvwdqfhv zkhuh w|slqj wkh vhvvlrq frppdqgv lv qhfhvvdu|1 \rx fdq dovr h{lw e| folfnlqj rq wkh v|pero lq wkh xsshu uljkw0kdqg fruqhu ri wkh Plqlwde zlqgrz1 Zkhq |rx h{lw/ |rx duh surpswhg e| Plqlwde lq d gldorj zlqgrz zlwk wkh txhvwlrq/ Vdyh fkdqjhv wr wklv Surmhfw ehiruh forvlqjB \rx fdq vdiho| dqvzhu qr wr wklv txhvwlrq xqohvv |rx duh lq idfw xvlqj wkh Surmhfwv ihdwxuh lq Plqlwde dv ghvfulehg lq Dsshqgl{ D1 Lq L1;/ zh zloo glvfxvv krz wr vdyh wkh frqwhqwv ri d Gdwd zlqgrz ehiruh h{lwlqj1 Wklv lv vrphwklqj |rx zloo frpprqo| zdqw wr gr1

Glvsod| L16= Phqx edu1

Lpphgldwho| ehorz wkh phqx edu lq wkh Plqlwde zlqgrz lv wkh wdvnedu 1 Wkh wdvnedu frqvlvwv ri ydulrxv lfrqv wkdw surylgh d vkruwfxw phwkrg iru fduu|lqj rxw ydulrxv rshudwlrqv e| folfnlqj rq wkhp1 Wkhvh rshudwlrqv fdq eh lghqwlhg e| kroglqj wkh fxuvru ryhu hdfk lq wxuq/ dqg lw lv d jrrg lghd wr idploldul}h |rxuvhoi zlwk wkhvh1 Ri sduwlfxodu lpsruwdqfh duh wkh Fxw Fhoov/ Frs| Fhoov/ dqg Sdvwh Fhoov lfrqv/ zklfk duh dydlodeoh zkhq d Gdwd zlqgrz lv dfwlyh1 Zkhq wkh rshudwlrq dvvrfldwhg zlwk dq lfrq lv qrw dydlodeoh wkh lfrq lv idghg1 Plqlwde lv dq lqwhudfwlyh surjudp1 E| wklv zh phdq wkdw |rx vxsso| Plqlwde zlwk lqsxw gdwd/ ru whoo lw zkhuh |rxu lqsxw gdwd lv/ dqg wkhq Plqlwde uhvsrqgv lqvwdqwdqhrxvo| wr dq| frppdqgv |rx jlyh whoolqj lw wr gr vrphwklqj zlwk wkdw gdwd1 \rx duh wkhq uhdg| wr jlyh dqrwkhu frppdqg1 Lw lv dovr srvvleoh wr uxq d froohfwlrq ri Plqlwde frppdqgv lq d edwfk surjudp> l1h1/ vhyhudo Plqlwde frppdqgv duh h{hfxwhg vhtxhqwldoo| ehiruh wkh rxwsxw lv uhwxuqhg wr wkh xvhu1 Wkh edwfk yhuvlrq lv xvhixo zkhq wkhuh lv dq h{whqvlyh qxpehu ri frpsxwdwlrqv wr eh fduulhg rxw1 \rx duh uhihuuhg wr Dsshqgl{ F iru pruh glvfxvvlrq ri wkh edwfk yhuvlrq1

Minitab for Data Management

3 Files Used by Minitab

Plqlwde fdq dffhsw lqsxw iurp d ydulhw| ri ohv dqg zulwh rxwsxw wr d ydulhw| ri ohv1 Hdfk oh lv glvwlqjxlvkhg e| d oh qdph dqg dq h{whqvlrq wkdw lqglfdwhv wkh w|sh ri oh lw lv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ marks.mtw lv wkh qdph ri d oh wkdw zrxog eh uhihuuhg wr dv cpdunv* +qrwh wkh vlqjoh txrwhv durxqg wkh oh qdph, zlwklq Plqlwde1 Wkh h{whqvlrq .mtw lqglfdwhv wkdw wklv lv d Plqlwde zrunvkhhw1 Zh ghvfuleh zkdw d zrunvkhhw lv lq L181 Wklv oh lv vwruhg vrphzkhuh rq wkh kdug gulyh ri d frpsxwhu dv d oh fdoohg marks.mtw. Wkhuh duh rwkhu ohv wkdw |rx zloo zdqw wr dffhvv iurp rxwvlgh Plqlwde/ shukdsv wr sulqw wkhp rxw rq d sulqwhu1 Ghshqglqj rq wkh yhuvlrq ri Plqlwde |rx duh xvlqj/ wr gr wklv/ |rx pd| kdyh wr h{lw Plqlwde dqg jlyh wkh uhohydqw v|vwhp sulqw frppdqg wrjhwkhu zlwk wkh ixoo sdwk qdph ri wkh oh |rx zlvk wr sulqw1 Dv ydulrxv lpsohphqwdwlrqv ri Plqlwde glhu dv wr zkhuh wkhvh ohv duh vwruhg rq wkh kdug gulyh/ |rx zloo kdyh wr ghwhuplqh wklv lqirupdwlrq iurp |rxu lqvwuxfwru ru grfxphqwdwlrq ru v|vwhpv shuvrq1 Iru h{dpsoh/ lq wkh zlqgrzv hqylurqphqw wkh ixoo sdwk qdph ri wkh oh frxog eh
c:qProgram FilesqMTBWINqDataqmarks.mtw

ru vrphwklqj vlplodu1 Wklv sdwk qdph lqglfdwhv wkdw wkh oh marks.mtw lv vwruhg rq wkh F kdug gulyh lq wkh gluhfwru| fdoohg Program FilesqMtbwinqData. Zh zloo glvfxvv vhyhudo glhuhqw w|shv ri ohv lq wklv fkdswhu1 Lq pdq| yhuvlrqv ri Plqlwde/ wkhuh duh uhvwulfwlrqv rq oh qdphv1 Iru h{0 dpsoh/ lq hduolhu yhuvlrqv d oh qdph fdq eh dw prvw hljkw fkdudfwhuv lq ohqjwk xvlqj dq| v|perov h{fhsw & dqg * dqg wkh uvw fkdudfwhu fdqqrw eh d eodqn1 Wkhuh lv qr ohqjwk uhvwulfwlrq rq oh qdphv lq Yhuvlrqv 45 ru 461 Lw lv jhqhudoo| ehvw wr qdph |rxu ohv vr wkdw wkh oh qdph uh hfwv lwv frqwhqwv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh oh qdph marks pd| uhihu wr d gdwd vhw frpsrvhg ri vwxghqw pdunv lq d qxpehu ri frxuvhv1

4 Getting Help
Dw wlphv/ |rx pd| zdqw pruh lqirupdwlrq derxw d frppdqg ru vrph rwkhu dvshfw ri Plqlwde wkdq wklv pdqxdo surylghv/ ru |rx pd| zlvk wr uhplqg |rxuvhoi ri vrph ghwdlo wkdw |rx kdyh sduwldoo| irujrwwhq1 Plqlwde frqwdlqv dq rqolqh pdqxdo wkdw lv yhu| frqyhqlhqw1 \rx fdq dffhvv wklv lqirupdwlrq gluhfwo| e| folfnlqj rq Khos lq wkh Phqx edu dqg xvlqj wkh wdeoh ri Frqwhqwv ru grlqj d   Vhdufk ri wkh pdqxdo iru d sduwlfxodu frqfhsw1  Iurp wkh MTB A surpsw/ |rx fdq xvh wkh help frppdqg iru wklv sxusrvh1 W|slqj help iroorzhg e| wkh qdph ri wkh frppdqg ri lqwhuhvw dqg klwwlqj Hqwhu zloo fdxvh Plqlwde wr surgxfh uhohydqw rxwsxw1 Iru h{dpsoh/ dvnlqj iru khos rq wkh frppdqg help lwvhoi yld wkh frppdqg
MTB Ahelp help

Minitab for Data Management

zloo jlyh |rx dq ryhuylhz ri zkdw khos lqirupdwlrq fdq eh dffhvvhg rq |rxu v|vwhp1 Wkh help frppdqg vkrxog eh xvhg wr qg rxw derxw vhvvlrq frppdqgv1

5 The Worksheet
Wkh edvlf vwuxfwxudo frpsrqhqw ri Plqlwde lv wkh zrunvkhhw1 Edvlfdoo|/ wkh zrunvkhhw fdq eh wkrxjkw ri dv d elj uhfwdqjxodu duud|/ ru pdwul{/ ri fhoov rujdql}hg lqwr urzv dqg froxpqv dv lq wkh Gdwd zlqgrz ri Glvsod| L151 Hdfk fhoo krogv rqh slhfh ri gdwd1 Wklv slhfh ri gdwd frxog eh d qxpehu/ l1h1 qxphulf gdwd/ ru lw frxog eh d vhtxhqfh ri fkdudfwhuv/ vxfk dv d zrug ru dq duelwudu| vhtxhqfh ri ohwwhuv dqg qxpehuv/ l1h1/ wh{w gdwd1 Gdwd riwhq frphv dv qxpehuv/ vxfk dv = > = > = = = exw vrphwlphv lw frphv lq wkh irup ri d vhtxhqfh ri fkdudfwhuv/ vxfk dv eodfn/ eurzq/ uhg/ hwf1 W|slfdoo|/ vhtxhqfhv ri fkdudfwhuv duh xvhg dv lghqwlhuv lq fodvvlfdwlrqv iru vrph yduldeoh ri lqwhuhvw/ h1j1/ froru/ jhqghu1 D slhfh ri wh{w gdwd fdq eh xs wr ;3 fkdudfwhuv lq ohqjwk lq Plqlwde1 Yhuvlrq 46 dovr doorzv iru gdwh gdwd/ zklfk lv gdwd hvshfldoo| irupdwwhg wr lqglfdwh d gdwh/ iru h{dpsoh/ 6272<:1 Zh zloo qrw glvfxvv gdwh gdwd1 Li srvvleoh/ wu| wr dyrlg xvlqj wh{w gdwd zlwk Plqlwde/ l1h1/ pdnh vxuh doo wkh ydoxhv ri d yduldeoh duh qxpehuv/ dv ghdolqj zlwk wh{w gdwd lq Plqlwde lv pruh gl!fxow1 Iru h{dpsoh/ ghqrwh froruv e| qxpehuv udwkhu wkdq e| qdphv1 Vwloo wkhuh zloo eh dssolfdwlrqv zkhuh gdwd frphv wr |rx dv wh{w gdwd/ h1j1/ lq d frpsxwhu oh/ dqg lw lv wrr h{whqvlyh wr frqyhuw wr qxphulf gdwd1 Vr zh zloo glvfxvv krz wr lqsxw wh{w gdwd lqwr d Plqlwde zrunvkhhw/ exw zh uhfrpphqg wkdw lq vxfk fdvhv |rx frqyhuw wklv wr qxphulf gdwd/ xvlqj wkh phwkrgv ri L14416/ rqfh lw kdv ehhq lqsxw1 Lq Yhuvlrq 46 ri Plqlwde lw lv vrphzkdw hdvlhu wr ghdo zlwk wh{w gdwd wkdq hduolhu yhuvlrqv/ dqg wklv surylvr lv qrw dv qhfhvvdu|1 Glvsod| L17 surylghv dq h{dpsoh ri d zrunvkhhw1 Qrwlfh wkdw wkh froxpqv duh odehohg F4/ F5/ hwf1 dqg wkh urzv duh odehohg 4/ 5/ 6/ hwf1 Zh zloo uhihu wr wkh zrunvkhhw ghslfwhg lq Glvsod| L17 dv wkh marks zrunvkhhw khuhdiwhu dqg zloo xvh lw wkurxjkrxw Sduw L wr looxvwudwh ydulrxv Plqlwde frppdqgv dqg rshudwlrqv1 Gdwd dulvhv iurp wkh surfhvv ri wdnlqj phdvxuhphqwv ri yduldeohv lq vrph uhdo0zruog frqwh{w1 Iru h{dpsoh/ lq d srsxodwlrq ri vwxghqwv/ vxssrvh wkdw zh duh frqgxfwlqj d vwxg| ri dfdghplf shuirupdqfh lq d Vwdwlvwlfv frxuvh1 Vshfli0 lfdoo|/ vxssrvh wkdw zh zdqw wr h{dplqh wkh uhodwlrqvkls ehwzhhq judghv lq Vwdwlvwlfv/ judghv lq d Fdofxoxv frxuvh/ judghv lq d Sk|vlfv frxuvh dqg jhqghu1 Vr zh froohfw wkh iroorzlqj lqirupdwlrq iru hdfk vwxghqw lq wkh vwxg|= vwxghqw qxpehu/ judgh lq Vwdwlvwlfv/ judgh lq Fdofxoxv/ judgh lq Sk|vlfv/ dqg jhqghu1 Wkhuhiruh/ zh kdyh 8 yduldeohv  vwxghqw qxpehu dqg wkh judghv lq wkh wkuhh vxemhfwv duh qxphulf yduldeohv/ dqg jhqghu lv d wh{w yduldeoh1 Ohw xv ixuwkhu vxssrvh wkdw wkhuh duh 43 vwxghqwv lq wkh vwxg|1 Glvsod| L17 jlyhv d srvvleoh rxwfrph iurp froohfwlqj wkh gdwd lq vxfk d vwxg|1 Froxpq F4 frqwdlqv wkh vwxghqw qxpehu +qrwh wkdw wklv lv d fdwhjrulfdo ydul0 deoh hyhq wkrxjk lw lv d qxpehu,1 Wkh vwxghqw qxpehu sulpdulo| vhuyhv dv dq lghqwlhu vr wkdw zh fdq fkhfn wkdw wkh gdwd kdv ehhq hqwhuhg fruuhfwo|1 Wklv lv

17 23

Minitab for Data Management

<

vrphwklqj |rx vkrxog dozd|v gr dv d uvw vwhs lq |rxu dqdo|vlv1 Froxpqv F5 F7 frqwdlq wkh vwxghqw judghv lq wkhlu Vwdwlvwlfv/ Fdofxoxv/ dqg Sk|vlfv frxuvhv dqg froxpq F8 frqwdlqv wkh jhqghu gdwd1 Qrwlfh wkdw d froxpq frqwdlqv wkh ydoxhv froohfwhg iru d vlqjoh yduldeoh/ dqg d urz frqwdlqv wkh ydoxhv ri doo wkh yduldeohv iru d vlqjoh vwxghqw1 Vrphwlphv/ d urz lv uhihuuhg wr dv dq revhuydwlrq ru fdvh1 Revhuyh wkdw wkh gdwd iru wklv vwxg| rffxslhv d vxewdeoh ri wkh ixoo zrunvkhhw1 Doo ri wkh rwkhu eodqn hqwulhv ri wkh zrunvkhhw fdq eh ljqruhg/ dv wkh| duh xqghqhg1

10 5

Glvsod| L17= Wkh pdunv zrunvkhhw1

Wkhuh zloo eh olplwdwlrqv rq wkh qxpehu ri froxpqv dqg urzv |rx fdq kdyh lq |rxu zrunvkhhw/ dqg wklv ghshqgv rq wkh sduwlfxodu lpsohphqwdwlrq ri Plqlwde |rx duh xvlqj1 Vr li |rx sodq wr xvh Plqlwde iru d odujh sureohp/ |rx vkrxog fkhfn zlwk wkh v|vwhp shuvrq ru ixuwkhu grfxphqwdwlrq wr vhh zkdw wkhvh duh1 Iru h{dpsoh/ lq vrph yhuvlrqv ri Plqlwde wkhuh lv d olplwdwlrq ri 8333 fhoov1 Vr wkhuh fdq eh rqh yduldeoh zlwk 8333 ydoxhv lq lw/ ru 83 yduldeohv zlwk 433 ydoxhv hdfk/ hwf1 Dvvrfldwhg zlwk d zrunvkhhw lv d wdeoh ri frqvwdqwv1 W|slfdoo|/ wkhvh duh qxpehuv wkdw |rx zdqw wr xvh lq vrph dulwkphwlfdo rshudwlrq dssolhg wr hyhu| ydoxh lq d froxpq1 Iru h{dpsoh/ |rx pd| kdyh uhfrughg khljkwv ri shrsoh lq lqfkhv dqg zdqw wr frqyhuw wkhvh wr khljkwv lq fhqwlphwhuv1 \rx pxvw pxowlso| hyhu| khljkw e| wkh ydoxh 51871 Wkh Plqlwde frqvwdqwv duh odehohg N4/ N5/ hwf1 Djdlq/ wkhuh duh olplwdwlrqv rq wkh qxpehu ri frqvwdqwv |rx fdq dvvrfldwh zlwk d zrunvkhhw1 Iru h{dpsoh/ lq pdq| yhuvlrqv wkhuh fdq eh dw prvw 4333 frqvwdqwv1 Vr wr frqwlqxh zlwk wkh deryh sureohp/ zh pljkw dvvljq wkh ydoxh 5187 wr N41 Lq L1:17/ zh vkrz krz wr pdnh vxfk dq dvvljqphqw/ dqg lq L14314 zh vkrz krz wr pxowlso| hyhu| hqwu| lq d froxpq e| wklv ydoxh1

43

Minitab for Data Management

Lq Yhuvlrq 46 ri Plqlwde/ wkhuh lv dq dgglwlrqdo vwuxfwxuh eh|rqg wkh zrun0 vkhhw fdoohg wkh surmhfw1 D surmhfw fdq kdyh pxowlsoh zrunvkhhwv dvvrfldwhg zlwk lw1 Dovr/ d surmhfw fdq kdyh dvvrfldwhg zlwk lw ydulrxv judskv dqg uhfrugv ri wkh frppdqgv |rx kdyh w|shg dqg wkh rxwsxw rewdlqhg zkloh zrunlqj rq wkh zrun0 vkhhwv1 Surmhfwv/ zklfk duh glvfxvvhg lq Dsshqgl{ D/ fdq eh vdyhg dqg uhwulhyhg iru odwhu zrun1 Surmhfwv 1

6 Minitab Commands
Zh zloo qrz ehjlq wr lqwurgxfh ydulrxv Plqlwde frppdqgv wr jhw gdwd lqwr d zrunvkhhw/ hglw d zrunvkhhw/ shuirup ydulrxv rshudwlrqv rq wkh hohphqwv ri d zrunvkhhw/ dqg vdyh dqg dffhvv d vdyhg zrunvkhhw1 Ehiruh zh gr/ krzhyhu/ lw lv xvhixo wr nqrz vrphwklqj derxw wkh edvlf vwuxfwxuh ri doo Plqlwde frppdqgv1 Dvvrfldwhg zlwk hyhu| frppdqg lv ri frxuvh lwv qdph/ dv lq Iloh I H{lw dqg   Khos1 Prvw frppdqgv dovr wdnh dujxphqwv/ dqg wkhvh dujxphqwv duh froxpq  qdphv/ frqvwdqwv/ dqg vrphwlphv oh qdphv1 Frppdqgv fdq eh dffhvvhg e| pdnlqj xvh ri wkh Iloh/ Hglw/ Pdqls/ Fdof/     Vwdw/ Judsk dqg Hglwru hqwulhv lq wkh phqx edu1 Folfnlqj dq| ri wkhvh eulqjv    xs d olvw ri frppdqgv wkdw |rx fdq xvh wr rshudwh rq |rxu zrunvkhhw1 Wkh olvwv wkdw dsshdu pd| ghshqg rq zklfk zlqgrz lv dfwlyh/ h1j1/ hlwkhu d Gdwd zlqgrz ru wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Xqohvv rwkhuzlvh vshflhg/ zh zloo dozd|v dvvxph wkdw wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz lv dfwlyh zkhq glvfxvvlqj phqx frppdqgv1 Li d frppdqg qdph lq d olvw lv idghg/ wkhq lw lv qrw dydlodeoh1 W|slfdoo|/ xvlqj d frppdqg iurp wkh phqx edu uhtxluhv wkh xvh ri d gldorj er{ ru gldorj zlqgrz wkdw rshqv zkhq |rx folfn rq d frppdqg lq wkh olvw1 Wkhvh duh xvhg wr surylgh wkh dujxphqwv dqg vxefrppdqgv wr wkh frppdqg dqg vshfli| zkhuh wkh rxwsxw lv wr jr1 Gldorj er{hv kdyh ydulrxv er{hv wkdw pxvw eh oohg lq wr fruuhfwo| h{hfxwh d frppdqg1 Folfnlqj lq d er{ wkdw qhhgv wr eh oohg lq w|slfdoo| fdxvhv d yduldeoh olvw wr dsshdu lq wkh ohiw0prvw er{/ ri doo lwhpv lq wkh dfwlyh zrunvkhhw wkdw fdq eh sodfhg lq wkdw er{1 Grxeoh folfnlqj rq lwhpv lq wkh yduldeoh olvw sodfhv wkhp lq wkh er{/ ru/ dowhuqdwlyho|/ |rx fdq w|sh wkhp lq gluhfwo|1 Zkhq |rx kdyh oohg lq wkh gldorj er{ dqg folfnhg RN/  wkh frppdqg lv sulqwhg lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz dqg h{hfxwhg1 Dq| rxwsxw lv dovr sulqwhg lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Gldorj er{hv kdyh d Khos exwwrq wkdw fdq eh xvhg wr ohduq krz wr pdnh wkh hqwulhv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh wkdw zh zdqw wr fdofxodwh wkh phdq ri froxpq F5 lq wkh zrunvkhhw marks1 Wkhq wkh frppdqg Fdof I Froxpq Vwdwlvwlfv eulqjv   xs wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| L181 Qrwlfh wkdw wkh udglr exwwrq Vxp lv  oohg lq1 Folfnlqj wkh udglr exwwrq odehoohg Phdq uhvxowv lq wklv exwwrq ehlqj  oohg lq dqg wkh Vxp exwwrq ehfrplqj hpsw|1 Zklfkhyhu exwwrq lv oohg lq zloo  uhvxow lq wkdw vwdwlvwlf ehlqj fdofxodwhg iru wkh uhohydqw froxpqv zkhq zh qdoo| lpsohphqw wkh frppdqg e| folfnlqj RN1  Fxuuhqwo|/ wkhuh duh qr froxpqv vhohfwhg/ exw folfnlqj lq wkh Lqsxw yduldeoh er{ eulqjv xs d olvw ri srvvleoh froxpqv lq wkh glvsod| zlqgrz rq wkh ohiw1 Wkh

Minitab for Data Management

44

uhvxowv ri wkhvh rshudwlrqv duh vkrzq lq Glvsod| L191 Zh grxeoh folfn rq F5 lq wkh yduldeoh olvw/ zklfk sodfhv wklv hqwu| lq wkh Lqsxw yduldeoh er{ dv vkrzq lq  Glvsod| L1:1 Dowhuqdwlyho|/ zh frxog kdyh vlpso| w|shg wklv hqwu| lqwr wkh er{1 Diwhu folfnlqj wkh RN exwwrq/ zh rewdlq wkh rxwsxw 
Mean of C2 = 69.900

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1

Glvsod| L18= Lqlwldo ylhz ri wkh gldorj er{ iru Froxpq Vwdwlvwlfv1

Glvsod| L19= Ylhz ri wkh gldorj er{ iru Froxpq Vwdwlvwlfv diwhu vhohfwlqj Phdq dqg eulqjlqj xs wkh yduldeoh olvw1

45

Minitab for Data Management

Glvsod| L1:= Ilqdo ylhz ri wkh gldorj er{ iru Froxpq Vwdwlvwlfv1

Txlwh riwhq/ lw lv idvwhu dqg pruh frqyhqlhqw wr vlpso| w|sh |rxu frppdqgv gluhfwo| lqwr wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Vrphwlphv/ lw lv qhfhvvdu| wr xvh wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz dssurdfk/ exw iru pdq| frppdqgv wkh phqx edu lv dydlodeoh1 Vr zh qrz ghvfuleh wkh xvh ri frppdqgv lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Wkh edvlf vwuxfwxuh ri vxfk d frppdqg zlwk q dujxphqwv lv

command name H1/H2/111/Hq

zkhuh Hl lv wkh lwk dujxphqw1 Dowhuqdwlyho|/ zh fdq zulwh

command name H1 H2 111 Hq

li zh grq*w zdqw wr w|sh frppdv1 Frqyhqlhqwo|/ li wkh dujxphqwv H1 /H2 /111/Hq duh frqvhfxwlyh froxpqv lq wkh zrunvkhhw/ zh kdyh wkh iroorzlqj vkruw0irup

command name H10Hq

zklfk vdyhv hyhq pruh w|slqj dqg dffruglqjo| ghfuhdvhv rxu fkdqfh ri pdnlqj d w|slqj plvwdnh1 Li |rx duh jrlqj wr w|sh d orqj olvw ri dujxphqwv dqg |rx grq*w zdqw wkhp doo rq wkh vdph olqh/ wkhq |rx fdq w|sh wkh frqwlqxdwlrq v|pero ) zkhuh |rx zdqw wr euhdn wkh olqh dqg wkhq klw Hqwhu1 Plqlwde uhvsrqgv zlwk wkh surpsw FRQWA dqg |rx frqwlqxh wr w|sh dujxphqw qdphv1 Wkh frppdqg lv h{hfxwhg zkhq |rx klw Hqwhu diwhu dq dujxphqw qdph zlwkrxw d frqwlqxdwlrq fkdudfwhu iroorzlqj lw1 Pdq| frppdqgv fdq/ lq dgglwlrq/ eh vxssolhg zlwk ydulrxv vxefrppdqgv wkdw dowhu wkh ehkdylru ri wkh frppdqg1 Wkh vwuxfwxuh iru frppdqgv zlwk vxefrppdqgv lv

Minitab for Data Management

46

command name H1 111 Hq1 > subcommand name Hq1+1 111 Hq2 > subcommand name Hq
1 1 1
n

+1 111 Hqn 1

Qrwlfh wkdw zkhq wkhuh duh vxefrppdqgv hdfk olqh hqgv zlwk d vhplfrorq xqwlo wkh odvw vxefrppdqg/ zklfk hqgv zlwk d shulrg1 Dovr/ vxefrppdqgv pd| kdyh dujxphqwv1 Zkhq Plqlwde hqfrxqwhuv d olqh hqglqj lq d vhplfrorq lw h{shfwv d vxefrppdqg rq wkh qh{w olqh dqg fkdqjhv wkh surpsw wr
SUBC A

xqwlo lw hqfrxqwhuv d shulrg/ zkhuhxsrq lw h{hfxwhv wkh frppdqg1 Li zkloh w|slqj lq rqh ri |rxu vxefrppdqgv |rx vxgghqo| ghflgh wkdw |rx zrxog udwkhu qrw h{hfxwh wkh vxefrppdqg  shukdsv |rx uhdol}h vrphwklqj zdv zurqj rq d suhylrxv olqh  wkhq w|sh abort diwhu wkh SUBC A surpsw dqg klw Hqwhu1 Dv d ixuwkhu frqyhqlhqfh/ lw lv zruwk qrwlqj wkdw |rx qhhg wr rqo| w|sh lq wkh uvw irxu ohwwhuv ri dq| Plqlwde frppdqg ru vxefrppdqg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wr fdofxodwh wkh phdq ri froxpq F5 lq wkh zrunvkhhw pdunv zh fdq xvh wkh mean frppdqg lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz/ dv lq
MTB A mean c2

dqg zh rewdlq wkh vdph rxwsxw lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz dv ehiruh1 Wkhuh duh wzr dgglwlrqdo zd|v lq zklfk |rx fdq lqsxw frppdqgv wr Plqlwde1 Lqvwhdg ri w|slqj wkh frppdqgv gluhfwo| lqwr wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz/ |rx fdq dovr w|sh wkhvh gluhfwo| lqwr wkh Frppdqg Olqh Hglwru/ zklfk lv dydlodeoh yld Hglw  I Frppdqg Olqh Hglwru1 Pxowlsoh frppdqgv fdq wkhq eh w|shg gluhfwo| lqwr d  er{ wkdw srsv xs dqg h{hfxwhg zkhq wkh Vxeplw Frppdqgv exwwrq lv folfnhg1  Rxwsxw dsshduv lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Dovr/ pdq| frppdqgv duh dydlodeoh rq d wrroedu wkdw olhv mxvw ehorz wkh phqx edu dw wkh wrs ri wkh Plqlwde zlqgrz1 Wkhuh lv d glhuhqw wrroedu ghshqglqj xsrq zklfk zlqgrz lv dfwlyh1 Zh jlyh d eulhi glvfxvvlrq ri vrph ri wkh ihdwxuhv dydlodeoh lq wkh wrroedu lq odwhu vhfwlrqv1

7 Entering Data into a Worksheet

Wkhuh duh ydulrxv phwkrgv iru hqwhulqj gdwd lqwr d zrunvkhhw1 Wkh vlpsohvw dssurdfk lv wr xvh wkh Gdwd zlqgrz wr hqwhu gdwd gluhfwo| lqwr wkh zrunvkhhw e| folfnlqj |rxu prxvh lq d fhoo dqg wkhq w|slqj wkh fruuhvsrqglqj gdwd hqwu| dqg klwwlqj Hqwhu1 Uhphpehu wkdw |rx fdq pdnh d Gdwd zlqgrz dfwlyh e| folfnlqj dq|zkhuh lq wkh zlqgrz ru e| xvlqj Zlqgrzv lq wkh phqx edu1 Li |rx w|sh dq|  fkdudfwhu wkdw lv qrw d qxpehu/ Plqlwde dxwrpdwlfdoo| lghqwlhv wkh froxpq frqwdlqlqj wkdw fhoo dv d wh{w yduldeoh dqg lqglfdwhv wkdw e| dsshqglqj W wr wkh froxpq qdph/ h1j1/ F80W lq Glvsod| L171 \rx gr qrw qhhg wr dsshqg wkh W zkhq uhihuulqj wr wkh froxpq1 Dovr/ wkhuh lv d gdwd gluhfwlrq duurz lq wkh xsshu ohiw fruqhu ri wkh gdwd zlqgrz wkdw lqglfdwhv wkh gluhfwlrq wkh fxuvru pryhv

47

Minitab for Data Management

diwhu |rx klw Hqwhu1 Folfnlqj rq lw dowhuqdwhv ehwzhhq urz0zlvh dqg froxpq0 zlvh gdwd hqwu|1 Fhuwdlqo|/ wklv lv dq hdv| zd| wr hqwhu gdwd zkhq lw lv vxlwdeoh1 Uhphpehu/ froxpqv duh yduldeohv dqg urzv duh revhuydwlrqv$ Dovr/ |rx fdq kdyh pxowlsoh gdwd zlqgrzv rshq dqg pryh gdwd ehwzhhq wkhp1 Xvh wkh frppdqg Iloh I Qhz wr rshq d qhz zrunvkhhw1  

7.1 Importing Data

Li |rxu gdwd lv lq dq h{whuqdo oh +qrw dq .mtw oh,/ |rx zloo qhhg wr xvh Iloh I Rwkhu Ilohv I psruw Vshfldo Wh{w wr jhw wkh gdwd lqwr |rxu zrunvkhhw1  L Iru  h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh lq wkh oh marks.txt zh kdyh wkh iroorzlqj gdwd uhfrughg/ mxvw dv lw dsshduv1
12389 97658 53546 55542 11223 77788 44567 32156 33456 67945 81 75 77 63 71 87 23 67 81 74 85 72 83 42 82 56 45 72 77 91 78 62 81 55 67 * 35 81 88 92

Hdfk urz fruuhvsrqgv wr dq revhuydwlrq/ zlwk wkh vwxghqw qxpehu ehlqj wkh uvw hqwu|/ iroorzhg e| wkh pdunv lq wkh vwxghqw*v Vwdwlvwlfv/ Fdofxoxv/ dqg Sk|vlfv frxuvhv1 Wkhvh hqwulhv duh vhsdudwhg e| eodqnv1 Qrwlfh wkh - lq wkh vl{wk urz ri wklv gdwd oh1 Lq Plqlwde/ d - vljqlhv d plvvlqj qxphulf ydoxh/ l1h1/ d gdwd ydoxh wkdw iru vrph uhdvrq lv qrw dydlodeoh1 Dowhuqdwlyho|/ zh frxog kdyh mxvw ohiw wklv hqwu| eodqn1 D plvvlqj wh{w ydoxh lv vlpso| ghqrwhg e| d eodqn1 Vshfldo dwwhqwlrq vkrxog eh sdlg wr plvvlqj ydoxhv1 Lq jhqhudo/ Plqlwde vwdwlvwlfdo dqdo|vhv ljqruh dq| fdvhv wkdw frqwdlq plvvlqj gdwd h{fhsw wkdw wkh rxwsxw ri wkh frppdqg zloo whoo |rx krz pdq| fdvhv zhuh ljqruhg ehfdxvh ri plvvlqj gdwd1 Lw lv lpsruwdqw wr sd| dwwhqwlrq wr wklv lqirupdwlrq1 Li |rxu gdwd lv ulggohg zlwk d odujh qxpehu ri plvvlqj ydoxhv/ |rxu dqdo|vlv pd| eh edvhg rq yhu| ihz revhuydwlrqv  hyhq li |rx kdyh d odujh gdwd vhw$ Zkhq gdwd lq vxfk d oh lv eodqn0gholplwhg olnh wklv lw lv yhu| hdv| wr uhdg lq1 Diwhu wkh frppdqg Iloh I Rwkhu Ilohv I Lpsruw Vshfldo Wh{w/ zh vhh wkh gldorj    er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| L1; plqxv F4F7 lq wkh Vwruh gdwd lq froxpq+v,= er{1 Zh  w|shg F40F7 lqwr wklv zlqgrz wr lqglfdwh wkdw zh zdqw wkh gdwd uhdg lq wr eh vwruhg lq wkhvh froxpqv1 Qrwh wkdw lw grhvq*w pdwwhu li zh xvh orzhu ru xsshu fdvh iru wkh froxpq qdphv/ dv Plqlwde lv qrw fdvh vhqvlwlyh1 Diwhu folfnlqj RN/  zh vhh wkh gldorj er{ ghslfwhg lq Glvsod| L1</ zklfk zh xvh wr lqglfdwh iurp zklfk oh zh zdqw wr uhdg wkh gdwd1 Qrwh wkdw li |rxu gdwd lv lq .txt ohv udwkhu wkdq .dat ohv/ |rx zloo kdyh wr lqglfdwh wkdw |rx zdqw wr vhh wkhvh lq

Minitab for Data Management

marks.txt uhvxowv lq wkh gdwd ehlqj uhdg lqwr wkh zrunvkhhw1

48

wkh Ilohv ri w|sh er{ e| vhohfwlqj Wh{w Ilohv ru shukdsv Doo Ilohv1 Folfnlqj rq 

Glvsod| L1;= Gldorj er{ iru lpsruwlqj gdwd iurp h{whuqdo oh1

Glvsod| L1<= Gldorj er{ iru vhohfwlqj oh iurp zklfk gdwd lv wr eh uhdg lq1

Ri frxuvh/ wklv gdwd vhw grhv qrw frqwdlq wkh wh{w yduldeoh ghqrwlqj wkh vwxghqw*v jhqghu1 Vxssrvh wkdw wkh oh marksgend.txt frqwdlqv wkh iroorzlqj gdwd h{dfwo| dv w|shg1

49
12389 97658 53546 55542 11223 77788 44567 32156 33456 67945 81 75 77 63 71 87 23 67 81 74 85 72 83 42 82 56 45 72 77 91 78 62 81 55 67 * 35 81 88 92 m m f m f f m m f f

Minitab for Data Management

Dv wklv oh frqwdlqv wh{w gdwd lq wkh iwk froxpq/ zh pxvw whoo Plqlwde krz wkh gdwd lv irupdwwhg lq wkh oh1 Wr dffhvv wklv ihdwxuh zh folfn rq wkh Irupdw  exwwrq lq wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| L1;1 Wklv eulqjv xs wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| L1431

Glvsod| L143= Lqlwldo gldorj er{ iru irupdwwhg lqsxw1

Wr lqglfdwh wkdw zh zloo vshfli| wkh irupdw/ zh folfn wkh udglr exwwrq Xvhu0 vshflhg irupdw dqg oo wkh sduwlfxodu irupdw lqwr wkh er{ dv vkrzq lq Glvsod|  L1441 Wkh irupdw vwdwhphqw vd|v wkdw zh duh jrlqj wr uhdg lq wkh gdwd dffrug0 lqj wr wkh iroorzlqj uxoh= d qxphulf yduldeoh rffxs|lqj 8 vsdfhv dqg zlwk qr ghflpdov/ iroorzhg e| d vsdfh/ d qxphulf yduldeoh rffxs|lqj 5 vsdfhv zlwk qr ghflpdov/ d vsdfh/ d qxphulf yduldeoh rffxs|lqj 5 vsdfhv zlwk qr ghflpdov/ d vsdfh/ d qxphulf yduldeoh rffxs|lqj 5 vsdfhv zlwk qr ghflpdov/ d vsdfh/ dqg d wh{w yduldeoh rffxs|lqj 4 vsdfh1 Wklv uxoh pxvw eh uljrurxvo| dgkhuhg wr ru huuruv zloo rffxu1 Vr wkh uxohv |rx qhhg wr uhphpehu li |rx xvh irupdwwhg lqsxw duh wkdw ak lqglfdwhv d wh{w yduldeoh rffxs|lqj k vsdfhv/ kx lqglfdwhv k vsdfhv/ dqg fk.l lqglfdwhv d qxphulf yduldeoh rffxs|lqj k vsdfhv/ ri zklfk o duh wr wkh uljkw ri wkh ghflpdo srlqw1 Qrwh li d gdwd ydoxh grhv qrw oo xs wkh ixoo qxp0 ehu ri vsdfhv doorwwhg wr lw lq wkh irupdw vwdwhphqw/ lw pxvw eh uljkw mxvwlhg lq lwv hog1 Dovr/ li d ghflpdo srlqw lv lqfoxghg lq wkh qxpehu/ wklv rffxslhv rqh ri wkh vsdfhv doorfdwhg wr wkh yduldeoh dqg vlploduo| iru d qhjdwlyh ru soxv

Minitab for Data Management

4:

vljq1 Wkhuh duh pdq| rwkhu ihdwxuhv wr irupdwwhg lqsxw wkdw zh zloo qrw glvfxvv khuh1 Xvh wkh Khos exwwrq lq wkh gldorj er{ iru lqirupdwlrq rq wkhvh ihdwxuhv1 Ilqdoo|/ folfnlqj rq wkh RN exwwrq uhdgv wklv gdwd lqwr d zrunvkhhw dv ghslfwhg  lq Glvsod| L171 W|slfdoo|/ zh wu| wr dyrlg wkh xvh ri irupdwwhg lqsxw ehfdxvh lw lv vrphzkdw fxpehuvrph/ exw vrphwlphv zh pxvw xvh lw1

Glvsod| L144= Gldorj er{ iru irupdwwhg lqsxw zlwk wkh irupdw oohg lq1

Lq wkh vhvvlrq hqylurqphqw/ wkh read frppdqg lv dydlodeoh iru lqsxwwlqj gdwd lqwr d zrunvkhhw zlwk fdsdelolwlhv vlplodu wr zkdw zh kdyh ghvfulehg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh frppdqgv
MTB Aread c1-c4 DATAA12389 81 85 DATAA97658 75 72 DATAA53546 77 83 DATAA55542 63 42 DATAA11223 71 82 DATAA77788 87 56 DATAA44567 23 45 DATAA32156 67 72 DATAA33456 81 77 DATAA67945 74 91 DATAAend 10 rows read. 78 62 81 55 67 * 35 81 88 92

sodfh wkh uvw irxu froxpqv lqwr wkh marks zrunvkhhw1 Diwhu w|slqj read c1-c4 diwhu wkh MTB A surpsw dqg klwwlqj Hqwhu/ Plqlwde uhvsrqgv zlwk wkh DATAA surpsw/ dqg zh w|sh hdfk urz ri wkh zrunvkhhw lq dv vkrzq1 Wr lqglfdwh wkdw wkhuh lv qr pruh gdwd/ zh w|sh end dqg klw Hqwhu1 Vlploduo|/ zh fdq hqwhu wh{w gdwd lq wklv zd| exw fdq*w frpelqh wkh wzr xqohvv zh xvh d format vxefrppdqg1 Zh uhihu wkh uhdghu wr help iru pruh ghvfulswlrq ri krz wklv frppdqg zrunv1

4;

Minitab for Data Management

7.2 Patterned Data

Riwhq/ zh zdqw wr lqsxw sdwwhuqhg gdwd lqwr d zrunvkhhw1 E| wklv zh phdq wkdw wkh ydoxhv ri d yduldeoh iroorz vrph ghwhuplqhg uxoh1 Zh xvh wkh frppdqg Fdof  I Pdnh Sdwwhuqhg Gdwd iru wklv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ lpsohphqwlqj wklv frppdqg  zlwk wkh hqwulhv lq wkh gldorj er{ ghslfwhg lq Glvsod| L145 dggv d froxpq F9 wr wkh pdunv zrunvkhhw zkhuh wkh vhtxhqfh > = > = > = > = lv uhshdwhg wzlfh1 Iru wklv zh hqwhuhg 3 lq wkh Iurp uvw ydoxh er{/ d 5 lq wkh Wr odvw ydoxh er{/   d 18 lq wkh Lq vwhsv ri er{/ d 4 lq wkh Olvw hdfk ydoxh er{/ dqg d 5 lq wkh Olvw   wkh zkroh vhtxhqfh er{1 Edvlfdoo|/ zh fdq vwduw d vhtxhqfh dw dq| qxpehu p  dqg vxffhvvlyho| lqfuhphqw wklv zlwk dq| qxpehu g A xqwlo wkh qh{w dgglwlrq zrxog h{fhhg wkh odvw ydoxh q suhvfulehg/ uhshdw hdfk hohphqw o wlphv/ dqg qdoo| uhshdw wkh zkroh vhtxhqfh n wlphv1

0 05 10 15 20 0

Glvsod| L145= Gldorj er{ iru pdnlqj sdwwhuqhg gdwd zlwk vrph hqwulhv oohg lq1

Wkhuh lv vrph vkruwkdqg dvvrfldwhg zlwk sdwwhuqhg gdwd wkdw fdq eh yhu| frqyhqlhqw1 Iru h{dpsoh/ w|slqj p q lq d Plqlwde frppdqg lv htxlydohqw wr w|slqj wkh ydoxhv p> p > = = = > q zkhq p ? q dqg p> p > ===> q zkhq p A q dqg p zkhq p q1 Wkh h{suhvvlrq p q@g> zkhuh g A / h{sdqgv wr d olvw dv deryh exw zlwk wkh lqfuhphqw ri g ru g/ zklfkhyhu lv uhohydqw/ uhsodflqj ru 1 Li p ? q wkhq g lv dgghg wr p xqwlo wkh qh{w dgglwlrq zrxog h{fhhg q dqg li p A q wkhq g lv vxewudfwhg iurp p xqwlo wkh qh{w vxewudfwlrq zrxog eh orzhu wkdq q1 Wkh h{suhvvlrq n p q@g uhshdwv p q@g iru n wlphv zkloh p q@g o uhshdwv hdfk hohphqw lq p q@g iru o wlphv1 Wkh h{suhvvlrq n p q@g o uhshdwv p q@g o iru n wlphv1 Wkh set frppdqg lv dydlodeoh lq wkh vhvvlrq zlqgrz wr lqsxw sdwwhuqhg gdwd1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh zh zdqw F9 wr frqwdlq wkh 43 hqwulhv 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 8/ 7/ 6/ 5/ 41 Wkh frppdqg

+1

( :

( : :

( :

( : )

Minitab for Data Management

MTB Aset c6 DATAA1:5 DATAA5:1 DATAAend

4<

grhv wklv1 Dovr/ zh fdq dgg hohphqwv lq sduhqwkhvhv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh frppdqg
MTB Aset c6 DATAA(1:2/.5 4:3/.2) DATAAend

fuhdwhv wkh froxpq zlwk hqwulhv 413/ 418/ 513/ 713/ 61;/ 619/ 617/ 615/ 6131 Wkh pxowlsolfdwlyh idfwruv n dqg o fdq dovr eh xvhg lq vxfk d frqwh{w1 Reylrxvo|/ wkhuh lv d juhdw ghdo ri vfrsh iru hqwhulqj sdwwhuqhg gdwd zlwk set1 Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ ri wkh vhw frppdqg lv

set H1
zkhuh H1 lv d froxpq1

7.3 Printing Data in the Session Window

Rqfh zh kdyh hqwhuhg wkh gdwd lqwr wkh zrunvkhhw/ zh vkrxog dozd|v fkhfn wkdw zh kdyh pdgh wkh hqwulhv fruuhfwo|1 W|slfdoo|/ wklv phdqv sulqwlqj rxw wkh zrunvkhhw dqg fkhfnlqj wkh hqwulhv1 Wkh frppdqg Pdqls I Glvsod| Gdwd   zloo sulqw wkh gdwd |rx dvn iru lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Iru h{dpsoh/ zlwk wkh zrunvkhhw marks wkh gldorj er{ slfwxuhg lq Glvsod| L146 fdxvhv wkh frqwhqwv ri wklv zrunvkhhw wr eh sulqwhg zkhq zh folfn rq RN1 Zh vhohfwhg zklfk yduldeohv  wr sulqw e| uvw folfnlqj lq wkh Froxpqv/ frqvwdqwv/ dqg pdwulfhv wr glvsod| er{  dqg wkhq grxeoh folfnlqj rq wkh yduldeohv lq wkh yduldeoh olvw rq wkh ohiw1

Glvsod| L146= Gldorj er{ iru sulqwlqj zrunvkhhw lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1

53

Minitab for Data Management

Wkh print frppdqg lv dydlodeoh lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz dqg lv riwhq frqyh0 qlhqw wr xvh1 Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ iru wkh print frppdqg lv

print H1 111 Hp

zkhuh H1 > 111/ Hp duh froxpqv dqg frqvwdqwv1

7.4 Assigning Constants

Wr hqwhu frqvwdqwv/ zh xvh wkh Fdof I Fdofxodwru frppdqg dqg oo lq wkh gldorj   er{ dssursuldwho|1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh zh zdqw wr dvvljq wkh ydoxhv k1=.5/ k2=.25 dqg k3=.25 wr wkh frqvwdqwv n4/ n5/ dqg n61 Wkhvh frxog vhuyh dv zhljkwv wr fdofxodwh d zhljkwhg dyhudjh ri wkh pdunv lq wkh marks zrunvkhhw1 Wkhq wkh Fdof I Fdofxodwru frppdqg ohdgv wr wkh gldorj er{ glvsod|hg lq Glvsod| L147/   zkhuh zh kdyh w|shg n4 lqwr wkh Vwruh uhvxow lq yduldeoh er{ dqg wkh ydoxh 18  lqwr wkh H{suhvvlrq er{1 Folfnlqj rq RN wkhq pdnhv wkh dvvljqphqw1 Qrwh wkdw   zh fdq dvvljq wh{w ydoxhv wr frqvwdqwv e| hqforvlqj wkh wh{w lq grxeoh txrwhv1 Zh zloo wdon derxw ixuwkhu ihdwxuhv ri Fdofxodwru odwhu lq wklv pdqxdo1 Vlploduo|/ zh dvvljq ydoxhv wr n5 dqg n61

Glvsod| L147= Iloohg lq gldorj er{ iru dvvljqlqj wkh frqvwdqw n4 wkh ydoxh 181

Wkh let frppdqg lv dydlodeoh lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz dqg lv txlwh frqyhqlhqw1 Wkh iroorzlqj frppdqgv pdnh wklv dvvljqphqw dqg wkhq zh fkhfn/ xvlqj wkh print frppdqg/ wkdw zh kdyh hqwhuhg wkh frqvwdqwv fruuhfwo|1

Minitab for Data Management

MTB Alet k1=.5 MTB Alet k2=.25 MTB Alet k3=.25 MTB Aprint k1-k3 K1 0.500000 K2 0.250000 K3 0.250000

54

Dovr/ zh fdq dvvljq frqvwdqwv wh{w ydoxhv1 Iru h{dpsoh/

MTB Alet k4=result

dvvljqv N7 wkh ydoxh result1 Qrwh wkh xvh ri grxeoh txrwhv1

7.5 Naming Variables and Constants

Lw riwhq pdnhv vhqvh wr jlyh wkh froxpqv dqg frqvwdqwv qdphv udwkhu wkdq mxvw uhihuulqj wr wkhp dv F4/ F5/ 111/ N4/ N5/ hwf1 Wklv lv hvshfldoo| wuxh zkhq wkhuh duh pdq| yduldeohv dqg frqvwdqwv/ dv lw zrxog eh hdv| wr vols dqg xvh wkh zurqj froxpq lq dq dqdo|vlv dqg wkhq zlqg xs pdnlqj d plvwdnh1 Wr dvvljq d qdph wr d yduldeoh vlpso| jr wr wkh eodqn fhoo dw wkh wrs ri wkh froxpq lq wkh zrunvkhhw fruuhvsrqglqj wr wkh yduldeoh dqg w|sh lq dq dssursuldwh qdph1 Iru h{dpsoh/ zh kdyh xvhg studid, statistics, calculus, physics, dqg gender iru wkh qdphv ri F4/ F5/ F6/ F7/ dqg F8/ uhvshfwlyho|/ dqg wkhvh qdphv dsshdu lq Glvsod| L1481

Glvsod| L148= Zrunvkhhw pdunv zlwk qdphg yduldeohv1

55

Minitab for Data Management

Lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz/ wkh name frppdqg lv dydlodeoh iru qdplqj yduldeohv dqg frqvwdqwv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh frppdqgv
MTB Aname c1 studid c2 stats c3 calculus & CONTAc4 physics c5 gender & CONTAk1 weight1 k2 weight2 k3 weight3

jlyh wkh qdphv studid wr F4/ stats wr F5/ calculus wr F6/ physics wr F7/ gender wr F8/ weight1 wr N4/ weight2 wr N5/ dqg weight3 wr N61 Qrwlfh wkdw zh kdyh pdgh xvh ri wkh frqwlqxdwlrq fkdudfwhu ) iru frqyhqlhqfh lq w|slqj lq wkh ixoo lqsxw wr name1 Zkhq xvlqj wkh yduldeohv dv dujxphqwv mxvw hqforvh wkh qdphv lq vlqjoh txrwhv1 Iru h{dpsoh/
MTB Aprint studid calculus

sulqwv rxw wkh frqwhqwv ri wkhvh yduldeohv lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Yduldeoh dqg frqvwdqw qdphv fdq eh dw prvw 64 fkdudfwhuv lq ohqjwk/ fdqqrw lqfoxgh wkh fkdudfwhuv & dqg * dqg fdqqrw vwduw zlwk d ohdglqj eodqn ru -1 Uhfdoo wkdw Plqlwde lv qrw fdvh vhqvlwlyh/ vr lw grhv qrw pdwwhu li zh xvh orzhu ru xsshu fdvh ohwwhuv zkhq vshfli|lqj wkh qdphv1

7.6 Information about a Worksheet

Zh fdq jhw lqirupdwlrq rq wkh gdwd zh kdyh hqwhuhg lqwr wkh zrunvkhhw e| xvlqj wkh info frppdqg lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Iru h{dpsoh/ zh jhw wkh iroorzlqj uhvxowv edvhg rq zkdw zh kdyh hqwhuhg lqwr wkh marks zrunvkhhw vr idu1
MTB Ainfo Column A C1 C2 C3 C4 A C5 Constant K1 K2 K3 Name studid stats calculus physics gender Name weight1 weight2 weight3 Count Missing 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 1 10 0 Value 0.500000 0.250000 0.250000

Qrwlfh wkdw wkh info frppdqg whoov xv krz pdq| plvvlqj ydoxhv wkhuh duh dqg lq zkdw froxpqv wkh| rffxu dqg dovr wkh ydoxhv ri wkh frqvwdqwv1 Wklv lqirupdwlrq fdq dovr eh dffhvvhg gluhfwo| iurp wkh Surmhfw Pdqdjhu zlqgrz yld Zlqgrz I Surmhfw Pdqdjhu1 

Minitab for Data Management

56

7.7 Editing a Worksheet

Lw riwhq kdsshqv wkdw diwhu gdwd hqwu| zh qrwlfh wkdw zh kdyh pdgh vrph plv0 wdnhv ru zh rewdlq vrph dgglwlrqdo lqirupdwlrq/ vxfk dv pruh revhuydwlrqv1 Vr idu/ wkh rqo| zd| zh frxog fkdqjh dq| hqwulhv lq wkh zrunvkhhw ru dgg vrph urzv lv wr uhhqwhu wkh zkroh zrunvkhhw$ Hglwlqj wkh zrunvkhhw lv vwudljkwiruzdug ehfdxvh zh vlpso| fkdqjh dq| fhoov e| uhw|slqj wkhlu hqwulhv dqg klwwlqj wkh Hqwhu nh|1 Zh fdq dgg urzv dqg froxpqv dw wkh hqg ri wkh zrunvkhhw e| vlpso| w|slqj qhz gdwd hqwulhv lq wkh uhohydqw fhoov1 Wr lqvhuw d urz ehiruh d sduwlfxodu urz/ vlpso| folfn rq dq| hqwu| lq wkdw urz dqg wkhq wkh phqx frppdqg Hglwru I Lqvhuw Urzv1 Iloo lq wkh   eodqn hqwulhv lq wkh qhz urz1 Wr lqvhuw d froxpq ehiruh d sduwlfxodu froxpq/ vlpso| folfn rq dq| hqwu| lq wkdw froxpq dqg wkhq wkh phqx frppdqg Hglwru  I Lqvhuw Froxpqv1 Iloo lq wkh eodqn hqwulhv lq wkh qhz froxpq1 Wr lqvhuw d  d sduwlfxodu fhoo/ vlpso| folfn rq dq| hqwu| lq wkdw fhoo dqg wkh phqx fhoo ehiruh frppdqg Hglwru I Lqvhuw Fhoov1 Iloo lq wkh eodqn hqwu| lq wkh qhz fhoo wkdw   dsshduv lq sodfh ri wkh ruljlqdo zlwk doo rwkhu fhoov lq wkdw froxpq  dqg rqo| wkdw froxpq  sxvkhg grzq1 Li |rx zlvk wr fohdu d qxpehu ri fhoov lq d eorfn/ folfn lq wkh fhoo dw wkh vwduw ri wkh eorfn/ dqg kroglqj wkh prxvh nh| grzq/ gudj wkh fxuvru wkurxjk wkh eorfn vr wkdw lw lv kljkoljkwhg lq eodfn1 Folfn rq wkh Fxw Fhoov lfrq rq wkh Plqlwde wdvnedu / dqg doo wkh hqwulhv zloo eh ghohwhg1 Fhoov lpphgldwho| ehorz wkh eorfn pryh xs wr oo lq wkh ydfdwhg sodfhv1 D frqyhqlhqw phwkrg iru fohdulqj doo wkh gdwd hqwulhv lq d zrunvkhhw/ zlwk wkh uhohydqw Gdwd zlqgrz dfwlyh/ lv wr xvh wkh frppdqg Hglw I Vhohfw Doo Fhoov/ zklfk fdxvhv doo wkh fhoov wr eh   kljkoljkwhg/ dqg folfn rq wkh Fxw Fhoov lfrq1 Dozd|v vdyh wkh frqwhqwv ri wkh fxuuhqw zrunvkhhw ehiruh grlqj wklv xqohvv |rx duh devroxwho| vxuh |rx grq*w qhhg wkh gdwd djdlq1 Zh glvfxvv krz wr vdyh wkh frqwhqwv ri d zrunvkhhw lq L1;141 Wr frs| d eorfn ri fhoov/ folfn lq wkh fhoo dw wkh vwduw ri wkh eorfn dqg/ kroglqj wkh prxvh nh| grzq/ gudj wkh fxuvru wkurxjk wkh eorfn vr wkdw lw lv kljkoljkwhg lq eodfn/ exw/ lqvwhdg ri klwwlqj wkh edfnvsdfh nh|/ xvh wkh frppdqg Hglw I  Frs| Fhoov ru folfn rq wkh Frs| Fhoov lfrq rq wkh Plqlwde wdvnedu1 Wkh eorfn  ri fhoov lv qrz frslhg wr |rxu folserdug1 Li |rx qrw rqo| zdqw wr frs| d eorfn ri fhoov wr |rxu folserdug exw uhpryh wkhp iurp wkh zrunvkhhw/ xvh wkh frppdqg Hglw I Fxw Fhoov ru wkh Fxw Fhoov lfrq rq wkh Plqlwde wdvnedu lqvwhdg1 Qrwh    wkdw dq| fhoov ehorz wkh uhpryhg eorfn zloo pryh xs wr uhsodfh wkhvh hqwulhv1 Wr sdvwh wkh eorfn ri fhoov lqwr wkh zrunvkhhw/ folfn rq wkh fhoo ehiruh zklfk |rx zdqw wkh eorfn wr dsshdu ru wkdw lv dw wkh vwduw ri wkh eorfn ri fhoov |rx zlvk wr uhsodfh dqg lvvxh wkh frppdqg Hglw I Sdvwh Fhoov/ ru xvh wkh Sdvwh Fhoov lfrq   rq wkh Plqlwde wdvnedu1 D gldorj er{ dsshduv dv lq Glvsod| L149/ zkhuh |rx duh surpswhg dv wr zkdw |rx zdqw wr gr zlwk wkh frslhg eorfn ri fhoov1 Li |rx ihho wkdw d fxwwlqj ru sdvwlqj zdv lq huuru/ |rx fdq xqgr wklv rshudwlrq e| xvlqj Hglw I Xqgr Fxw ru Hglw I Xqgr Sdvwh/ uhvshfwlyho|/ ru xvh wkh Xqgr lfrq rq     wkh Plqlwde wdvnedu1

57

Minitab for Data Management

Glvsod| L149= Gldorj er{ wkdw ghwhuplqhv krz d eorfn ri frslhg fhoov lv xvhg/ zkhwkhu ehlqj lqvhuwhg lqwr d zrunvkhhw ru uhsodflqj d eorfn ri fhoo ri wkh vdph vl}h1

Dq dowhuqdwlyh dssurdfk lv dydlodeoh iru frs|lqj rshudwlrqv xvlqj Pdqls I  Frs| Froxpqv dqg oolqj lq wkh gldorj er{ dssursuldwho|1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh  zh zdqw wr frs| doo wkh hqwulhv lq wkh marks zrunvkhhw lq urzv 8 dqg ; ri froxpqv F5 dqg F7 dqg sodfh wkhvh lq froxpqv F: dqg F;1 Wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| L14: zrxog uhvxow lq doo wkh hqwulhv lq froxpqv F5 dqg F7 ehlqj frslhg wr F: dqg F;1 Wr suhyhqw wklv/ zh folfn rq wkh Xvh Urzv exwwrq/ zklfk eulqjv  xs wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| L14;1 Folfnlqj rq wkh Xvh urzv udglr exwwrq  dqg oolqj lq wkh dvvrfldwhg er{ zlwk wkh hqwulhv 8 dqg ; vshflhv wkdw rqo| hqwulhv lq wkh iwk dqg hljkwk urzv zloo eh frslhg1 Folfnlqj rq wkh RN exwwrqv  lq wkhvh gldorj er{hv wkhq frpsohwhv wkh rshudwlrq1

Glvsod| L14:= Gldorj er{ iru frs|lqj hqwulhv lq froxpqv dqg sdvwlqj wkhp1

Minitab for Data Management

58

Glvsod| L14;= Gldorj er{ wr vhohfw urzv iurp froxpqv wr eh frslhg1

Rqh fdq dovr ghohwh vhohfwhg urzv iurp vshflhg froxpqv xvlqj Pdqls I Ghohwh   Urzv dqg oolqj lq wkh gldorj er{ dssursuldwho|1 Qrwlfh/ krzhyhu/ wkdw zkhqhyhu zh ghohwh d fhoo/ wkh frqwhqwv ri wkh fhoov ehqhdwk wkh ghohwhg rqh lq wkdw froxpq vlpso| pryh xs wr oo wkh fhoo1 Wkh fhoo hqwu| grhv qrw ehfrph plvvlqj> udwkhu/ fhoov dw wkh erwwrp ri wkh froxpq ehfrph xqghqhg$ Li |rx ghohwh dq hqwluh urz/ wklv lv qrw d sureohp ehfdxvh wkh urzv ehorz mxvw vkliw xs1 Iru h{dpsoh/ li zh ghohwh wkh wklug urz wkhq lq wkh qhz zrunvkhhw/ diwhu wkh ghohwlrq/ wkh wklug urz lv qrz rffxslhg e| zkdw zdv iruphuo| wkh irxuwk urz1 Wkhuhiruh/ |rx vkrxog eh yhu| fduhixo/ zkhq |rx duh qrw ghohwlqj zkroh urzv/ wr hqvxuh wkdw |rx jhw wkh uhvxow |rx lqwhqghg1 Qrwh wkdw li |rx vkrxog ghohwh doo wkh hqwulhv iurp d froxpq/ wklv yduldeoh lv vwloo lq wkh zrunvkhhw/ exw lw lv hpsw| qrz1 Li |rx zlvk wr ghohwh d yduldeoh dqg doo lwv hqwulhv/ wklv fdq eh dffrpsolvkhg iurp Pdqls I Hudvh Yduldeohv dqg   oolqj lq wkh gldorj er{ dssursuldwho|1 Wklv lv d jrrg lghd li |rx kdyh d orw ri yduldeohv dqg qr orqjhu qhhg vrph ri wkhp1 Wkhuh duh ydulrxv frppdqgv lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz dydlodeoh iru fduu|lqj rxw wkhvh hglwlqj rshudwlrqv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh restart frppdqg lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz fdq eh xvhg wr uhpryh doo hqwulhv iurp d zrunvkhhw1 Wkh let frppdqg doorzv |rx wr uhsodfh lqglylgxdo hqwulhv1 Iru h{dpsoh/
MTB A let c2(2)=3

dvvljqv wkh ydoxh 6 wr wkh vhfrqg hqwu| lq wkh froxpq F51 Wkh copy frppdqg fdq eh xvhg wr frs| d eorfn ri fhoo iurp rqh sodfh wr dqrwkhu1 Wkh insert frppdqg doorzv |rx wr lqvhuw urzv ru revhuydwlrqv dq|zkhuh lq wkh zrunvkhhw1 Wkh delete frppdqg doorzv |rx wr ghohwh urzv1 Wkh erase frppdqg lv dydlo0 deoh iru wkh ghohwlrq ri froxpqv ru yduldeohv iurp wkh zrunvkhhw1 Dv lw lv pruh frqyhqlhqw wr hglw d zrunvkhhw e| gluhfwo| zrunlqj rq wkh zrunvkhhw dqg xvlqj wkh phqx frppdqgv/ zh gr qrw glvfxvv wkhvh frppdqgv ixuwkhu khuh1

59

8 Saving, Retrieving, and Printing

Minitab for Data Management

Txlwh riwhq/ |rx zloo zdqw wr vdyh wkh uhvxowv ri doo |rxu zrun lq fuhdwlqj d zrun0 vkhhw1 Li |rx h{lw Plqlwde ehiruh |rx vdyh |rxu zrun/ |rx zloo kdyh wr uhhqwhu hyhu|wklqj1 Vr zh uhfrpphqg wkdw |rx dozd|v vdyh1 Wr xvh wkh frppdqgv ri wklv vhfwlrq pdnh vxuh wkdw wkh Zrunvkhhw zlqgrz ri wkh zrunvkhhw lq txhvwlrq lv dfwlyh1 Xvh Iloh I Vdyh Fxuuhqw Zrunvkhhw wr vdyh wkh zrunvkhhw zlwk lwv fxuuhqw   qdph/ ru wkh ghidxow qdph li lw grhvq*w kdyh rqh1 Li |rx zdqw wr surylgh d qdph ru vwruh wkh zrunvkhhw lq d qhz orfdwlrq/ wkhq xvh Iloh I Vdyh Fxuuhqw Zrunvkhhw   Dv dqg oo lq wkh gldorj er{ ghslfwhg lq Glvsod| L14< dssursuldwho|1 Wkh Vdyh lq er{ dw wkh wrs frqwdlqv wkh qdph ri wkh iroghu lq zklfk wkh zrunvkhhw zloo  eh vdyhg rqfh |rx folfn rq wkh Vdyh exwwrq1 Khuh wkh iroghu lv fdoohg data/ dqg  |rx fdq qdyljdwh wr d qhz iroghu xvlqj wkh Xs Rqh Ohyho exwwrq lpphgldwho| wr wkh uljkw ri wklv er{1 Wkh qh{w exwwrq wdnhv |rx wr wkh Ghvnwrs dqg wkh wklug exwwrq doorzv |rx wr fuhdwh d vxeiroghu zlwklq wkh fxuuhqw iroghu1 Wkh er{ lpphgldwho| ehorz frqwdlqv d olvw ri doo ohv ri w|sh .mtw lq wkh fxuuhqw iroghu1 \rx fdq vhohfw wkh w|sh ri oh wr glvsod| e| folfnlqj rq wkh duurz lq wkh Vdyh dv w|sh er{/ zklfk zh kdyh grqh khuh/ dqg folfn rq wkh w|sh ri oh |rx zdqw  wr glvsod| wkdw dsshduv lq wkh gurs0grzq olvw1 Wkhuh duh vhyhudo srvvlelolwlhv lqfoxglqj vdylqj wkh zrunvkhhw lq rwkhu irupdwv/ vxfk dv H{fho1 Fxuuhqwo|/ wkhuh lv rqo| rqh .mtw oh lq wkh iroghu data dqg lw lv fdoohg marks.mtw1 Li |rx zdqw wr vdyh wkh zrunvkhhw zlwk d glhuhqw qdph/ w|sh wklv qdph lq wkh Iloh qdph  er{ dqg folfn rq wkh Vdyh exwwrq1 

Glvsod| L14<= Gldorj er{ iru vdylqj d zrunvkhhw1

Wr uhwulhyh d zrunvkhhw/ xvh Iloh I Rshq Zrunvkhhw dqg oo lq wkh gldorj   er{ dv ghslfwhg lq Glvsod| L153 dssursuldwho|1 Wkh ydulrxv zlqgrzv dqg exwwrqv

Minitab for Data Management

5:

lq wklv gldorj er{ zrun dv ghvfulehg iru wkh Iloh I Vdyh Fxuuhqw Zrunvkhhw Dv   frppdqg/ zlwk wkh h{fhswlrq wkdw zh qrz w|sh wkh qdph ri wkh oh zh zdqw wr rshq lq wkh Iloh qdph er{ dqg folfn rq wkh Rshq exwwrq1  

Glvsod| L153= Gldorj er{ iru uhwulhylqj d zrunvkhhw1

Wr sulqw d zrunvkhhw/ xvh wkh frppdqg Iloh I Sulqw Zrunvkhhw1 Wkh gldorj   er{ wkdw vxevhtxhqwo| srsv xs doorzv |rx wr frqwuro wkh rxwsxw lq d qxpehu ri zd|v1 Lw pd| eh wkdw |rx zrxog suhihu wr zulwh rxw wkh frqwhqwv ri d zrunvkhhw wr dq h{whuqdo oh wkdw fdq eh hglwhg e| dq hglwru ru shukdsv xvhg e| vrph rwkhu surjudp1 Wklv zloo qrw eh wkh fdvh li zh vdyh wkh zrunvkhhw dv dq .mtw oh dv rqo| Plqlwde fdq uhdg wkhvh1 Wr gr wklv/ xvh wkh frppdqg Iloh I Rwkhu Ilohv   I H{sruw Vshfldo Wh{w/ oolqj lq wkh gldorj er{ dqg vshfli|lqj wkh ghvwlqdwlrq  oh zkhq surpswhg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ li zh zdqw wr vdyh wkh frqwhqwv ri wkh marks zrunvkhhw/ wklv frppdqg uhvxowv lq wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| L154 dsshdulqj1 Zh kdyh hqwhuhg doo yh froxpqv lqwr wkh Froxpqv wr h{sruw er{ dqg kdyh qrw vshflhg d irupdw vr wkh froxpqv zloo eh  vwruhg lq wkh oh zlwk vlqjoh eodqnv vhsdudwlqj wkh froxpqv1 Folfnlqj wkh RN exwwrq uhvxowv lq wkh gldorj er{ ri  Glvsod| L155 dsshdulqj1 Khuh/ zh kdyh w|shg lq wkh qdph marks.dat wr krog wkh frqwhqwv1 Qrwh wkdw zkloh zh kdyh fkrvhq d .dat w|sh oh/ zh dovr frxog kdyh fkrvhq d .txt w|sh oh1 Folfnlqj rq wkh Vdyh exwwrq uhvxowv lq d oh marks.dat ehlqj fuhdwhg lq wkh iroghu data zlwk frqwhqwv dv glvsod|hg lq Glvsod| L1561

5;

Minitab for Data Management

Glvsod| L154= Gldorj er{ iru vdylqj wkh frqwhqwv ri d zrunvkhhw wr dq h{whuqdo +qrq0Plqlwde, oh1

Glvsod| L155= Gldorj er{ iru vhohfwlqj h{whuqdo oh wr krog frqwhqwv ri d zrunvkhhw1

Glvsod| L156= Frqwhqwv ri wkh oh pdunv1gdw1

Lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz/ wkh frppdqgv save dqg retrieve duh dydlodeoh iru vdylqj dqg uhwulhylqj d zrunvkhhw lq wkh .mtw irupdw dqg wkh frppdqg write lv dydlodeoh iru vdylqj d zrunvkhhw lq dq h{whuqdo oh1 Zh uhihu wkh uhdghu wr help iru d ghvfulswlrq ri krz wkhvh frppdqgv zrun1

Minitab for Data Management

5<

9 Recording and Printing Sessions

Vrphwlphv/ lw lv xvhixo  h1j1/ zkhq |rx kdyh wr kdqg lq dq dvvljqphqw  wr pdlqwdlq d uhfrug ri doo wkh frppdqgv |rx xvhg/ wkh rxwsxw |rx rewdlqhg/ dqg dq| frpphqwv |rx zdqw wr pdnh rq zkdw |rx duh grlqj lq d Plqlwde vhvvlrq1 Qrwh wkdw diwhu h{hfxwlqj d phqx frppdqg wkh uhohydqw Vhvvlrq zlqgrz frppdqgv duh dxwrpdwlfdoo| w|shg lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Wr xvh wkh frppdqgv iru vdylqj ru sulqwlqj wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz uvw pdnh vxuh wkdw wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz lv dfwlyh1 Li |rx lvvxh wkh phqx frppdqg Hglwru  I Rxwsxw Hglwdeoh uvw/ |rx fdq hglw wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz frqwhqwv ehiruh vdylqj  ru sulqwlqj lwv frqwhqwv vlpso| e| w|slqj ru hudvlqj wh{w lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 \rx fdq wxuq wklv ihdwxuh r xvlqj wkh vdph frppdqg1 Wr vdyh wkh frqwhqwv ri d Vhvvlrq zlqgrz xvh Iloh I Vdyh Vhvvlrq Zlqgrz Dv dqg oo lq wkh gldorj er{   dssursuldwho|1 Qrwh wkdw wkh vdyhg oh lv lq wkh .txt irupdw xqohvv |rx pdnh d glhuhqw fkrlfh lq wkh Vdyh dv w|sh er{1 Wr sulqw wkh frqwhqwv ri wkh Vhvvlrq  zlqgrz xvh Iloh I Sulqw Vhvvlrq Zlqgrz1   Lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz/ wkh outle frppdqg lv dydlodeoh iru uhfruglqj wkh ixoo ru sduwldo frqwhqwv ri d Plqlwde vhvvlrq1 Zh uhihu wkh uhdghu wr help iru d ghvfulswlrq ri krz wklv frppdqg zrunv1

10 Mathematical Operations
Zkhq fduu|lqj rxw d gdwd dqdo|vlv d vwdwlvwlfldq lv riwhq fdoohg xsrq wr wudqvirup wkh gdwd lq vrph zd|1 Wklv pd| lqyroyh dsso|lqj vrph vlpsoh wudqvirupdwlrq wr d yduldeoh wr fuhdwh d qhz yduldeoh  h1j1/ wdnh wkh qdwxudo orjdulwkp ri hyhu| judgh lq wkh marks zrunvkhhw  wr frpelqlqj vhyhudo yduldeohv wrjhwkhu wr irup d qhz yduldeoh  h1j1/ fdofxodwh wkh dyhudjh judgh iru hdfk vwxghqw lq wkh marks zrunvkhhw1 Lq wklv vhfwlrq/ zh suhvhqw vrph ri wkh zd|v ri grlqj wklv1

10.1 Arithmetical Operations

Vlpsoh dulwkphwlf fdq eh fduulhg rxw rq wkh froxpqv ri d zrunvkhhw xvlqj wkh dulwkphwlfdo rshudwlrqv ri dgglwlrq ./ vxewudfwlrq / pxowlsolfdwlrq -/ glylvlrq 2/ dqg h{srqhqwldwlrq -- yld wkh Fdof I Fdofxodwru frppdqg1 Zkhq froxpqv   duh dgghg wrjhwkhu/ vxewudfwhg rqh iurp wkh rwkhu/ pxowlsolhg wrjhwkhu/ glylghg rqh e| wkh rwkhu +pdnh vxuh wkhuh duh qr }hurv lq wkh ghqrplqdwru froxpq,/ ru rqh froxpq h{srqhqwldwhv dqrwkhu/ wkhvh rshudwlrqv duh dozd|v shuiruphg frpsrqhqw0zlvh1 Iru h{dpsoh/ F4-F5 phdqv wkdw wkh lwk hqwu| ri F4 lv pxowl0 solhg e| wkh lwk hqwu| ri F5> hwf1 Dovr/ pdnh vxuh wkdw wkh froxpqv rq zklfk |rx duh jrlqj wr shuirup wkhvh rshudwlrqv fruuhvsrqg wr qxphulf yduldeohv$ Zkloh wkhvh rshudwlrqv kdyh wkh rughu ri suhfhghqfh --/ -2/ / sduhqwkhvhv + , fdq dqg vkrxog eh xvhg wr hqvxuh dq xqdpeljxrxv uhvxow1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh lq wkh marks zrunvkhhw zh zdqw wr fuhdwh d qhz yduldeoh e| wdnlqj wkh dyhudjh ri wkh Vwdwlvwlfv dqg Fdofxoxv judghv dqg wkhq vxewudfwlqj wklv iurp wkh Sk|vlfv

63

Minitab for Data Management

judgh dqg sodflqj wkh uhvxow lq F91 Iloolqj lq wkh gldorj er{/ fruuhvsrqglqj wr Fdof I Fdofxodwru/ dv vkrzq lq Glvsod| L157 dffrpsolvkhv wklv zkhq zh folfn rq   wkh RN exwwrq1 

Glvsod| L157= Gldorj er{ iru fduu|lqj rxw pdwkhpdwlfdo fdofxodwlrqv1

Qrwh wkdw zh fdq hlwkhu w|sh wkh uhohydqw h{suhvvlrq lqwr wkh H{suhvvlrq er{ ru  xvh wkh exwwrqv dqg grxeoh folfnlqj rq wkh uhohydqw froxpqv1 Ixuwkhu/ zh w|sh wkh froxpq zkhuh zh zlvk wr vwruh wkh uhvxowv ri rxu fdofxodwlrq lq wkh Vwruh  uhvxow lq yduldeoh er{1 Wkhvh rshudwlrqv duh grqh rq wkh fruuhvsrqglqj hqwulhv lq hdfk froxpq> fruuhvsrqglqj hqwulhv lq wkh froxpqv duh rshudwhg rq dffruglqj wr wkh irupxod zh kdyh vshflhg/ dqg d qhz froxpq ri wkh vdph ohqjwk frqwdlqlqj doo wkh rxwfrphv lv fuhdwhg1 Qrwh wkdw wkh vl{wk hqwu| lq F9 zloo eh -  plvvlqj  ehfdxvh wklv hqwu| zdv plvvlqj iru F71 Wkhvh nlqgv ri rshudwlrqv fdq dovr eh fduulhg rxw gluhfwo| lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz xvlqj wkh let frppdqg/ dqg lq vrph zd|v wklv lv d vlpsohu dssurdfk1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh vhvvlrq frppdqg
MTB Alet c6=c4-(c2+c3)/2

dffrpsolvkhv wklv1 Zh fdq dovr xvh wkhvh dulwkphwlfdo rshudwlrqv rq wkh frqvwdqwv N4/ N5/ hwf1/ dqg qxpehuv wr fuhdwh qhz frqvwdqwv ru xvh wkh frqvwdqwv dv vfdoduv lq rshudwlrqv zlwk froxpqv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh wkdw zh zdqw wr frpsxwh wkh zhljkwhg dyhudjh ri wkh Vwdwlvwlfv/ Fdofxoxv/ dqg Sk|vlfv judghv zkhuh Vwdwlvwlfv jhwv wzlfh wkh zhljkw ri wkh rwkhu judghv1 Uhfdoo wkdw zh fuhdwhg/ dv sduw ri wkh marks zrunvkhhw/ wkh frqvwdqwv weight1 @ 18/ weight2 @ 158/ dqg weight3 @ 158 lq N4/ N5/ dqg N6/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Vr wklv zhljkwhg dyhudjh lv frpsxwhg yld wkh frppdqg
MTB Alet c7=weight1*stats+weight2*calculus& CONTA+weight3*physics

Minitab for Data Management

64

dqg wkh uhvxow lv sodfhg lq F:1 Zh kdyh xvhg wkh frqwlqxdwlrq fkdudfwhu ) iru frqyhqlhqfh lq wklv frpsxwdwlrq1 Dowhuqdwlyho|/ zh frxog kdyh xvhg wkh Fdof I  Fdofxodwru frppdqg dv deryh iru wklv1 

10.2 Mathematical Functions

Ydulrxv pdwkhpdwlfdo ixqfwlrqv duh dydlodeoh lq Plqlwde1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh zh zdqw wr frpsxwh wkh qdwxudo orjdulwkp ri wkh Vwdwlvwlfv pdun iru hdfk vwx0 ghqw1 Xvlqj wkh Fdof I Fdofxodwru frppdqg zlwk wkh gldorj er{ dv lq Glvsod|   L158 dffrpsolvkhv wklv1

Glvsod| L158= Gldorj er{ iru pdwkhpdwlfdo fdofxodwlrqv looxvwudwlqj wkh xvh ri wkh qdwxudo orjdulwkp ixqfwlrq1

D frpsohwh olvw ri vxfk ixqfwlrqv lv jlyhq lq wkh Ixqfwlrqv zlqgrz zkhq Doo ixqfwlrqv lv lq wkh zlqgrz gluhfwo| deryh wkh olvw1 Wkh vdph uhvxow fdq eh rewdlqhg xvlqj wkh vhvvlrq frppdqg let dqg wkh qdwxudo orjdulwkp ixqfwlrq loge1 Iru h{dpsoh/
MTB Alet c8=loge(c2)

fdofxodwhv wkh qdwxudo orj ri hyhu| hqwu| lq f5 dqg sodfhv wkh uhvxowv lq F;1 Wkhuh duh d qxpehu ri vxfk ixqfwlrqv dqg d frpsohwh olvw lv surylghg lq Dsshqgl{ E141 Wkhvh ixqfwlrqv fdq eh dssolhg wr qxpehuv dv zhoo dv frqvwdqwv1 Li |rx zdqw wr nqrz wkh vlqh ri wkh qxpehu 617/ wkhq
MTB Alet k4=sin(3.4) MTB Aprint k4 K4 -0.255541

jlyhv wkh ydoxh1

65

Minitab for Data Management

10.3 Column and Row Statistics

Wkhuh duh ydulrxv froxpq vwdwlvwlfv wkdw frpsxwh d vlqjoh qxpehu iurp d froxpq e| rshudwlqj rq doo ri wkh hohphqwv lq d froxpq1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh wkdw zh zdqw wkh phdq ri doo wkh Vwdwlvwlfv pdunv/ l1h1/ wkh phdq ri doo wkh hqwulhv lq F51 Wkh frppdqg Fdof I Froxpq Vwdwlvwlfv surgxfhv wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| L159   zkhuh zh kdyh vhohfwhg Phdq dv wkh sduwlfxodu vwdwlvwlf wr frpsxwh dqg F5 dv wkh froxpq wr xvh1 Folfnlqj RN fdxvhv wkh phdq ri froxpq F5 wr eh sulqwhg lq  wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1

Glvsod| L159= Gldorj er{ iru frpsxwlqj froxpq vwdwlvwlfv1

Li zh zdqw wr/ zh fdq vwruh wklv uhvxow lq d frqvwdqw ru froxpq e| pdnlqj dq dssursuldwh hqwu| lq wkh Vwruh uhvxow lq er{1 Zh vhh iurp wkh gldorj er{ wkdw  wkhuh duh d qxpehu ri srvvleoh vwdwlvwlfv wkdw fdq eh frpsxwhg1 Zh fdq dovr frpsxwh vwdwlvwlfv urz0zlvh1 Rqh glhuhqfh zlwk froxpq vwdwlv0 wlfv lv wkdw wkhvh pxvw eh vwruhg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh zh zdqw wr frpsxwh wkh dyhudjh ri wkh Vwdwlvwlfv/ Fdofxoxv/ dqg Sk|vlfv pdunv1 Wkh frppdqg Fdof  I Urz Vwdwlvwlfv surgxfhv wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| L15: zkhuh zh kdyh  sodfhg F5/ F6/ dqg F7 lqwr wkh Lqsxw yduldeohv er{ dqg f9 lqwr wkh Vwruh uhvxow   lq er{1

Glvsod| L15:= Gldorj er{ iru frpsxwlqj urz vwdwlvwlfv1

Minitab for Data Management

66

Lw lv dovr srvvleoh wr frpsxwh froxpq vwdwlvwlfv xvlqj vhvvlrq frppdqgv1 Iru h{dpsoh/
MTB Amean(c2) MEAN = 69.900

frpsxwhv wkh phdq ri f51 Li zh zdqw wr vdyh wkh ydoxh iru vxevhtxhqw xvh/ wkhq wkh frppdqg
MTB Alet k1=mean(c2)

grhv wklv1 Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ iru froxpq vwdwlvwlf frppdqgv lv

column statistic name+H1,

zkhuh wkh rshudwlrq lv fduulhg rxw rq wkh hqwulhv lq froxpq H1 / dqg rxwsxw lv zulwwhq wr wkh vfuhhq xqohvv lw lv dvvljqhg wr d frqvwdqw xvlqj wkh let frppdqg1 Vhh Dsshqgl{ E15 iru d olvw ri doo wkh froxpq vwdwlvwlfv dydlodeoh1 Dovr/ iru prvw froxpq vwdwlvwlfv wkhuh duh yhuvlrqv wkdw frpsxwh urz vwdwlv0 wlfv/ dqg wkhvh duh rewdlqhg e| sodflqj r lq iurqw ri wkh froxpq vwdwlvwlf qdph1 Iru h{dpsoh/
MTB Armean(c2 c3 c4 c6)

frpsxwhv wkh phdq ri wkh fruuhvsrqglqj hqwulhv lq F5/ F6/ dqg F7 dqg sodfhv wkh uhvxow lq F91 Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ iru urz vwdwlvwlf frppdqgv lv

row statistic name+H1 = = = Hp Hp+1,

zkhuh wkh rshudwlrqv duh fduulhg rxw rq wkh urzv lq froxpqv H1 / = = = > Hp > dqg wkh rxwsxw lv sodfhg lq froxpq Hp+1 = Vhh Dsshqgl{ E16 iru d olvw ri doo wkh urz vwdwlvwlfv dydlodeoh1

10.4 Comparisons and Logical Operations

Plqlwde dovr frqwdlqv wkh iroorzlqj frpsdulvrq dqg orjlfdo rshudwruv1

Comparison Operators htxdo wr @/ eq qrw htxdo wr ?A/ ne ohvv wkdq ?/ lt juhdwhu wkdq A/ gt ohvv wkdq ru htxdo wr ?@/ le

Logical Operators )/ and q/ or / not ge

juhdwhu wkdq ru htxdo wr A@/

Qrwlfh wkdw wkhuh duh wzr fkrlfhv iru wkhvh rshudwruv> iru h{dpsoh/ xvh hlwkhu wkh v|pero A@ ru wkh pqhprqlf ge. Wkh frpsdulvrq dqg orjlfdo rshudwruv duh xvhixo zkhq zh kdyh vlpsoh txhv0 wlrqv derxw wkh zrunvkhhw wkdw zrxog eh whglrxv wr dqvzhu e| lqvshfwlrq1 Wklv

67

Minitab for Data Management

ihdwxuh lv sduwlfxoduo| xvhixo zkhq zh duh ghdolqj zlwk odujh gdwd vhwv1 Iru h{0 dpsoh/ vxssrvh wkdw zh zdqw wr frxqw wkh qxpehu ri wlphv wkh Vwdwlvwlfv judgh zdv juhdwhu wkdq wkh fruuhvsrqglqj Fdofxoxv judgh lq wkh marks zrunvkhhw1 Wkh frppdqg Fdof I Fdofxodwru jlyhv wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| L15; zkhuh zh   kdyh sxw c6 lq wkh Vwruh uhvxow lq yduldeoh er{ dqg c2 A c3 lq wkh H{suhvvlrq   er{1 Folfnlqj rq wkh RN exwwrq uhvxowv lq wkh lwk hqwu| lq F9 frqwdlqlqj d 4  li wkh lwk hqwu| lq F5 lv juhdwhu wkdq wkh lwk hqwu| lq F6/ l1h1/ wkh frpsdulvrq lv wuxh/ dqg d 3 rwkhuzlvh1 Lq wklv fdvh/ F9 frqwdlqv wkh hqwulhv= 3/ 4/ 3/ 4/ 3/ 4/ 3/ 3/ 4/ 3/ zklfk wkh zrunvkhhw lq Glvsod| L17 yhulhv dv dssursuldwh1 Li zh xvh Fdof I Fdofxodwru wr fdofxodwh wkh vxp ri wkh hqwulhv lq F9/ zh zloo kdyh   frpsxwhg wkh qxpehu ri wlphv wkh Vwdwlvwlfv judgh lv juhdwhu wkdq wkh Fdofxoxv judgh1 Wkhvh rshudwlrqv fdq dovr eh vlpso| fduulhg rxw xvlqj vhvvlrq frppdqgv1 Iru h{dpsoh/
MTB Alet c6=c2Ac3 MTB Alet k4=sum(c6) MTB Aprint k4 K4 4.00000

dffrpsolvkhv wklv1

Glvsod| L15;= Gldorj er{ iru frpsdulvrqv1

Wkh orjlfdo rshudwruv frpelqh zlwk wkh frpsdulvrq rshudwruv wr doorz pruh frpsolfdwhg txhvwlrqv wr eh dvnhg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh zh zdqwhg wr fdofxodwh wkh qxpehu ri vwxghqwv zkrvh Vwdwlvwlfv pdun zdv juhdwhu wkdq wkhlu Fdofxoxv pdun dqg ohvv wkdq ru htxdo wr wkhlu Sk|vlfv pdun1 Wkh frppdqgv
MTB Alet c6=c2Ac3 and c2?=c4 MTB Alet k4=sum(c6) MTB Aprint k4 K4 1.00000

Minitab for Data Management

68

dffrpsolvk wklv1 Lq wklv fdvh/ erwk frqglwlrqv c2Ac3 dqg c2?=c4 kdyh wr eh wuxh iru d 4 wr eh uhfrughg lq F91 Qrwh wkdw wkh revhuydwlrq zlwk wkh plvvlqj Sk|vlfv pdun lv h{foxghg1 Ri frxuvh/ zh fdq dovr lpsohphqw wklv xvlqj Fdof I  Fdofxodwru dqg oolqj lq wkh gldorj er{ dssursuldwho|1  Wh{w yduldeohv fdq eh xvhg lq frpsdulvrqv zkhuh wkh rughulqj lv doskdehwlfdo1 Iru h{dpsoh/
MTB Alet c6=c5?m

sxwv d 4 lq F9 zkhqhyhu wkh fruuhvsrqglqj hqwu| lq F8 lv doskdehwlfdoo| vpdoohu wkdq m1

11 Some More Minitab Commands

Lq wklv vhfwlrq zh glvfxvv vrph frppdqgv wkdw fdq eh yhu| khosixo lq fhuwdlq dssolfdwlrqv1 Zh zloo pdnh uhihuhqfh wr wkhvh frppdqgv dw dssursuldwh sodfhv wkurxjkrxw wkh pdqxdo1 Lw lv suredeo| ehvw wr zdlw wr uhdg wkhvh ghvfulswlrqv xqwlo vxfk d frqwh{w dulvhv1

11.1 Coding
Wkh Pdqls I Frgh frppdqg lv xvhg wr uhfrgh froxpqv1 E| wklv zh phdq wkdw   gdwd hqwulhv lq froxpqv duh uhsodfhg e| qhz ydoxhv dffruglqj wr d frglqj vfkhph wkdw zh pxvw vshfli|1 \rx fdq uhfrgh qxphulf lqwr qxphulf/ qxphulf lqwr wh{w/ wh{w lqwr qxphulf/ ru wh{w lqwr wh{w e| fkrrvlqj dq dssursuldwh vxefrppdqg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh lq wkh marks zrunvkhhw zh zdqw wr uhfrgh wkh judghv lq F5/ F6/ dqg F7 vr wkdw dq| pdun lq wkh udqjh 36< ehfrphv dq I/ hyhu| pdun lq wkh udqjh 737< ehfrphv dq H/ hyhu| pdun lq wkh udqjh 838< ehfrphv d G/ hyhu| pdun lq wkh udqjh 939< ehfrphv d F/ hyhu| pdun lq wkh udqjh :3:< ehfrphv d E/ hyhu| pdun lq wkh udqjh ;3433 ehfrphv dq D/ dqg wkh uhvxowv duh sodfhg lq froxpqv F9/ F:/ dqg F;/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Wkhq wkh frppdqg Pdqls I  Frgh I Qxphulf wr Wh{w eulqjv xs wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| L15<1 Wkh   udqjhv iru wkh qxphulf ydoxhv wr eh uhfrghg wr d frpprq wh{w ydoxh duh w|shg lq wkh Ruljlqdo ydoxhv er{/ dqg wkh qhz ydoxhv duh w|shg lq wkh Qhz er{1 Qrwh   wkdw zh kdyh xvhg d vkruwkdqg iru ghvfulelqj d udqjh ri gdwd ydoxhv dv glvfxvvhg lq vhfwlrq :151 Ehfdxvh wkh vl{wk hqwu| ri F7 lv -/ l1h1/ lw lv plvvlqj/ wklv ydoxh lv vlpso| uhfrghg dv d eodqn1 \rx fdq dovr uhfrgh plvvlqj ydoxhv e| lqfoxglqj - lq rqh ri wkh Ruljlqdo ydoxhv er{hv1 Li d ydoxh lq d froxpq lv qrw fryhuhg e|  rqh ri wkh ydoxhv lq wkh Ruljlqdo ydoxhv er{hv/ wkhq lw lv vlpso| ohiw wkh vdph lq  wkh qhz froxpq1

69

Minitab for Data Management

Glvsod| L15<= Gldorj er{ iru uhfrglqj qxphulf ydoxhv wr wh{w ydoxhv1

Qrwh wkdw wklv phqx frppdqg uhvwulfwv wkh qxpehu ri qhz frgh ydoxhv wr ;1 Wkh vhvvlrq frppdqg code doorzv xs wr 83 qhz frghv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh lq wkh marks zrunvkhhw zh zdqw wr uhfrgh wkh judghv lq F5/ F6/ dqg F7 vr wkdw dq| pdun lq wkh udqjh 3< ehfrphv d 3/ hyhu| pdun lq wkh udqjh 434< ehfrphv 43/ hwf1/ dqg wkh uhvxowv duh sodfhg lq froxpqv F9/ F:/ dqg F;1 Wkh iroorzlqj frppdqg
MTB Acode(0:9) to 0 (10:19) to 10 (20:29) to 20 (30:39) to 30 & CONTA(40:49) to 40 (50:59) to 50 (60:69) to 60 (70:79) to 70 & CONTA(80:89) to 80 (90:99) to 90 for C2-C4 put in C6-C8

dffrpsolvkhv wklv1 Qrwh wkh xvh ri wkh frqwlqxdwlrq v|pero )/ dv wklv lv d orqj frppdqg1 Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ iru wkh code frppdqg lv

code +Y1, wr frgh1 111 +Yq, wr frghq iru H1 111 Hp sxw lq Hp+1 111 H2p
zkhuh Yl ghqrwhv d vhw ri srvvleoh ydoxhv dqg udqjhv iru wkh ydoxhv lq froxpqv H1 111 Hp wkdw duh doo frghg dv wkh qxpehu frghl > dqg wkh uhvxowv ri wklv frglqj duh sodfhg lq wkh froxpqv Hp+1 111 H2p / l1h1/ wkh uhfrghg H1 lv sodfhg lq Hp+1 / hwf1

11.2 Concatenating Columns

Wkh Pdqls I Frqfdwhqdwh frpelqhv wzr ru pruh wh{w froxpqv lqwr d vlqjoh wh{w   froxpq1 Iru h{dpsoh/ li F9 frqwdlqv m/ m/ m/ f/ f/ uhdglqj uvw wr odvw hqwu|/ dqg F: frqwdlqv to/ ta/ ti/ to/ ta/ wkhq wkh hqwulhv lq wkh Pdqls I Frqfdwhqdwh   gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| L163 uhvxow lq d qhz wh{w froxpq F; frqwdlqlqj wkh hqwulhv mto/ mta/ mti/ fto/ fta1

Minitab for Data Management

6:

Glvsod| L163= Gldorj er{ iru frqfdwhqdwlqj wh{w froxpqv1

Lq wkh vhvvlrq hqylurqphqw/ wkh concatenate frppdqg lv dydlodeoh iru wklv rshudwlrq1 Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ ri wkh concatenate frppdqg lv

concatenate H1 111 Hp lq Hp+1

zkhuh H1 / 111/ Hp > duh wh{w froxpqv/ dqg Hp+1 lv wkh wdujhw wh{w froxpq1

11.3 Converting Data Types

Wkh Pdqls I Frgh I Xvh Frqyhuvlrq Wdeoh frppdqg lv xvhg wr fkdqjh wh{w    gdwd lqwr qxphulf gdwd dqg ylfh yhuvd1 Dv ghdolqj zlwk wh{w gdwd lv d elw pruh gl!fxow lq Plqlwde/ zh uhfrpphqg hlwkhu frqyhuwlqj wh{w gdwd wr qxphulf ehiruh lqsxw ru xvlqj wklv frppdqg diwhu lqsxw wr gr wklv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ lq wkh zrunvkhhw marks vxssrvh zh zdqw wr fkdqjh wkh jhqghu yduldeoh iurp wh{w/ zlwk pdoh dqg ihpdoh ghqrwhg e| m dqg f/ uhvshfwlyho|/ wr d qxphulfdo yduldeoh zlwk pdoh ghqrwhg e| 3 dqg ihpdoh e| 41 Wr gr wklv/ zh pxvw uvw vhw xs d frqyhuvlrq wdeoh1 Wkh frqyhuvlrq wdeoh frpsulvhv wzr froxpqv lq wkh zrunvkhhw/ zkhuh rqh froxpq lv wh{w dqg frqwdlqv wkh wh{w ydoxhv xvhg lq wkh wh{w froxpq/ dqg wkh vhfrqg froxpq lv qxphulf dqg frqwdlqv wkh qxphulfdo ydoxhv wkdw |rx zdqw wkhvh fkdqjhg lqwr1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh zh kdyh hqwhuhg froxpqv F9 dqg F: lq wkh marks zrunvkhhw/ dv vkrzq lq Glvsod| L1641 Wkh Pdqls I Frgh I Xvh Frqyhuvlrq Wdeoh frppdqg surgxfhv wkh gldorj er{    vkrzq lq Glvsod| L165/ zkhuh zh kdyh lqglfdwhg wkdw zh zdqw wr frqyhuw wkh wh{w froxpq F8 lqwr d qxphulf froxpq dqg wkdw hdfk m vkrxog ehfrph d 3 dqg hdfk f vkrxog ehfrph d 41

6;

Minitab for Data Management

Glvsod| L164= Froxpqv f9 dqg f: lq wkh pdunv zrunvkhhw dv d frqyhuvlrq wdeoh1

Glvsod| L165= Gldorj er{ iru frqyhuwlqj wh{w froxpq f8 ri wkh pdunv zrunvkhhw lqwr d qxphulf froxpq zlwk wkh frqyhuvlrq wdeoh jlyhq lq froxpqv f9 dqg f:1

Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ iru wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg

convert H1 H2 H3 H4

convert lv

zkhuh H1 > H2 duh wkh froxpqv frqwdlqlqj wkh frqyhuvlrq wdeoh/ H3 lv wkh froxpq wr eh frqyhuwhg dqg H4 lv wkh froxpq frqwdlqlqj wkh frqyhuwhg froxpq1

11.4 History
Plqlwde nhhsv d uhfrug ri wkh frppdqgv |rx kdyh xvhg dqg wkh gdwd |rx kdyh lqsxw lq d vhvvlrq1 Wklv lqirupdwlrq fdq eh rewdlqhg lq wkh Klvwru| iroghu ri wkh Surmhfw Pdqdjhu zlqgrz1 Wkh frppdqgv fdq eh frslhg iurp zkhuhyhu wkh| duh olvwhg dqg sdvwhg lqwr wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz wr eh uhh{hfxwhg/ vr wkdw d qxpehu ri frppdqgv fdq eh h{hfxwhg dw rqfh zlwkrxw uhw|slqj1 Wkhvh frppdqgv fdq eh hglwhg ehiruh ehlqj h{hfxwhg djdlq1 Wklv lv yhu| khosixo zkhq |rx kdyh lpsohphqwhg d orqj vhtxhqfh ri frppdqgv dqg uhdol}h wkdw |rx pdgh dq huuru hduo| rq1 Qrwh wkdw hyhq li |rx xvh wkh phqx frppdqgv/ d uhfrug lv nhsw rqo| ri wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqgv1 Wkh journal frppdqg lv dydlodeoh lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz li |rx zdqw wr nhhs d uhfrug ri wkh frppdqgv lq dq h{whuqdo oh1 Iru h{dpsoh/

Minitab for Data Management

MTB Ajournal comm1 Collecting keyboard input(commands and data)in file:

6<

comm1.MTJ MTB Aread c1 c2 c3 DATAA1 2 3 DATAAend 1 rows read. MTB Anojournal

sxwv
read c1 c2 c3 1 2 3 end nojournal

lqwr wkh oh comm1.mtj1 Wkh klvwru| lv wxuqhg r dv vrrq dv wkh frppdqg lv w|shg1

nojournal

11.5 Computing Ranks

Vrphwlphv/ zh zdqw wr frpsxwh wkh udqnv ri wkh qxphulf ydoxhv lq d froxpq1 Wkh udqn ul ri wkh lwk ydoxh lq d froxpq lv d ydoxh wkdw uh hfwv lwv uhodwlyh vl}h lq wkh froxpq1 Iru h{dpsoh/ li wkh lwk ydoxh lv wkh vpdoohvw ydoxh wkhq ul > li lw lv wkh wklug vpdoohvw wkhq ul > hwf1 Li ydoxhv duh wkh vdph/ l1h1/ wlhg/ wkhq hdfk ydoxh uhfhlyhv wkh dyhudjh udqn1 Wr fdofxodwh wkh udqnv ri wkh hqwulhv lq d froxpq zh xvh wkh Pdqls I Udqn frppdqg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh wkdw F9   frqwdlqv wkh ydoxhv 9/ 7 / 6/ 5/ 6/ 41 Wkhq wkh Pdqls I Udqn frppdqg eulqjv   xs wkh gldorj er{ lq Glvsod| L166/ zklfk lv oohg lq vr wkdw wkh udqnv ri wkh hqwulhv lq F9 duh sodfhg lq F:1 Lq wklv fdvh/ wkh udqnv duh 913/ 813/ 618/ 513/ 618/ dqg 413/ uhvshfwlyho|1

=3

=1

Glvsod| L166= Gldorj er{ iru frpsxwlqj udqnv1

Wkh v|qwd{ ri wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg

rank lv

73

Minitab for Data Management

rank H1 H2
zkhuh H1 lv wkh froxpq zkrvh udqnv zh zdqw wr frpsxwh/ dqg H2 lv wkh froxpq wkdw zloo krog wkh frpsxwhg udqnv1

11.6 Sorting Data

Lw riwhq rffxuv dv sduw ri d gdwd dqdo|vlv wkdw zh zdqw wr vruw d froxpq vr wkdw lwv ydoxhv dvfhqg iurp vpdoohvw wr odujhvw ru ghvfhqg iurp odujhvw wr vpdoohvw1 Qrwh wkdw rughulqj khuh frxog uhihu wr qxphulfdo rughu ru doskdehwlfdo rughu/ vr zh dovr frqvlghu rughulqj wh{w froxpqv1 Dovr/ zh pd| zdqw wr vruw doo wkh urzv frqwdlqhg lq vrph vxevhw ri wkh froxpqv lq wkh zrunvkhhw e| d sduwlfxodu froxpq1 Wkh Pdqls I Vruw frppdqg doorzv xv wr fduu| rxw wkhvh wdvnv1   Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh wkdw zh zdqw wr vruw wkh hqwulhv lq F5 lq wkh marks zrunvkhhw  wkh Vwdwlvwlfv judghv  iurp vpdoohvw wr odujhvw dqg sodfh wkh vruwhg ydoxhv lq F91 Wkhq wkh Pdqls I Vruw frppdqg eulqjv xs wkh gldorj   er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| L167/ zkhuh wkh Vruw froxpq+v, er{ frqwdlqv wkh froxpq  F5 wr eh vruwhg/ wkh Vwruh vruwhg froxpq+v, Lq er{ frqwdlqv F9/ zkhuh zh zloo vwruh wkh vruwhg froxpq/ dqg F5 lv dovr sodfhg lq wkh Vruw e| froxpq er{1 Wklv  frppdqg uhvxowv lq F9 frqwdlqlqj 56/ 96/ 9:/ :4/ :7/ :8/ ::/ ;4/ ;4/ ;:1 Li zh kdg folfnhg wkh Ghvfhqglqj er{/ wkh rughu ri dsshdudqfh ri wkhvh ydoxhv lq F9 zrxog kdyh ehhquhyhuvhg1 Li zh kdg sodfhg dqrwkhu froxpq lq wkh Vruw e| froxpq er{/ vd| F8/ wkhq F8  zrxog kdyh ehhq vruwhg zlwk wkh ydoxhv lq F5 fduulhg dorqj dqg sodfhg lq F9/ l1h1/ wkh ydoxhv lq F5 zrxog eh vruwhg e| wkh ydoxhv lq F81 Vr doo wkh Vwdwlvwlfv pdunv ri ihpdohv/ lq wkh rughu wkh| dsshdu lq F5 zloo dsshdu lq F9 uvw dqg wkhq wkh Vwdwlvwlfv pdunv ri pdohv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ uhsodflqj F5 e| F8 lq wklv er{ zrxog uhvxow lq wkh ydoxhv lq F9 ehfrplqj ::/ :4/ ;:/ ;4/ :7/ ;4/ :8/ 96/ 56/ 9:1 Li zh oo lq wkh qh{w Vruw e| froxpq er{ zlwk dqrwkhu froxpq/ vd| F6/ wkhq wkh  ydoxhv lq F5 duh vruwhg uvw e| jhqghu dqg wkhq zlwklq jhqghu e| wkh ydoxhv lq F61

Glvsod| L167= Gldorj er{ iru vruwlqj1

Minitab for Data Management

Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ ri wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg

74

sort H1 H2 = = =Hp Hp+1 = = =H2p

sort lv

zkhuh H1 lv wkh froxpq wr eh vruwhg/ dqg H2 / 111/ Hp duh fduulhg dorqj zlwk wkh uhvxowv sodfhg lq froxpqv Hp+1 / 111/ H2p = Qrwh wkdw wklv vruw fdq dovr eh dffrpsolvkhg xvlqj wkh by vxefrppdqg/ zkhuh wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ lv

sort H1 H2 = = =Hp Hp+1 = = =H2p; by H2p+1 = = =Hq =

zkhuh qrz zh vruw e| froxpqv H2p+1 / 111/ Hq / vruwlqj uvw e| H2p+1> wkhq H2p+2 > hwf1/ fduu|lqj dorqj H1 / 111/ Hp dqg sodflqj wkh uhvxow lq Hp+1 / 111/ H2p = Wkh descending vxefrppdqg fdq dovr eh xvhg wr lqglfdwh zklfk vruwlqj yduldeohv zh zdqw wr xvh lq ghvfhqglqj rughu udwkhu wkdq dvfhqglqj rughu1

11.7 Stacking and Unstacking Columns

Wkh Pdqls I Vwdfn frppdqg lv xvhg wr olwhudoo| vwdfn froxpqv rqh rq wrs ri   wkh rwkhu ru xqvwdfn d froxpq lqwr vhsdudwh froxpqv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ lq wkh marks zrunvkhhw wkh Pdqls I Vwdfn I Vwdfn Froxpqv frppdqg eulqjv xs wkh gldorj    er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| L168/ zklfk kdv ehhq oohg lq wr vwdfn froxpqv F5/ F6/ dqg F7 lqwr F9 zlwk wkh ydoxhv lq F5 uvw/ iroorzhg e| wkh ydoxhv lq F6 dqg wkhq wkh ydoxhv lq F71 Lq F: zh kdyh vwruhg dq lqgh{ zklfk lqglfdwhv wkdw froxpq hdfk ydoxh lq F9 fdph iurp zlwk d 4 hyhu| wlph d ydoxh fdph iurp F5/ d 5 hyhu| wlph d ydoxh fdph iurp F6/ dqg d 6 hyhu| wlph d ydoxh fdph iurp F71 Lw lv qrw qhfhvvdu| wr fuhdwh vxfk dq lqgh{1

Glvsod| L168= Gldorj er{ iru vwdfnlqj froxpqv1

Lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz/ wklv vdph uhvxow fdq eh rewdlqhg xvlqj wkh frppdqg1 Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ iru wkh stack frppdqg lv jlyhq e|

stack

stack H1H2 = = =Hp lqwr Hp+1

zkhuh H1 / H2 / 111/ Hp ghqrwh wkh froxpqv ru frqvwdqwv wr eh vwdfnhg rqh rq wrs ri wkh rwkhu/ vwduwlqj zlwk H1 / dqg zlwk wkh uhvxow sodfhg lq froxpq Hp+1 = Li zh

75

Minitab for Data Management

zdqw wr nhhs dq lqgh{ ri zkhuh wkh ydoxhv fdph iurp/ wkhq xvh wkh vxefrppdqg

subscripts Hp+2
zklfk uhvxowv lq lqgh{ ydoxhv ehlqj vwruhg lq froxpq Hp+2 = Wr xqvwdfn ydoxhv lq d froxpq e| wkh ydoxhv lq dq lqgh{ froxpq zh xvh wkh Pdqls I Xqvwdfn frppdqg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ jlyhq wkh froxpqv F9 dqg F: ri  wkh marks zrunvkhhw dv ghvfulehg deryh/ wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| L169 xqvwdfnv F9 lqwr wkuhh froxpqv e| wkh ydoxhv lq F:1 Wkh wkuhh froxpqv duh F;/ F</ dqg F431 Qrwh wkdw wkh| duh lghqwlfdo wr froxpqv F5/ F6/ dqg F7/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Zh pxvw dozd|v vshfli| d froxpq frqwdlqlqj wkh vxevfulswv zkhq xqvwdfnlqj d froxpq1

Glvsod| L169= Gldorj er{ iru xqvwdfnlqj froxpqv1

unstack H1 lqwr H2 = = =Hp; subscripts Hp+1=

Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ iru wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg

unstack lv

zkhuh H1 lv wkh froxpq wr eh xqvwdfnhg/ H2 / 111/ Hp duh wkh froxpqv dqg frq0 vwdqwv wr frqwdlq wkh xqvwdfnhg froxpq/ dqg Hp+1 jlyhv wkh vxevfulswv 4/ 5/ 111 wkdw lqglfdwh krz H1 lv wr eh xqvwdfnhg1 Qrwh wkdw lw lv dovr srvvleoh wr vlpxowdqhrxvo| xqvwdfn eorfnv ri froxpqv1 Zh uhihu wkh uhdghu wr help ru Khos iru lqirupdwlrq rq wklv1 

Minitab for Data Management

76

12 Exercises

41 Wkh iroorzlqj gdwd jlyh wkh Kl dqg Orz wudglqj sulfhv lq Fdqdgldq grooduv iru ydulrxv vwrfnv rq d jlyhq gd| rq wkh Wrurqwr Vwrfn H{fkdqjh1 Fuhdwh d zrunvkhhw/ jlylqj wkh froxpqv wkh vdph yduldeoh qdphv/ xvlqj dq| ri wkh phwkrgv glvfxvvhg lq L1:1 Eh fduhixo wr hqvxuh wkdw wkh ydoxh ri wkh yduldeoh stock vwduwv zlwk d ohwwhu1 Sulqw wkh zrunvkhhw wr fkhfn wkdw |rx kdyh vxffhvvixoo| hqwhuhg lw1 Vdyh wkh zrunvkhhw jlylqj lw wkh qdph stocks1

Stock Hi
DFU PJL EOG FIS PDO FP D]F FPZ DP] JDF

:1<8 71:8 445158 <198 ;158 781<3 41<< 53133 51:3 85133

Low

:1;3 7133 43<1:8 <158 ;143 78163 41<6 4<133 5163 83158

5 Uhwulhyh wkh zrunvkhhw stocks fuhdwhg lq H{huflvh 41 Fkdqjh wkh Low ydoxh lq wkh vwrfn PJL wr 61<81 Fdofxodwh wkh dyhudjh ri wkh Hi dqg Low sulfhv iru doo wkh vwrfnv/ dqg vdyh wklv lq d froxpq fdoohg average1 Fdofxodwh wkh dyhudjh ri doo wkh Hi sulfhv/ dqg vdyh wklv lq d frqvwdqw fdoohg avhi1 Vlploduo|/ gr wklv iru doo wkh Low sulfhv/ dqg vdyh wklv lq d frqvwdqw fdoohg avlo1 Vdyh wkh zrunvkhhw xvlqj wkh vdph qdph1 Zulwh doo wkh froxpqv rxw wr d oh fdoohg stocks.dat1 Sulqw wkh oh stocks.dat rq |rxu v|vwhp sulqwhu1 6 Uhwulhyh wkh zrunvkhhw fuhdwhg lq H{huflvh 51 Xvlqj wkh Plqlwde frp0 pdqgv glvfxvvhg lq L143/ fdofxodwh wkh qxpehu ri vwrfnv lq wkh zrunvkhhw zkrvh average lv juhdwhu wkdq '8133 dqg ohvv wkdq ru htxdo wr '781331 7 Xvlqj wkh zrunvkhhw fuhdwhg lq H{huflvh 5/ lqvhuw wkh iroorzlqj vwrfnv dw wkh ehjlqqlqj ri wkh zrunvkhhw1

Stock Hi
FOY VLO DF

41;8 67133 47178

Low

41:; 67133 47138

Ghohwh wkh yduldeoh average1 Vdyh wkh zrunvkhhw1

77

Minitab for Data Management

8 Xvlqj wkh zrunvkhhw fuhdwhg lq H{huflvh 7/ vruw wkh vwrfnv lqwr doskdehwlfdo rughu1 Fdofxodwh wkh udqnv ri wkh lqglylgxdo vwrfnv edvhg rq wkhlu Hi sulfh/ dqg vdyh wkh udqnlqj lq d qhz froxpq1 Vdyh wkh zrunvkhhw1 9 Xvlqj wkh zrunvkhhw fuhdwhg lq H{huflvh 8/ fdofxodwh wkh dyhudjh Hi sulfh ri doo wkh vwrfnv ehjlqqlqj lq D1 : Xvlqj wkh zrunvkhhw fuhdwhg lq H{huflvh 8/ uhfrgh doo wkh Low sulfhv lq wkh udqjh '3<1<< dv 4/ lq wkh udqjh '436<1<< dv 5/ dqg juhdwhu wkdq ru htxdo wr '73 dv 6/ dqg vdyh wkh uhfrghg yduldeoh lq d qhz froxpq1 ; Xvlqj sdwwhuqhg gdwd lqsxw/ sodfh wkh ydoxhv iurp wr 43 lq lqfuhphqwv ri 14 lq F41 Iru hdfk ri wkh ydoxhv lq F4/ fdofxodwh wkh ydoxh ri wkh { +l1h1/ vxevwlwxwh wkh ydoxh lq hdfk hqwu| txdgudwlf sro|qrpldo {2 lq F4 lqwr wklv h{suhvvlrq, dqg sodfh wkhvh ydoxhv lq F51 Xvlqj Plqlwde frppdqgv dqg wkh ydoxhv lq F4 dqg F5/ hvwlpdwh wkh srlqw lq wkh udqjh iurp wr 43 zkhuh wklv sro|qrpldo wdnhv lwv vpdoohvw ydoxh dqg zkdw wklv vpdoohvw ydoxh lv1 Xvlqj Plqlwde frppdqgv dqg wkh ydoxhv lq F4 dqg F5 hvwlpdwh wkh srlqwv lq wkh udqjh iurp wr > zkhuh wklv sro|qrpldo lv forvhvw wr 31

10

2 +4 3

10

10 10 1

< Xvlqj sdwwhuqhg gdwd lqsxw/ sodfh ydoxhv lq wkh udqjh iurp 3 wr 8 xvlqj dq lqfuhphqw ri 134 lq F41 Fdofxodwh wkh ydoxh ri h { iru hdfk ydoxh lq F4/ dqg sodfh wkh uhvxow lq F51 Xvlqj Plqlwde frppdqgv/ qg wkh odujhvw ydoxh lq F4 zkhuh wkh fruuhvsrqglqj hqwu| lq F5 lv ohvv wkdq ru htxdo wr 181 Qrwh wkdw h { fruuhvsrqgv wr wkh exponentiate frppdqg +vhh Dsshqgl{ E14, hydoxdwhg dw {1 43 Xvlqj sdwwhuqhg gdwd lqsxw/ sodfh ydoxhv lq wkh udqjh iurp dq lqfuhphqw ri 134 lq F41 Fdofxodwh wkh ydoxh ri s

4 wr 7 xvlqj = 3 1415927

1 h 2

{2 @

iru hdfk ydoxh lq F4/ dqg sodfh wkh uhvxow lq F5/ zkhuh  = 1 Xvlqj parsums +vhh Dsshqgl{ E14,/ fdofxodwh wkh sduwldo vxpv iru F5/ dqg sodfh wkh uhvxow lq F61 Pxowlso| F6 wlphv 1341 Ilqg wkh odujhvw ydoxh lq F4 vxfk wkdw wkh fruuhvsrqglqj hqwu| lq F6 lv ohvv wkdq ru htxdo wr 1581

Part II

Minitab for Data Analysis

78

Chapter 1

Looking at DataDistributions
New Minitab commands discussed in this chapter Fdof I Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrqv I Qrupdo    Iloh I Rshq Judsk   Iloh I Vdyh Judsk Dv   Judsk I Er{sorw   Judsk I Fkduw   Judsk I Grwsorw   Judsk I Klvwrjudp   Judsk I Slh Fkduw   Judsk I Suredelolw| Sorw   Judsk I Vwhp0dqg0Ohdi   Judsk I Wlph Vhulhv Sorw   Pdqls I Frgh   Vwdw I Edvlf Vwdwlvwlfv I Glvsod| Ghvfulswlyh Vwdwlvwlfv    Vwdw I Edvlf Vwdwlvwlfv I Vwruh Ghvfulswlyh Vwdwlvwlfv    Vwdw I Wdeohv I Wdoo|   
Wklv fkdswhu ri LSV lv frqfhuqhg zlwk wkh ydulrxv zd|v ri suhvhqwlqj dqg vxp0 pdul}lqj d gdwd vhw1 E| suhvhqwlqj gdwd/ zh phdq frqyhqlhqw dqg lqirupdwlyh phwkrgv ri frqyh|lqj wkh lqirupdwlrq frqwdlqhg lq d gdwd vhw1 Wkhuh duh wzr edvlf phwkrgv iru suhvhqwlqj gdwd/ qdpho| judsklfdoo| dqg wkurxjk wdexodwlrqv1 Vwloo/ lw fdq eh kdug wr vxppdul}h h{dfwo| zkdw wkhvh suhvhqwdwlrqv duh vd|lqj derxw wkh gdwd1 Vr wkh fkdswhu dovr lqwurgxfhv ydulrxv vxppdu| vwdwlvwlfv wkdw duh frpprqo| xvhg wr frqyh| phdqlqjixo lqirupdwlrq lq d frqflvh zd|1 Doo ri wkhvh wrslfv fdq lqyroyh pxfk whglrxv/ huuru surqh fdofxodwlrq/ li zh zhuh wr lqvlvw rq grlqj wkhp e| kdqg1 Dq lpsruwdqw srlqw lv wkdw |rx vkrxog 7:

7;

Chapter 1

doprvw qhyhu uho| rq kdqg fdofxodwlrq lq fduu|lqj rxw d gdwd dqdo|vlv1 Qrw rqo| duh wkhuh pdq| idu pruh lpsruwdqw wklqjv iru |rx wr eh wklqnlqj derxw/ dv wkh wh{w glvfxvvhv/ exw |rx duh dovr olnho| wr pdnh dq huuru1 Rq wkh rwkhu kdqg/ qhyhu eolqgo| wuxvw wkh frpsxwhu$ Fkhfn |rxu uhvxowv dqg pdnh vxuh wkdw wkh| pdnh vhqvh lq oljkw ri wkh dssolfdwlrq1 Iru wklv/ d ihz vlpsoh kdqg fdofxodwlrqv fdq suryh ydoxdeoh1 Lq zrunlqj wkurxjk wkh sureohpv lq LSV/ |rx vkrxog wu| wr xvh Plqlwde dv pxfk dv srvvleoh/ dv wklv zloo lqfuhdvh |rxu vnloo zlwk wkh sdfndjh dqg lqhylwdeo| pdnh |rxu gdwd dqdo|vhv hdvlhu dqg pruh hhfwlyh1

1.1 Tabulating and Summarizing Data

Li d yduldeoh lv fdwhjrulfdo/ zh frqvwuxfw d wdeoh xvlqj wkh ydoxhv ri wkh yduldeoh dqg uhfrug wkh iuhtxhqf| +frxqw, ri hdfk ydoxh lq wkh gdwd dqg shukdsv wkh uhodwlyh iuhtxhqf| +sursruwlrq, ri hdfk ydoxh lq wkh gdwd dv zhoo1 Wkhvh uhodwlyh iuhtxhqflhv wkhq vhuyh dv d frqyhqlhqw vxppdul}dwlrq ri wkh gdwd1 Li wkh yduldeoh lv txdqwlwdwlyh/ zh w|slfdoo| jurxs wkh gdwd lq vrph zd|/ l1h1/ glylgh wkh udqjh ri wkh gdwd lqwr qrqryhuodsslqj lqwhuydov dqg uhfrug wkh iuhtxhqf| dqg sursruwlrq ri ydoxhv lq hdfk lqwhuydo1 Jurxslqj lv dffrpsolvkhg xvlqj wkh Pdqls I Frgh frppdqg glvfxvvhg lq L144141   Li wkh ydoxhv ri d yduldeoh duh rughuhg/ zh fdq uhfrug wkh fxpxodwlyh glv0 wulexwlrq/ qdpho| wkh sursruwlrq ri ydoxhv ohvv wkdq ru htxdo wr hdfk ydoxh1 Txdqwlwdwlyh yduldeohv duh dozd|v rughuhg exw vrphwlphv fdwhjrulfdo yduldeohv duh dv zhoo/ h1j1/ zkhq d fdwhjrulfdo yduldeoh dulvhv iurp jurxslqj d txdqwlwdwlyh yduldeoh1 Riwhq/ lw lv frqyhqlhqw zlwk txdqwlwdwlyh yduldeohv wr uhfrug wkh hpslulfdo glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq/ zklfk iru gdwd ydoxhv {1 > = = = > {q dqg dw d ydoxh { lv jlyhq e| ri {l  { I { q l1h1/ I { lv wkh sursruwlrq ri gdwd ydoxhv ohvv wkdq ru htxdo wr {= Zh fdq vxppdul}h vxfk d suhvhqwdwlrq yld wkh fdofxodwlrq ri d ihz txdqwlwlhv vxfk dv wkh uvw txduwloh/ wkh phgldq/ dqg wkh wklug txduwloh ru suhvhqw wkh phdq dqg wkh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq1 Zh lqwurgxfh vrph qhz frppdqgv wr fduu| rxw wkh qhfhvvdu| frpsxwdwlrqv xvlqj wkh gdwd vkrzq lq Wdeoh 4141 Wklv lv gdwd froohfwhg e| D1D1 Plfkhovrq dqg Vlprq Qhzfrpe lq 4;;5 frqfhuqlqj wkh vshhg ri oljkw1 Zh zloo uhihu wr wklv khuhdiwhu dv Qhzfrpe*v gdwd dqg sodfh wkhvh lq wkh froxpq F4 zlwk wkh qdph time lq wkh zrunvkhhw fdoohg newcomb1

( )

( ) = #

Looking At DataDistributions
5; 59 66 57 67 077 5: 49 73 05 5< 55 57 54 58 63 56 5< 64 4< 57 53 69 65 69 5; 58 54 5; 5< 6: 58 5; 59 63 65 69 59 63 55 69 56 5: 5: 5; 5: 64 5: 59 66 59 65 65 57 6< 5; 57 58 65 58 5< 5: 5; 5< 49 56

7<

Wdeoh 414= Qhzfrpe*v gdwd11

Wkh Vwdw I Wdeohv I Wdoo| frppdqg wdexodwhv fdwhjrulfdo gdwd1 Frqvlghu Qhz0    frpe*v phdvxuhphqwv lq Wdeoh 4141 Wkhvh gdwd udqjh iurp wr 73 +xvh plq0 lpxp dqg pd{lpxp lq Fdof I Fdofxodwru wr fdofxodwh wkhvh ydoxhv,1 Vxssrvh   zh ghflgh wr jurxs wkhvh lqwr wkh lqwhuydov > / > / > / > / > / 3 > 1 Qh{w zh zdqw wr uhfrug wkh iuhtxhqflhv/ uhodwlyh iuhtxhqflhv/ fxpxodwlyh iuhtxhqflhv/ dqg fxpxodwlyh glvwulexwlrq ri wklv jurxshg yduldeoh1 Iluvw/ zh xvhg wkh Pdqls I Frgh I Qxphulf wr Qxphulf frppdqg/ dv gh0    vfulehg lq L14414/ wr uhfrgh wkh gdwd vr wkdw hyhu| ydoxh lq > lv jlyhq wkh ydoxh 4/ hyhu| ydoxh lq > lv jlyhq wkh ydoxh 5/ hwf1/ dqg wkhvh ydoxhv duh sodfhg lq F51 Wkh gldorj er{ iru grlqj wklv lv vkrzq lq Glvsod| 4141

1.1.1 Tallying Data

(30 35] (35 40]

44 ( 50 0] (0 20] (20 25] (25 30] ( 50 0]

(0 20]

Glvsod| 414= Gldorj er{ iru uhfrglqj Qhzfrpe*v gdwd1

83 Qh{w zh xvhg wkh Vwdw  lq Glvsod| 415/

Chapter 1

I Wdeohv I Wdoo| frppdqg/ zlwk wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq  

Glvsod| 415= Gldorj er{ iru wdoo|lqj wkh yduldeoh F5 lq wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw1

wr surgxfh wkh rxwsxw

C2 Count Percent CumCnt CumPct 1 2 3.03 2 3.03 2 4 6.06 6 9.09 3 17 25.76 23 34.85 4 26 39.39 49 74.24 5 10 15.15 59 89.39 6 7 10.61 66 100.00 N= 66

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Zh fdq dovr xvh wkh Vwdw I Wdeohv I Wdoo| frppdqg wr frpsxwh wkh hpslu0    lfdo glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq ri F4 lq wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw1 Iluvw/ zh pxvw vruw wkh ydoxhv lq F4/ iurp vpdoohvw wr odujhvw/ xvlqj wkh Pdqls I Vruw frppdqg   ghvfulehg lq L14419/ dqg wkhq zh dsso| wkh Vwdw I Wdeohv I Wdoo| frppdqg wr    wklv vruwhg yduldeoh1 Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ ri wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg tally lv

tally H1 = = =Hp

zkhuh H1 / 111/ Hp duh froxpqv ri fdwhjrulfdo yduldeohv/ dqg wkh frppdqg lv dssolhg wr hdfk froxpq1 Li qr vxefrppdqgv duh jlyhq/ wkhq rqo| iuhtxhqflhv duh frpsxwhg/ zkloh wkh vxefrppdqgv percents frpsxwhv uhodwlyh iuhtxhqflhv/ cumcnts frpsxwhv wkh fxpxodwlyh iuhtxhqf| ixqfwlrq/ dqg cumpcts frpsxwhv wkh fxpxodwlyh glvwulexwlrq ri F51 Dq| ri wkh vxefrppdqgv fdq eh gursshg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh frppdqgv
MTB Asort c1 c3 MTB Atally c3; SUBCAcumpcnts; SUBCAstore c4 c5.

Looking At DataDistributions

84

uvw xvh wkh sort frppdqg wr vruw wkh gdwd lq F4 iurp vpdoohvw wr odujhvw dqg sodfh wkh uhvxowv lq F61 Wkh fxpxodwlyh glvwulexwlrq lv frpsxwhg iru wkh ydoxhv lq F6 zlwk wkh xqltxh ydoxhv lq F6 vwruhg lq F7 dqg wkh fxpxodwlyh glvwulexwlrq dw hdfk ri wkh xqltxh ydoxhv vwruhg lq F8 yld wkh store vxefrppdqg wr tally.

1.1.2 Describing Data

Wkh Vwdw I Edvlf Vwdwlvwlfv I Glvsod| Ghvfulswlyh Vwdwlvwlfv frppdqg lv xvhg    zlwk txdqwlwdwlyh yduldeohv wr suhvhqw d qxphulfdo vxppdu| ri wkh yduldeoh ydo0 xhv1 Wkhvh ydoxhv duh lq d vhqvh d vxppdul}dwlrq ri wkh hpslulfdo glvwulexwlrq ri wkh yduldeoh1 Iru h{dpsoh/ lq wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| 416 ohdgv wr wkh rxwsxw
Variable N Mean Median TrMean StDev SE Mean time 66 26.21 27.00 27.40 10.75 1.32 Variable Minimum Maximum Q1 Q3 time -44.00 40.00 24.00 31.00

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Wklv surylghv wkh frxqw Q/ wkh phdq/ phgldq/ wulpphg phdq TrMean +uhpryhv orzhu 8( dqg xsshu 8( ri wkh gdwd dqg dyhudjhv wkh uhvw,/ vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq/ vwdqgdug huuru ri wkh phdq/ plqlpxp/ pd{lpxp/ uvw txduwloh Q1/ dqg wklug txduwloh Q3 ri wkh yduldeoh F41 Li zh zdqw vxfk d vxppdu| ri d yduldeoh e| wkh ydoxhv ri dqrwkhu yduldeoh/ zh fkhfn wkh E| yduldeoh er{  dqg lqglfdwh wkh e| yduldeoh lq wkh er{ wr wkh uljkw ri wklv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ zh pljkw zdqw vxfk d vxppdu| iru hdfk ri wkh jurxsv zh fuhdwhg lq LL1414/ dqg vr zh zrxog sodfh F5 lq wklv er{1 Qrwh wkdw d qxpehu ri vxppdu| vwdwlvwlfv fdq dovr eh frpsxwhg xvlqj wkh Froxpq Vwdwlvwlfv glvfxvvhg lq L143161

Glvsod| 416= Gldorj er{ iru frpsxwlqj edvlf ghvfulswlyh vwdwlvwlfv ri d txdqwlwdwlyh yduldeoh1

Li zh zlvk wr frpsxwh vrph edvlf vwdwlvwlfv dqg vwruh wkhvh ydoxhv iru odwhu xvh/ wkhq wkh Vwdw I Edvlf Vwdwlvwlfv I Vwruh Ghvfulswlyh Vwdwlvwlfv frppdqg lv    dydlodeoh iru wklv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ zlwk wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw wklv frppdqg ohdgv

85

Chapter 1

wr wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| 4171 Folfnlqj rq wkh Vwdwlvwlfv exwwrq uhvxowv  lq wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 418 zkhuh zh kdyh fkhfnhg Iluvw txduwloh/ Phgldq/   Wklug txduwloh/ Lqwhutxduwloh udqjh/ dqg Q qrqplvvlqj dv wkh vwdwlvwlfv zh zdqw   ri wkhvh fkrlfhv lv wkdw wkh qh{w dydlodeoh yduldeohv lq wr frpsxwh1 Wkh uhvxow wkh zrunvkhhw frqwdlq wkhvh ydoxhv1 Vr lq wklv fdvh/ wkh ydoxhv ri F6F: duh dv ghslfwhg lq Glvsod| 4191 Qrwh wkdw wkhvh yduldeohv duh qrz qdphg dv zhoo1 Qrwh wkdw pdq| pruh vwdwlvwlfv duh dydlodeoh xvlqj wklv frppdqg1

Glvsod| 417= Gldorj er{ iru frpsxwlqj dqg vwrulqj ydulrxv ghvfulswlyh vwdwlvwlfv1

Glvsod| 418= Gldorj er{ iru fkrrvlqj wkh ghvfulswlyh vwdwlvwlfv wr frpsxwh dqg vwruh1

Glvsod| 419= Ydoxhv rewdlqhg iru ghvfulswlyh vwdwlvwlfv xvlqj gldorj er{hv lq Iljxuhv 417 dqg 4181

Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ ri wkh Vhvvlrq frppdqg describe, fruuhvsrqglqj wr Vwdw  I Edvlf Vwdwlvwlfv I Glvsod| Ghvfulswlyh Vwdwlvwlfv/ lv  

Looking At DataDistributions

86

describe H1 = = =Hp
zkhuh H1 / 111/ Hp duh froxpqv ri txdqwlwdwlyh yduldeohv dqg wkh frppdqg lv dssolhg wr hdfk froxpq1 D by vxefrppdqg fdq dovr eh xvhg1 Wkh stats frppdqg lv dydlodeoh lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz li zh zdqw wr vwruh wkh ydoxhv ri vwdwlvwlfv1 Zh uhihu wkh uhdghu wr help iru d ghvfulswlrq ri wklv frppdqg1

1.2 Plotting Data in a Graph Window

Rqh ri wkh prvw lqirupdwlyh zd|v ri suhvhqwlqj gdwd lv yld d sorw1 Wkhuh duh pdq| glhuhqw w|shv ri sorwv zlwklq Plqlwde/ dqg zklfk rqh wr xvh ghshqgv rq wkh w|sh ri yduldeoh |rx kdyh dqg zkdw |rx duh wu|lqj wr ohduq1 Lq wklv vhfwlrq zh ghvfuleh krz wr xvh wkh sorwwlqj ihdwxuhv lq Plqlwde1 Wkhuh duh/ krzhyhu/ pdq| ihdwxuhv ri sorwwlqj wkdw zh zloo qrw ghvfuleh1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkhuh duh pdq| judsklfdo hglwlqj fdsdelolwlhv wkdw doorz |rx wr dgg ihdwxuhv/ vxfk dv wlwohv ru ohjhqgv1 Vrph ri wkhvh ihdwxuhv duh dffhvvhg yld Judsk I Od|rxw1 Zh uhihu   wkh uhdghu wr Khos iru pruh ghwdlov rq wkhvh ihdwxuhv1  Hdfk sorw lq Plqlwde lv pdgh lq d Judsk zlqgrz1 \rx fdq pdnh pxowlsoh sorwv dqg uhwdlq hdfk Judsk zlqgrz xqwlo |rx zdqw wr ghohwh lw vlpso| e| folfnlqj wkh v|pero lq wkh xsshu uljkw0kdqg fruqhu1 \rx pdnh dq| sduwlfxodu Judsk zlqgrz dfwlyh e| folfnlqj lq lw ru e| xvlqj wkh Zlqgrz frppdqg1 D sorw fdq  eh vdyhg lq dq h{whuqdo oh lq d ydulhw| ri irupdwv/ vxfk dv Plqlwde judsk .mgf/ elwpds .bmp/ MSHJ .jpg/ hwf1/ xvlqj wkh Iloh I Vdyh Judsk Dv frppdqg1 Li   d judsk kdv ehhq vdyhg lq wkh .mgf irupdw/ lw fdq eh uhrshqhg xvlqj wkh Iloh I  Rshq Judsk frppdqg1  Wkh Judsk I Grwsorw frppdqg lv xvhg zlwk txdqwlwdwlyh yduldeohv dqg surgxfhv   d sorw ri hdfk gdwd ydoxh dv d grw dorqj wkh {0d{lv vr wkdw |rx jhw d jhqhudo lghd ri wkh orfdwlrq ri wkh gdwd dqg krz pxfk vfdwwhu wkhuh lv1 Dfwxdoo|/ wkh gdwd lv jurxshg ehiruh sorwwlqj dqg pxowlsoh revhuydwlrqv lq d jurxs duh vwdfnhg ryhu wkh {0d{lv1 Wkh lqwhuydo ehwzhhq vxffhvvlyh wlfn +., pdunv rq wkh {0d{lv lv glylghg lqwr 43 htxdo0ohqjwk vxelqwhuydov iru wkh jurxslqj1 W|slfdoo|/ rqh dovr orrnv iru srlqwv wkdw duh idu iurp wkh pdlq vfdwwhu ri srlqwv dv wkhvh pd| eh lghqwlhg dv rxwolhuv dqg/ dv vxfk/ ghohwhg iurp wkh gdwd vhw iru vxevhtxhqw dqdo|vlv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ iru wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw gldorj er{ lq Glvsod| 41: uhvxowv lq wkh sorw ri Glvsod| 41;1 Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ ri wkh fruuhvsrqglqj Vhvvlrq frppdqg dotplot lv

1.2.1 Dotplots

dotplot H1 = = =Hp

zkhuh H1 / 111/ Hp duh froxpqv/ dqg d grwsorw lv surgxfhg iru hdfk1 Wkhuh duh d qxpehu ri vxefrppdqgv dydlodeoh1 Wkh same vxefrppdqg hqvxuhv wkh vfdohv ri wkh grwsorwv duh wkh vdph iru hdfk froxpq1 Wkh by vxefrppdqg doorzv sorwwlqj ri d yduldeoh e| wkh ydoxhv ri dqrwkhu yduldeoh zlwk doo sorwv kdylqj wkh vdph vfdoh1 Wkh increment vxefrppdqg doorzv iru frqwuro ri wkh glvwdqfh

87

Chapter 1

ehwzhhq wkh wlfn pdunv dqg start dqg end doorz |rx wr vshfli| zkhuh wkh grwsorw vkrxog ehjlq dqg hqg1 Iru h{dpsoh/
MTB Adotplot c1; SUBCAincrement=5; SUBCAstart=20 end=35.

sxwv wkh wlfn pdunv 8 xqlwv dsduw/ vwduwv wkh sorw dw 53/ dqg hqgv lw dw 68/ vr vrph srlqwv duh qrw sorwwhg lq wklv fdvh1

Glvsod| 41:= Gldorj er{ iru surgxflqj d grwsorw1

Glvsod| 41;= Grwsorw ri wkh Qhzfrpe gdwd1

1.2.2 Stem-and-Leaf Plots

I Vwhp0dqg0Ohdi frppdqg1 Wkhvh sorwv duh dovr uhihuuhg wr dv vwhpsorwv dv lq 
LSV1 Iru h{dpsoh/ xvlqj wklv frppdqg zlwk wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw surgxfhv wkh rxwsxw lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz Vwhp0dqg0ohdi sorwv duh vlplodu wr klvwrjudpv dqg duh surgxfhg e| wkh Judsk

Looking At DataDistributions
Stem-and-leaf of time N = 66 Leaf Unit = 1.0 1 -4 4 1 -3 1 -2 1 -1 2 -0 2 2 0 5 1 669 (41) 2 01122333444445555566666777777888888899999 20 3 0001122222334666679 1 4 0

88

zklfk lv d vwhp0dqg0ohdi sorw ri wkh ydoxhv lq time1 Wkh uvw froxpq jlyhv wkh ghswkv iru d jlyhq vwhp/ l1h1/ wkh qxpehu ri revhuydwlrqv rq wkdw olqh dqg ehorz lw ru deryh lw/ ghshqglqj rq zkhwkhu ru qrw wkh revhuydwlrq lv ehorz ru deryh wkh phgldq1 Wkh urz frqwdlqlqj wkh phgldq lv hqforvhg lq sduhqwkhvhv + ,/ dqg wkh ghswk lv rqo| wkh revhuydwlrqv rq wkdw olqh1 Li wkh qxpehu ri revhuydwlrqv lv hyhq dqg wkh phgldq lv wkh dyhudjh ri ydoxhv rq glhuhqw urzv/ wkhq sduhqwkhvhv gr qrw dsshdu1 Wkh vhfrqg froxpq jlyhv wkh vwhpv/ dv ghwhuplqhg e| Plqlwde/ dqg wkh uhpdlqlqj froxpqv jlyh wkh rughuhg ohdyhv/ zkhuh hdfk gljlw uhsuhvhqwv rqh revhuydwlrq1 Wkh Ohdi Xqlw ghwhuplqhv zkhuh wkh ghflpdo sodfh jrhv diwhu hdfk ohdi1 Vr lq wklv h{dpsoh/ wkh uvw revhuydwlrq lv = > zkloh lw zrxog eh = li wkh Ohdi Xqlw zhuh 141 Pxowlsoh vwhp0dqg0ohdi sorwv fdq eh fduulhg rxw iru d qxpehu ri froxpqv vlpxowdqhrxvo| dqg dovr iru d vlqjoh yduldeoh e| wkh ydoxhv ri dqrwkhu yduldeoh1

44

44 0

1.2.3 Histograms
D klvwrjudp lv d sorw zkhuh wkh gdwd duh jurxshg lqwr lqwhuydov/ dqg ryhu hdfk vxfk lqwhuydo d edu lv gudzq ri khljkw htxdo wr wkh iuhtxhqf| ri gdwd ydoxhv lq wkdw lqwhuydo ru ri khljkw htxdo wr wkh uhodwlyh iuhtxhqf| +sursruwlrq, ri gdwd ydoxhv lq wkdw lqwhuydo ru ri khljkw htxdo wr wkh ghqvlw| ri srlqwv lq wkdw lqwhuydo/ l1h1/ wkh sursruwlrq ri srlqwv lq wkh lqwhuydo glylghg e| wkh ohqjwk ri wkh lqwhuydo1 Wkh Judsk I Klvwrjudp frppdqg lv xvhg wr rewdlq wkhvh sorwv1   Iru h{dpsoh/ xvlqj wklv frppdqg zlwk wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw/ surgxfhv wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| 41<1 Zh kdyh sodfhg wkh yduldeoh time lq wkh uvw x er{ wr lqglfdwh zh zdqw d klvwrjudp ri wklv yduldeoh1 Zh fdq surgxfh pxowlsoh klvwrjudpv e| sodflqj pruh yduldeohv lq wkh x er{hv1 Wr vhohfw wkh w|sh ri klvwrjudp wr sorw/ zh qh{w folfn rq wkh R swlrqv exwwrq/ zklfk surgxfhv wkh  gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 41431 Khuh/ zh kdyh vhohfwhg d ghqvlw| klvwrjudp dqg kdyh vshflhg wkh lqwhuydov wr xvh iru jurxslqj wkh gdwd e| vshfli|lqj wkh fxwsrlqwv > > > > > > > zklfk suhvfuleh wkh lqwhuydov > > > > hwf1/ iru wkh jurxslqj1 Dowhuqdwlyho|/ zh frxog kdyh vshflhg wkh plgsrlqwv ri wkh jurxslqj lqwhuydov1 Wkh dgydqwdjh zlwk fxwsrlqwv lv wkdw vxelqwhuydov ri xqhtxdo ohqjwkv fdq eh vshflhg1 Folfnlqj rq wkh RN exwwrqv lq wkhvh er{hv 

45 30 15 0 15 30 45

[ 45 30) [ 30 15)

89

Chapter 1

surgxfhv wkh klvwrjudp vkrzq lq Glvsod| 41441 Dv fdq eh vhhq iurp wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 41</ wkhuh duh d ydulhw| ri phwkrgv iru frqwuroolqj wkh dsshdudqfh ri wkh klvwrjudp surgxfhg/ dqg zh uhihu wkh uhdghu wr wkh Khos exwwrq iru d ghvfulswlrq ri wkhvh1

Glvsod| 41<= Gldorj er{ iru fuhdwlqj d klvwrjudp ri wkh wlph yduldeoh lq wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw1

Glvsod| 4143= Gldorj er{ iru vhohfwlqj wkh w|sh ri klvwrjudp wr sorw1

Looking At DataDistributions

8:

Glvsod| 4144= Ghqvlw| klvwrjudp ri wkh wlph yduldeoh lq wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw1

Dq lpsruwdqw frqvlghudwlrq zkhq sorwwlqj pxowlsoh klvwrjudpv lv wr hqvxuh wkdw doo wkh klvwrjudpv kdyh wkh vdph { dqg | vfdohv vr wkdw wkh sorwv duh ylvxdoo| frpsdudeoh1 Wklv fdq eh dffrpsolvkhg iurp wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| 41< e| Iudph I Pxowlsoh Judskv dqg wkhq vhohfwlqj Vdph [ dqg vdph \1    Wkh vhvvlrq frppdqg histogram lv dovr dydlodeoh1 Wklv kdv wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{

histogram H1 = = =Hp
zkhuh H1 / 111/ Hp fruuhvsrqg wr froxpqv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh frppdqgv
MTB Ahistogram c1; SUBCAcutpoints -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45; SUBCAdensity.

surgxfh wkh klvwrjudp lq Glvsod| 4144 xvlqj wkh cutpoints dqg density vxe0 frppdqgv1 Wkhuh duh dovr vxefrppdqgv midpoints, nintervals, zklfk vshf0 li| wkh qxpehu ri vxelqwhuydov/ dqg frequency ru percent, zklfk uhvshfwlyho| hqvxuh wkdw wkh khljkwv ri wkh edu olqhv htxdo wkh iuhtxhqf| dqg uhodwlyh iuh0 txhqf| ri wkh gdwd ydoxhv lq wkh lqwhuydo1 Dovr/ wkh cumulative vxefrppdqg lv dydlodeoh vr wkdw wkh eduv uhsuhvhqw doo wkh ydoxhv ohvv wkdq ru htxdo wr wkh hqg0 srlqw ri dq lqwhuydo1 Wkh vxefrppdqg same hqvxuhv wkdw pxowlsoh klvwrjudpv doo kdyh wkh vdph vfdoh1

1.2.4 Boxplots
Er{sorwv duh xvhixo vxppdulhv ri d txdqwlwdwlyh yduldeoh dqg duh rewdlqhg xvlqj wkh Judsk I Er{sorw frppdqg1 Er{sorwv duh xvhg wr surylgh d judsklfdo   qrwlrq ri wkh orfdwlrq ri wkh gdwd dqg lwv vfdwwhu lq d frqflvh dqg hyrfdwlyh zd|1 Iru h{dpsoh/ lq wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw wklv frppdqg surgxfhv wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| 4145 dqg wkh sorw lq Glvsod| 41461 Wkh olqh lq wkh fhqwhu ri wkh

8;

Chapter 1

er{ lv wkh phgldq1 Wkh olqh ehorz wkh phgldq lv wkh uvw txduwloh/ dovr fdoohg wkh orzhu klqjh/ dqg wkh olqh deryh lv wklug txduwloh/ dovr fdoohg wkh xsshu klqjh1 Wkh glhuhqfh ehwzhhq wkh wklug dqg uvw txduwloh/ lv fdoohg wkh lqwhutxduwloh udqjh ru LTU1 Wkh yhuwlfdo olqhv iurp wkh klqjhv duh fdoohg zklvnhuv/ dqg wkhvh uxq iurp wkh klqjhv wr wkh dgmdfhqw ydoxhv1 Wkh dgmdfhqw ydoxhv duh jlyhq e| wkh juhdwhvw ydoxh ohvv wkdq ru htxdo wr wkh xsshu olplw +wkh wklug txduwloh soxv 418 wlphv wkh LTU, dqg e| wkh ohdvw ydoxh juhdwhu wkdq ru htxdo wr wkh orzhu olplw +wkh uvw txduwloh plqxv 418 wlphv wkh LTU,1 Wkh xsshu dqg orzhu olplwv duh dovr uhihuuhg wr dv wkh lqqhu ihqfhv1 Wkh rxwhu ihqfhv duh ghqhg e| uhsodflqj wkh pxowlsoh 418 lq wkh ghqlwlrq ri wkh lqqhu ihqfhv e| 6131 Ydoxhv eh|rqg wkh rxwhu ihqfhv duh sorwwhg zlwk d * dqg duh fdoohg rxwolhuv1 Dv zlwk wkh sorwwlqj ri klvwrjudpv/ pxowlsoh er{sorwv fdq eh sorwwhg iru frpsdulvrq sxusrvhv/ dqg djdlq/ lw lv lpsruwdqw wr pdnh vxuh wkdw wkh| doo kdyh wkh vdph vfdoh1

Glvsod| 4145= Gldorj er{ iru surgxflqj d er{sorw ri wkh wlph yduldeoh lq wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw1

Glvsod| 4146= Er{sorw ri wkh wlph yduldeoh lq wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw1

Wkhuh lv d fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg fdoohg uhdghu wr help iru pruh glvfxvvlrq ri wklv frppdqg1

boxplot1

Zh uhihu wkh

Looking At DataDistributions

8<

1.2.5 Time Series Plots

Riwhq/ gdwd duh froohfwhg vhtxhqwldoo| lq wlph1 Lq vxfk d frqwh{w/ lw lv lqvwuxfwlyh wr sorw wkh ydoxhv ri txdqwlwdwlyh yduldeohv djdlqvw wlph lq d wlph vhulhv sorw1 Iru wklv zh xvh wkh Judsk I Wlph Vhulhv Sorw frppdqg1 Li zh vxssrvh wkdw   wkh gdwd ydoxhv lq time ri wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw zhuh rewdlqhg lq wkh rughu wkh| duh olvwhg/ wkhq dsso|lqj wklv frppdqg wr wkdw gdwd zlwk wkh gldorj er{ dv lq Glvsod| 4147 surgxfhv wkh wlph sorw vkrzq lq Glvsod| 41481 Qrwlfh wkdw lq wkh Gdwd glvsod| er{ zh kdyh vshflhg wkdw wkh judsk vkrxog sorw d v|pero iru  hdfk srlqw dqg wkdw wkh v|perov sorwwhg vkrxog frqqhfw yld olqhv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ li zh kdg ohiw rxw frqqhfw/ rqo| wkh srlqwv zrxog kdyh ehhq sorwwhg1 Wkh olqhv khos wr ylvxdol}h wkh irup ri wkh judsk1 Wkh v|pero sorwwhg lv d vrolg flufoh exw rwkhu fkrlfhv frxog kdyh ehhq pdgh xvlqj wkh Hglw Dwwulexwhv exwwrq1 Dovr/  iru wkh Wlph Vfdoh zh kdyh fkrvhq Lqgh{/ zklfk lv mxvw wkh rughu lq zklfk wkh revhuydwlrqv duh olvwhg1 Li wkhvh revhuydwlrqv zhuh pdgh dw shulrglf wlph lqwhuydov/ wkhuh duh rwkhu srvvleoh fkrlfhv wkdw frxog eh pruh phdqlqjixo1

Glvsod| 4147= Gldorj er{ iru d wlph vhulhv sorw ri wkh yduldeoh wlph iurp wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw1

Glvsod| 4148= Wlph vhulhv sorw ri wkh yduldeoh wlph iurp wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw1

wr

help iru pruh glvfxvvlrq ri wklv1

Wkhuh lv dovr d fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg

tsplot1 Zh uhihu wkh uhdghu

93

Chapter 1

Lw lv dovr srvvleoh wr surgxfh ydulrxv fkduwv xvlqj wkh Judsk I Fkduw frppdqg1   Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh gldorj er{ vkrzq lq Glvsod| 4149 sorwv d edu fkduw ri wkh yduldeoh F5 lq wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw1 Hdfk glvwlqfw ydoxh ri F4 lv sorwwhg dorqj wkh {0d{lv vlpso| dv d fdwhjrulfdo ydoxh/ qrw dv d txdqwlwdwlyh ydoxh/ dqg d edu ri khljkw htxdo wr wkh qxpehu ri wlphv wkdw ydoxh rffxuv lq wkh yduldeoh lv gudzq1 D edu fkduw lv d jrrg zd| wr sorw fdwhjrulfdo yduldeohv1 Wkhuh duh pdq| srvvlelolwlhv iru wkh w|shv ri edu fkduwv gudzq/ dqg zh uhihu wkh uhdghu wr wkh Khos exwwrq iru d glvfxvvlrq ri wkhvh1

1.2.6 Bar Charts

Glvsod| 4149= Gldorj er{ iru sorwwlqj edu fkduwv1

Wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg lv

chart H1
zklfk surgxfhv d edu fkduw iru wkh ydoxhv lq froxpq H1 =

1.2.7 Pie Charts

D slh fkduw lv d glvn glylghg xs lqwr zhgjhv zkhuh hdfk zhgjh fruuhvsrqgv wr d xqltxh ydoxh ri d yduldeoh/ dqg wkh duhd ri wkh zhgjh lv sursruwlrqdo wr wkh uhodwlyh iuhtxhqf| ri wkh ydoxh zlwk zklfk lw fruuhvsrqgv1 Slh fkduwv fdq eh rewdlqhg yld Judsk I Slh Fkduw/ dqg wkhuh duh ydulrxv ihdwxuhv dydlodeoh lq wkh   gldorj er{ wkdw fdq eh xvhg wr hqkdqfh wkhvh sorwv1 Slh fkduwv duh d frpprq phwkrg iru sorwwlqj fdwhjrulfdo yduldeohv1

1.3 The Normal Distribution

Lw lv lpsruwdqw lq vwdwlvwlfv wr eh deoh wr gr frpsxwdwlrqv zlwk wkh qrupdo glvwulexwlrq1 Wkh htxdwlrq ri wkh ghqvlw| fxuyh iru wkh qrupdo glvwulexwlrq zlwk phdq  dqg vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq  lv jlyhq e| s
1 1 h 2 ( )2 2
}  

Looking At DataDistributions

94

zkhuh } lv d qxpehu1 Zh uhihu wr wklv dv wkh Q >  ghqvlw| fxuyh1 Dovr ri lqwhuhvw lv wkh duhd xqghu wkh ghqvlw| fxuyh iurp 4 wr d qxpehu {/ l1h1/ wkh duhd ehwzhhq wkh judsk ri wkh Q >  ghqvlw| fxuyh dqg wkh lqwhuydo 4> { = Dv qrwhg lq LSV/ wklv lv d ydoxh ehwzhhq 3 dqg 41 Vrphwlphv/ zh vshfli| d ydoxh s ehwzhhq 3 dqg 4 dqg wkhq zdqw wr qg wkh srlqw {s / vxfk wkdw s ri wkh duhd xqghu wkh Q >  ghqvlw| fxuyh olhv ryhu 4> {s = Wkh srlqw {s lv fdoohg wkh swk shufhqwloh ri wkh Q >  ghqvlw| fxuyh1 Riwhq/ zh duh jlyhq d phdq  dqg d vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq  dqg dvnhg wr vwdqgdugl}h d yduldeoh { zkrvh ydoxhv duh lq vrph froxpq/ l1h1/ surgxfh wkh qhz {  yduldeoh }  = Wkhvh dulwkphwlfdo rshudwlrqv fdq eh fduulhg rxw xvlqj wkh let frppdqg dv ghvfulehg lq L143141

( ) ]

( )

( )

( )

1.3.1 Calculating the Density

(10 1)

Vxssrvh wkdw zh zdqw wr hydoxdwh wkh Q >  ghqvlw| fxuyh dw d ydoxh {= Iru wklv/ zh xvh wkh Fdof I Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrqv I Qrupdo frppdqg1 Iru    h{dpsoh/ wkh gldorj er{ lq Glvsod| 414: lqglfdwhv wkdw zh zdqw wr hydoxdwh wkh Q > ghqvlw| fxuyh dw wkh ydoxh { = =

( )

= 11 0

Glvsod| 414:= Gldorj er{ iru qrupdo suredelolw| fdofxodwlrqv1

Diwhu folfnlqj rq wkh RN exwwrq wkh rxwsxw 

Normal with mean = 10.0000 and standard deviation = 1.00000 x f( x ) 11.0000 0.2420

lv sulqwhg lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz/ zklfk jlyhv wkh ydoxh dv 157531 Vrphwlphv/ zh zloo zdqw wr hydoxdwh wkh ghqvlw| fxuyh dw hyhu| ydoxh lq d froxpq ri ydoxhv/ h1j1/ zkhq zh duh sorwwlqj wklv fxuyh1 Iru wklv zh vlpso| folfn rq wkh udglr exwwrq Lqsxw froxpq dqg w|sh wkh uhohydqw froxpq lq wkh dvvrfldwhg er{1  Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ ri wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg pdf zlwk wkh normal vxefrppdqg lv

pdf H1 = = =Hp lqwr Hp+1 = = =H2p; normal mu @ Y1 vljpd @ Y2=

95

Chapter 1

zkhuh H1 > 111/ Hp duh froxpqv ru frqvwdqwv frqwdlqlqj qxpehuv dqg Hp+1 / 111/ H2p duh wkh froxpqv ru frqvwdqwv wkdw vwruh wkh ydoxhv ri wkh Q >  ghqvlw| fxuyh dw wkhvh qxpehuv dqg Y1 @  dqg Y2 @ = Li qr vwrudjh lv vshflhg/ wkhq wkh ydoxhv duh sulqwhg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ li zh zdqw wr frpsxwh wkh Q = > = ghq0 vlw| fxuyh dw hyhu| ydoxh ehwzhhq dqg lq lqfuhphqwv ri = > wkh frppdqgv

01

( ) ( 5 1 2)

sxw wkh ydoxhv ehwzhhq dqg lq lqfuhphqwv ri = lq F4 xvlqj wkh set frppdqg1 Wkh pdf frppdqg zlwk wkh normal vxefrppdqg fdofxodwhv wkh Q = > = ghqvlw| fxuyh dw hdfk ri wkhvh ydoxhv dqg sxwv wkh rxwfrphv lq wkh fruuhvsrqglqj hqwulhv ri F51 Li zh sorw F5 djdlqvw F4/ zh zloo kdyh d sorw ri wkh ghqvlw| fxuyh ri wklv glvwulexwlrq1 Iru wklv/ zh xvh wkh vfdwwhusorw idflolwlhv lq Plqlwde dv glvfxvvhg lq LL161 Qrwh wkdw zlwk wkh normal vxefrppdqg zh pxvw dovr vshfli| wkh phdq dqg wkh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq yld mu dqg sigma1

MTB Aset c1 DATAA-3:3/.01 DATAAend MTB Apdf c1 c2; SUBCAnormal mu=-.5 sigma=1.2.

01

( 5 1 2)

1.3.2 Calculating the Distribution Function

Vxssrvh wkdw zh zdqw wr hydoxdwh wkh duhd xqghu Q >  ghqvlw| fxuyh ryhu wkh lqwhuydo 4> { = Wklv lv wkh ydoxh ri wkh fxpxodwlyh glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq ri wkh Q >  glvwulexwlrq dw wkh ydoxh {= Iru wklv/ zh xvh wkh Fdof I Suredelolw|  Glvwulexwlrqv I Qrupdo dv zhoo/ exw lq wklv fdvh lq wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod|   414: zh vhohfw Fxpxodwlyh suredelolw| lqvwhdg1 Pdnlqj wklv fkdqjh lq wkh gldorj  er{ ri Glvsod| 414:/ zh jhw wkh rxwsxw

( )

( )

x 11.0000

P( X ?= x ) 0.8413

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Djdlq/ zh fdq hydoxdwh wklv ixqfwlrq dw d vlqjoh srlqw ru dw hyhu| ydoxh lq d yduldeoh1 Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ ri wkh fruuhvsrqglqj Vhvvlrq frppdqg cdf frppdqg zlwk wkh normal vxefrppdqg lv

cdf H1 = = =Hp lqwr Hp+1 = = =H2p; normal mu @ Y1 vljpd @ Y2=

zkhuh H1 > 111/ Hp duh froxpqv ru frqvwdqwv frqwdlqlqj qxpehuv dqg Hp+1 / 111/ H2p duh wkh froxpqv ru frqvwdqwv wkdw vwruh wkh ydoxhv ri wkh duhd xqghu Q >  ghqvlw| fxuyh ryhu wkh lqwhuydo iurp 4 wr wkhvh qxpehuv dqg Y1 @  dqg Y2 @ = Li qr vwrudjh lv vshflhg/ wkh ydoxhv duh sulqwhg1

( )

1.3.3 Calculating the Inverse Distribution Function

Vxssrvh wkdw zh zdqw wr hydoxdwh shufhqwlohv iru wkh Q >  ghqvlw| fxuyh= Djdlq/ zh xvh wkh Fdof I Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrqv I Qrupdo frppdqg/ exw   

( )

Looking At DataDistributions

96

lq wklv fdvh/ lq wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 414: zh vhohfw Lqyhuvh fxpxodwlyh  suredelolw| lqvwhdg1 Pdnlqj wklv fkdqjh lq wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 414: dqg uhsodflqj 44 e| 1:8  uhfdoo wkdw wkh dujxphqw wr wklv ixqfwlrq pxvw eh ehwzhhq 3 dqg 4  zh jhw wkh rxwsxw
P( X ?= x ) 0.7500 x 10.6745

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Wklv lqglfdwhv wkdw wkh duhd wr wkh ohiw ri 4319:78 xq0 ghuqhdwk wkh Q = > = ghqvlw| fxuyh lv 1:81 Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ ri wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg invcdf zlwk wkh normal vxefrppdqg lv

( 5 1 2)

invcdf H1 = = =Hp lqwr Hp+1 = = =H2p; normal mu @ Y1 vljpd @ Y2=

zkhuh H1 > 111/ Hp duh froxpqv ru frqvwdqwv frqwdlqlqj qxpehuv ehwzhhq 3 dqg 4 dqg Hp+1 / 111/ H2p duh wkh froxpqv ru frqvwdqwv wkdw vwruh wkh ydoxhv ri wkh shufhqwlohv ri wkh Q >  ghqvlw| fxuyh dw wkhvh qxpehuv dqg zkhuh Y1 @  dqg Y2 @ = Li qr vwrudjh lv vshflhg/ wkhq wkh ydoxhv duh sulqwhg1

( )

1.3.4 Normal Probability Plots

Vrph vwdwlvwlfdo surfhgxuhv uhtxluh wkdw zh dvvxph wkdw ydoxhv iru vrph yduldeohv duh d vdpsoh iurp d qrupdo glvwulexwlrq1 D qrupdo suredelolw| sorw lv d gldjqrvwlf wkdw fkhfnv iru wkh uhdvrqdeohqhvv ri wklv dvvxpswlrq1 Wr fuhdwh vxfk d sorw/ zh xvh wkh Judsk I Suredelolw| Sorw frppdqg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ xvlqj wklv frppdqg   rq wkh newcomb zrunvkhhw zh jhw wkh gldorj er{ lq Glvsod| 414; zkhuh zh kdyh sodfhg time lq wkh Yduldeohv er{1 Folfnlqj rq wkh RN exwwrq surgxfhv wkh sorw   lq Glvsod| 414<1 Wkh qrupdo suredelolw| sorw lv jlyhq e| wkh gdun grwwhg fxuyh1 Wkh sorw dovr frqwdlqv rwkhu lqirupdwlrq dqg ixuwkhu rxwsxw lv sulqwhg lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Ri frxuvh/ wkh sorw vkrxog eh olnh d vwudljkw olqh dqg lw lv qrw lq wklv fdvh1

Glvsod| 414;= Gldorj er{ iru surgxflqj qrupdo suredelolw| sorwv1

97

Chapter 1

Glvsod| 414<= Qrupdo suredelolw| sorw ri wkh wlph yduldeoh lq wkh qhzfrpe zrunvkhhw1

surgxfh d qrupdo suredelolw| sorw olnh wkdw vkrzq lq Glvsod| 5161 Wkh plot frppdqg zloo eh glvfxvvhg pxfk pruh h{whqvlyho| lq LL161 Wkh nscores +qrupdo vfruhv, frppdqg uholhv rq vrph frqfhswv wkdw duh eh|rqg wkh ohyho ri wklv frxuvh vr zh gr qrw glvfxvv wklv ixuwkhu1

Wkh vhvvlrq frppdqgv MTB Anscores c1 c3 MTB Aplot c3*c1

1.4 Exercises
Zkhq wkh gdwd iru dq h{huflvh frph iurp dq h{huflvh lq LSV/ wkh LSV h{huflvh qxpehu lv jlyhq lq sduhqwkhvhv + ,1 Doo frpsxwdwlrqv lq wkhvh h{huflvhv duh wr eh fduulhg rxw xvlqj Plqlwde/ dqg wkh h{huflvhv duh ghvljqhg wr hqvxuh wkdw |rx kdyh d uhdvrqdeoh xqghuvwdqglqj ri wkh Plqlwde pdwhuldo lq wklv fkdswhu1 Jhqhudoo|/ |rx vkrxog eh xvlqj Plqlwde wr gr doo wkh frpsxwdwlrqv dqg sorwwlqj uhtxluhg iru wkh sureohpv lq LSV1 41 Xvlqj Qhzfrpe*v phdvxuhphqwv lq Wdeoh 414/ fuhdwh d qhz yduldeoh e| jurxslqj wkhvh ydoxhv lqwr wkuhh vxelqwhuydov ^ / 3,/ ^3/ 53,/ ^53/ 83,1 Fdofxodwh wkh iuhtxhqf| glvwulexwlrq/ wkh uhodwlyh iuhtxhqf| glvwulexwlrq/ dqg wkh fxpxodwlyh glvwulexwlrq ri wklv rughuhg fdwhjrulfdo yduldeoh1

50

51 +4154, Xvh Plqlwde wr sulqw wkh hpslulfdo glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq1 Iurp wklv/ ghwhuplqh wkh uvw txduwloh/ phgldq/ dqg wklug txduwloh1 Dovr/ xvh wkh hpslulfdo glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq wr frpsxwh wkh 43wk dqg <3wk shufhqwlohv1 61 Xvh Plqlwde wr surgxfh wkh vwhpsorw ri H{dpsoh 417 ri LSV1 71 Xvh Plqlwde wr surgxfh wkh wlph sorw ri H{dpsoh 418 ri LSV1

Looking At DataDistributions

98

81 +415<, Xvh Plqlwde frppdqgv iru wkh vwhpsorw dqg wkh wlph sorw1 Xvh Plqlwde frppdqgv wr frpsxwh d qxphulfdo vxppdu| ri wklv gdwd/ dqg mxvwli| |rxu fkrlfhv1 91 +4163, Wudqvirup wkh gdwd lq wklv sureohp e| vxewudfwlqj 8 iurp hdfk ydoxh dqg pxowlso|lqj e| 431 Fdofxodwh wkh phdqv dqg vwdqgdug ghyldwlrqv/ xvlqj dq| Plqlwde frppdqgv/ ri erwk wkh ruljlqdo dqg wudqviruphg gdwd1 Frpsxwh wkh udwlr ri wkh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq ri wkh wudqviruphg gdwd wr wkh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq ri wkh ruljlqdo gdwd1 Frpphqw rq wklv ydoxh1 :1 +4163, Wudqvirup wklv gdwd e| pxowlso|lqj hdfk ydoxh e| 61 Frpsxwh wkh udwlr ri wkh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq wr wkh phdq +fdoohg wkh frh!flhqw ri yduldwlrq, iru wkh ruljlqdo gdwd dqg iru wkh wudqviruphg gdwd1 Mxvwli| wkh rxwfrph1 ;1 Iru wkh Q > = ghqvlw| fxuyh/ frpsxwh wkh duhd ehwzhhq wkh lqwhuydo > dqg wkh ghqvlw| fxuyh1 Zkdw qxpehu kdv 86( ri wkh duhd wr wkh ohiw ri lw iru wklv ghqvlw| fxuyhB

(3 5)

(6 1 1)

<1 Xvh Plqlwde frppdqgv wr yhuli| wkh 9;0<80<<1: uxoh iru wkh Q > fxuyh1

(2 3) ghqvlw| [ 3 3]

431 Fdofxodwh dqg vwruh wkh ydoxhv ri wkh Q > ghqvlw| fxuyh dw hdfk ydoxh lq > xvlqj dq lqfuhphqw ri 1341 Sxw wkh ydoxhv lq wkh lqwhuydo > lq F4 dqg wkh ydoxhv ri wkh ghqvlw| fxuyh lq F51 Xvlqj wkh frppdqg plot C2*C1/ sorw wkh ghqvlw| fxuyh1 Frpphqw rq wkh vkdsh ri wklv fxuyh1

[ 3 3]

(0 1)

441 Xvh Plqlwde frppdqgv wr pdnh wkh qrupdo txdqwloh sorwv suhvhqwhg lq Iljxuhv 4164 dqg 4165 ri LSV1

99

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Looking at DataRelationships
New Minitab commands discussed in this chapter Judsk I Sorw   Vwdw I Edvlf Vwdwlvwlfv I Fruuhodwlrq    Vwdw I Uhjuhvvlrq I Ilwwhg Olqh Sorw    Vwdw I Uhjuhvvlrq I Uhjuhvvlrq   
Lq wklv fkdswhu/ Plqlwde frppdqgv duh ghvfulehg wkdw shuplw wkh dqdo|vlv ri uhodwlrqvklsv dprqj wzr yduldeohv1 Wkh phwkrgv duh glhuhqw ghshqglqj rq zkhwkhu ru qrw erwk yduldeohv duh txdqwlwdwlyh/ erwk yduldeohv duh fdwhjrulfdo/ ru rqh lv txdqwlwdwlyh dqg wkh rwkhu lv fdwhjrulfdo1 Wklv fkdswhu frqvlghuv uhod0 wlrqvklsv ehwzhhq wzr txdqwlwdwlyh yduldeohv zlwk wkh uhpdlqlqj fdvhv glvfxvvhg lq odwhu fkdswhuv1 Judsklfdo phwkrgv duh yhu| xvhixo lq orrnlqj iru uhodwlrqvklsv dprqj yduldeohv/ dqg zh h{dplqh ydulrxv sorwv iru wklv1

2.1 Scatterplots
D vfdwwhusorw ri wzr txdqwlwdwlyh yduldeohv lv d xvhixo whfkqltxh zkhq orrnlqj iru d uhodwlrqvkls ehwzhhq wzr yduldeohv1 E| d vfdwwhusorw zh phdq d sorw ri rqh yduldeoh rq wkh |0d{lv djdlqvw wkh rwkhu yduldeoh rq wkh {0d{lv1 Iru h{dp0 soh/ frqvlghu H{dpsoh 517 lq LSV/ zkhuh zh duh frqfhuqhg zlwk wkh uhodwlrqvkls ehwzhhq wkh ohqjwk ri wkh ihpxu dqg wkh ohqjwk ri wkh kxphuxv lq dq h{wlqfw vshflhv1 Vxssrvh wkdw zh kdyh lqsxw wkh gdwd vr wkdw ohqjwk ri wkh ihpxu phdvxuhphqwv duh lq F4/ zklfk kdv ehhq qdphg femur/ dqg wkh ohqjwk ri wkh kxphuxv phdvxuhphqwv duh lq F5/ zklfk kdv ehhq qdphg humerus/ ri wkh zrun0 vkhhw archaeopteryx1 Wkh frppdqg Judsk I Sorw surgxfhv wkh gldorj er{ ri   Glvsod| 514/ zkhuh zh kdyh sodfhg femur lqwr wkh uvw er{ iru wkh | yduldeoh 9:

9;

Chapter 2

dqg humerus lq wkh uvw er{ iru wkh { yduldeoh1 Wklv surgxfhv wkh sorw vkrzq lq Glvsod| 5151 Qrwh wkdw zh frxog dowhu wkh sorwwlqj v|pero xvlqj wkh gldorj er{ wkdw dsshduv zkhq zh folfn rq wkh Hglw Dwwulexwhv er{1 Xvlqj wkh gldorj er{  wkdw dsshduv zkhq |rx folfn rq wkh Dqqrwdwlrq exwwrq/ lw lv srvvleoh wr jlyh wkh  sorw d wlwoh/ odeho sorwwhg srlqwv/ hwf1 Xvlqj wkh gldorj er{ wkdw dsshduv zkhq |rx folfn rq wkh Iudph exwwrq/ |rx fdq fkdqjh wkh odehov rq wkh d{hv1 Udwkhu  wkdq mxvw sorwwlqj wkh srlqwv lq d vfdwwhusorw/ |rx fdq dgg frqqhfwlrq olqhv +mrlq wkh srlqwv zlwk olqhv,/ dgg surmhfwlrq olqhv +gurs d olqh iurp hdfk srlqw wr wkh {0d{lv,/ dqg dgg duhdv +oo lq wkh duhd xqghu d sro|jrq mrlqlqj wkh srlqwv,1 Dovr/ |rx fdq hpsor| wkh vfdwwhusorw vprrwkhu orzhvv wr sorw d slhfhzlvh olqhdu frqwlqxrxv fxuyh wkurxjk wkh vfdwwhu ri srlqwv1 Wkhvh ihdwxuhv duh dydlodeoh yld Judsk I Sorw I Glvsod|1 Wkhuh duh d qxpehu ri rwkhu ihdwxuhv wkdw doorz |rx   wr frqwuro wkh dsshdudqfh ri wkh sorw1

Glvsod| 514= Gldorj er{ iru surgxflqj d vfdwwhusorw1

70

femur

60

50

40 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

humerus

Glvsod| 515= Vfdwwhu sorw ri ihpxu ohqjwk +F4, yhuvxv kxphuxv ohqjwk +F5, ri H{dpsoh 517 lq LSV1

Looking At DataRelationships

9<

Lw lv dovr srvvleoh wr kdyh pxowlsoh vfdwwhusorwv rq wkh vdph sorw1 Iru h{dp0 soh/ vxssrvh wkdw F6 lq wkh archaeopteryx zrunvkhhw frqwdlqv wkh qdwxudo orj ri wkh femur yduldeoh1 Zh rewdlqhg wkh sorw ri Glvsod| 516 e| dgglqj dqrwkhu sdlu ri yduldeohv wr wkh vhfrqg Judsk yduldeohv er{ dv lq Glvsod| 514 zlwk F6  dv wkh | yduldeoh dqg humerus dv wkh { yduldeoh1 Wr sxw wkhvh vfdwwhusorwv rq wkh vdph sorw xvh Iudph I Pxowlsoh Judskv dqg folfn rq wkh Ryhuod| judskv    rq wkh vdph sdjh udglr exwwrq1

75 65 55

femur

45 35 25 15 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

humerus

Glvsod| 516= Pxowlsoh vfdwwhusorwv lq wkh vdph sorw1

Wkh whfkqltxh ri euxvklqj lv dydlodeoh diwhu rewdlqlqj wkh sorw wr vhh zklfk revhuydwlrqv +urzv, wkh srlqwv fruuhvsrqg wr1 Wklv lv khosixo lq lghqwli|lqj wkh srlqwv wkdw fruuhvsrqg wr rxwolhuv1 Euxvklqj lv dffhvvhg iurp wkh wrroedu mxvw ehorz wkh phqx edu e| folfnlqj rq wkh euxvk zkhq wkh Judsk zlqgrz lv dfwlyh1 Wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg lv plot. Iru h{dpsoh/
MTB A plot femur*humerus

surgxfhv wkh sorw ri Glvsod| 5151 Qrwh wkdw wkh uvw yduldeoh lv sorwwhg dorqj wkh |0d{lv/ dqg wkh vhfrqg yduldeoh lv sorwwhg dorqj wkh {0d{lv1 Wkhuh duh ydulrxv vxefrppdqgv wkdw fdq eh xvhg zlwk plot, dqg zh uhihu wkh uhdghu wr Khos iru  d ghvfulswlrq ri wkhvh. Wkhuh duh d qxpehu ri dgglwlrqdo sorwv dydlodeoh lq Plqlwde wkdw duh uhodwhg wr wkh vfdwwhusorw1 Iru h{dpsoh/ d pdujlqdo sorw ri wzr yduldeohv lv d vfdwwhusorw ri rqh yduldeoh djdlqvw wkh rwkhu zkhuh lq dgglwlrq klvwrjudpv/ grwsorwv ru er{sorwv duh sorwwhg dorqj wkh vlghv ri wkh vfdwwhusorw iru hdfk yduldeoh1 Wkhvh duh dydlodeoh yld wkh phqx frppdqg Judsk I Pdujlqdo Sorw1 Gudiwvpdq sorwv   doorz |rx wr surgxfh d qxpehu ri vfdwwhusorwv lq d uhfwdqjxodu duud| vr wkdw wkh| fdq eh frpsduhg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ |rx pd| zdqw wr sorw F4 djdlqvw F6/ F5 djdlqvw F6/ F4 djdlqvw F7/ dqg F5 djdlqvw F7 dqg vhh doo ri wkhvh lq d frpprq sorw1 Wklv fdsdelolw| lv dydlodeoh yld wkh phqx frppdqg Judsk I Gudiwvpdq  Sorw dqg oolqj lq wkh gldorj er{1 Pdwul{ sorwv surylgh d phfkdqlvp iru sodflqj d qxpehu ri vfdwwhusorwv lq d uhfwdqjxodu duud| ru pdwul{ vr wkdw wkh| fdq eh gluhfwo| frpsduhg ru h{dplqhg iru uhodwlrqvklsv1 Pdwul{ sorwv duh dydlodeoh yld

:3

Chapter 2

wkh frppdqg Judsk I Pdwul{ Sorw1 Dovr wkuhh0glphqvlrqdo vfdwwhusorwv duh   dydlodeoh yld Judsk I 6G Sorw dqg frqwrxu sorwv yld Judsk I Frqwrxu Sorw1    

2.2 Correlations
Zkloh d vfdwwhusorw lv d frqyhqlhqw judsklfdo phwkrg iru dvvhvvlqj zkhwkhu ru qrw wkhuh lv dq| uhodwlrqvkls ehwzhhq wzr yduldeohv/ zh zrxog dovr olnh wr dvvhvv wklv qxphulfdoo|1 Wkh fruuhodwlrq frh!flhqw surylghv d qxphulfdo vxppdul}d0 wlrq ri wkh ghjuhh wr zklfk d olqhdu uhodwlrqvkls h{lvwv ehwzhhq wzr txdqwlwd0 wlyh yduldeohv/ dqg wklv fdq eh fdofxodwhg xvlqj wkh Vwdw I Edvlf Vwdwlvwlfv I   Fruuhodwlrq frppdqg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ dsso|lqj wklv frppdqg wr wkh femur dqg  humerus yduldeohv ri wkh zrunvkhhw archaeopteryx/ l1h1/ wkh gdwd ri H{dpsoh 517 lq LSV dqg ghslfwhg lq Glvsod| 515/ zh rewdlq wkh rxwsxw
Pearson correlation of femur and humerus = 0.994 P-Value = 0.001

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Iru qrz/ zh ljqruh wkh qxpehu uhfrughg dv P-Value. Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ ri wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg correlate lv jlyhq e|

correlate H1 = = = Hp

zkhuh H1 / 111/ Hp duh froxpqv fruuhvsrqglqj wr qxphulfdo yduldeohv/ dqg d fru0 uhodwlrq frh!flhqw lv frpsxwhg ehwzhhq hdfk sdlu1 Wklv jlyhv p p @ fruuhodwlrq frh!flhqwv1 Wkh vxefrppdqg nopvalues lv dydlodeoh li |rx zdqw wr vxssuhvv wkh sulqwlqj ri S 0ydoxhv1

1) 2

2.3 Regression
Uhjuhvvlrq lv dqrwkhu whfkqltxh iru dvvhvvlqj wkh vwuhqjwk ri d olqhdu uhodwlrqvkls h{lvwlqj ehwzhhq wzr yduldeohv dqg lw lv forvho| uhodwhg wr fruuhodwlrq1 Iru wklv/ zh xvh wkh Vwdw I Uhjuhvvlrq frppdqg1   Dv qrwhg lq LSV/ wkh uhjuhvvlrq dqdo|vlv ri wzr txdqwlwdwlyh yduldeohv lqyroyhv frpsxwlqj wkh ohdvw0vtxduhv olqh | d e{/ zkhuh rqh yduldeoh lv wdnhq wr eh wkh uhvsrqvh yduldeoh | dqg wkh rwkhu lv wdnhq wr eh wkh h{sodqdwru| yduldeoh {1 Qrwh wkdw wkh ohdvw vtxduhv olqh lv glhuhqw ghshqglqj xsrq zklfk fkrlfh lv pdgh1 Iru h{dpsoh/ iru wkh gdwd ri H{dpsoh 517 lq LSV dqg sorwwhg lq Glvsod| 515 ohwwlqj femur eh wkh uhvsrqvh dqg humerus eh wkh suhglfwru ru h{sodqdwru| yduldeoh/ wkh Vwdw I Uhjuhvvlrq I Uhjuhvvlrq frppdqg ohdgv wr wkh gldorj er{    ri Glvsod| 517/ zkhuh zh kdyh pdgh wkh dssursuldwh hqwulhv lq wkh Uhvsrqvh dqg  Suhglfwruv er{hv1 Folfnlqj rq wkh RN exwwrq ohdgv wr wkh rxwsxw ri Glvsod|   518 ehlqj sulqwhg lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Wklv jlyhv wkh ohdvw0vtxduhv olqh dv | = = {> l1h1/ d = dqg e = / zklfk zh dovr vhh xqghu wkh Coef froxpq lq wkh uvw wdeoh1 Lq dgglwlrq/ zh rewdlq wkh ydoxh ri wkh vtxduh ri wkh fruuhodwlrq frh!flhqw/ dovr nqrzq dv wkh frh!flhqw ri ghwhuplqdwlrq/ dv R-Sq = 98.8%1 Zh zloo glvfxvv wkh uhpdlqlqj rxwsxw iurp wklv frppdqg lq LL1431

= +

= 3 70 + 826

= 3 70

= 826

Looking At DataRelationships

:4

Glvsod| 517= Gldorj er{ iru d uhjuhvvlrq dqdo|vlv1

Glvsod| 518= Rxwsxw iurp wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 5171

Lw lv yhu| frqyhqlhqw wr kdyh d vfdwwhusorw ri wkh srlqwv wrjhwkhu zlwk wkh ohdvw0vtxduhv olqh1 Wklv fdq eh dffrpsolvkhg xvlqj wkh Vwdw I Uhjuhvvlrq I   Ilwwhg Olqh Sorw frppdqg= Iloolqj lq wkh gldorj er{ iru wklv frppdqg dv lq  Glvsod| 517 surgxfhv wkh rxwsxw lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz ri Glvsod| 518 wrjhwkhu zlwk wkh sorw ri Glvsod| 5191 Wkhuh duh vrph dgglwlrqdo txdqwlwlhv wkdw duh riwhq ri lqwhuhvw lq d uhjuhvvlrq dqdo|vlv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ |rx pd| zlvk wr kdyh wkh wwhg ydoxhv | d e{ dw hdfk { ydoxh sulqwhg dv zhoo dv wkh uhvlgxdov | | 1 Folfnlqj rq wkh Uhvxowv exwwrq lq  wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 517 dqg oolqj lq wkh hqvxlqj gldorj er{ dv lq Glvsod| 51: uhvxowv lq wkhvh txdqwlwlhv ehlqj sulqwhg lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz dv zhoo dv wkh rxwsxw ri Glvsod| 5181

= +

:5

Chapter 2

Glvsod| 519= Vfdwwhusorw ri ihpxu yhuvxv kxphuxv lq wkh dufkdhrswhu|{ zrunvkhhw wrjhwkhu zlwk wkh ohdvw0vtxduhv olqh1

Glvsod| 51:= Gldorj er{ iru frqwuroolqj rxwsxw iru d uhjuhvvlrq dqdo|vlv1

\rx zloo suredeo| zdqw wr nhhs wkhvh ydoxhv iru odwhu zrun1 Lq wklv fdvh/ folfnlqj rq wkh Vwrudjh exwwrq ri Glvsod| 517 dqg oolqj lq wkh hqvxlqj gldorj er{ dv lq Glvsod| 51; uhvxowv lq wkhvh txdqwlwlhv ehlqj vdyhg lq wkh qh{w wzr dydlodeoh froxpqv  lq wklv fdvh/ F6 dqg F7  zlwk wkh qdphv resl1 dqg fits1 iru wkh uhvlgxdov dqg wv/ uhvshfwlyho|1

Glvsod| 51;= Gldorj er{ iru vwrulqj ydulrxv txdqwlwlhv frpsxwhg dv sduw ri d uhjuhvvlrq dqdo|vlv1

Hyhq pruh olnho| lv wkdw |rx zloo zdqw wr sorw wkh uhvlgxdov dv sduw ri dvvhvvlqj zkhwkhu ru qrw wkh dvvxpswlrqv wkdw xqghuolh d uhjuhvvlrq dqdo|vlv pdnh vhqvh

Looking At DataRelationships

:6

lq wkh sduwlfxodu dssolfdwlrq1 Iru wklv/ folfn rq wkh Judskv exwwrq lq wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 5171 Wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 51< ehfrphv dydlodeoh1 Qrwlfh wkdw zh kdyh uhtxhvwhg wkdw wkh vwdqgdugl}hg uhvlgxdov  hdfk uhvlgxdo glylghg e| lwv vwdqgdug huuru  eh sorwwhg/ dqg wklv sorw dsshduv lq Glvsod| 51431 Doo wkh vwdqgdugl}hg uhvlgxdov vkrxog eh lq wkh lqwhuydo > > dqg qr sdwwhuq vkrxog eh glvfhuqleoh1 Lq wklv fdvh/ wklv uhvlgxdo sorw orrnv qh1 Iurp wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 51</ zh vhh wkdw wkhuh duh pdq| rwkhu srvvlelolwlhv iru uhvlgxdo sorwv1

( 3 3)

Glvsod| 51<= Gldorj er{ iru vhohfwlqj ydulrxv uhvlgxdo sorwv dv sduw ri d uhjuhvvlrq dqdo|vlv1

Glvsod| 5143= Sorw ri wkh vwdqgdugl}hg uhvlgxdov yhuvxv kxphuxv diwhu uhjuhvvlqj ihpxu djdlqvw kxphuxv lq wkh dufkdhrswhu|{ zrunvkhhw1

Wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg lv jlyhq e| regress, dqg e| xvlqj wkh vxefrppdqgv pts, residual, dqg sresidual zh fdq fdofxodwh dqg vwruh wwhg ydoxhv/ uhvlgxdov/ dqg vwdqgdugl}hg uhvlgxdov/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Iru h{dpsoh/

:7
MTB A SUBCA SUBCA SUBCA regress c1 1 c2; fits c3; residuals c4; sresiduals c5.

Chapter 2

jlyhv wkh rxwsxw ri Glvsod| 518 dqg dovr vwruhv wkh wwhg ydoxhv lq F6/ vwruhv wkh uhvlgxdov | | lq F7/ dqg vwruhv wkh vwdqgdugl}hg uhvlgxdov lq F81 Qrwh wkdw wkh 4 lq regress c1 1 c2 uhihuv wr wkh qxpehu ri suhglfwruv zh duh xvlqj wr suhglfw wkh uhvsrqvh yduldeoh1 Wr sorw wkh vwdqgdugl}hg uhvlgxdov djdlqvw humerus, zh xvh

MTB A plot c5*c2

zklfk uhvxowv lq d sorw olnh Glvsod| 5143 exw zlwk glhuhqw odehov rq wkh { d{lv1

2.4 Transformations
Vrphwlphv/ wudqvirupdwlrqv ri wkh yduldeohv duh dssursuldwh ehiruh zh fduu| rxw d uhjuhvvlrq dqdo|vlv1 Wklv lv dffrpsolvkhg lq Plqlwde xvlqj wkh Fdof I  Fdofxodwru frppdqg dqg wkh dulwkphwlfdo dqg pdwkhpdwlfdo rshudwlrqv glv0  fxvvhg lq L14314 dqg L143151 Lq sduwlfxodu/ zkhq d uhvlgxdo sorw orrnv edg/ vrph0 wlphv wklv fdq eh {hg e| wudqviruplqj rqh ru pruh ri wkh yduldeohv xvlqj d vlpsoh wudqvirupdwlrq/ vxfk dv uhsodflqj wkh uhvsrqvh yduldeoh e| lwv orjdulwkp ru vrphwklqj hovh1 Iru h{dpsoh/ li zh zdqw wr fdofxodwh wkh fxeh urrw  l1h1/ {1@3  ri hyhu| ydoxh lq F4 dqg sodfh wkhvh lq F5/ zh xvh wkh Fdof I Fdofxodwru   frppdqg dqg wkh gldorj er{ dv ghslfwhg lq Glvsod| 51441 Dowhuqdwlyho|/ zh frxog xvh wkh vhvvlrq frppdqg let dv lq
MTB A let c2=c1**(1/3)

zklfk surgxfhv wkh vdph uhvxow1

Glvsod| 5144= Gldorj er{ iru fdofxodwlqj wudqvirupdwlrqv ri yduldeohv1

Looking At DataRelationships

:8

2.5 Exercises
Zkhq wkh gdwd iru dq h{huflvh frph iurp dq h{huflvh lq LSV/ wkh LSV h{huflvh qxpehu lv jlyhq lq sduhqwkhvhv + ,1 Doo frpsxwdwlrqv lq wkhvh h{huflvhv duh wr eh fduulhg rxw xvlqj Plqlwde/ dqg wkh h{huflvhv duh ghvljqhg wr hqvxuh wkdw |rx kdyh d uhdvrqdeoh xqghuvwdqglqj ri wkh Plqlwde pdwhuldo lq wklv fkdswhu1 Jhqhudoo|/ |rx vkrxog eh xvlqj Plqlwde wr gr doo wkh frpsxwdwlrqv dqg sorwwlqj uhtxluhg iru wkh sureohpv lq LSV1 41 +5143, Fdofxodwh wkh ohdvw0vtxduhv olqh dqg pdnh d vfdwwhusorw ri Ixho xvhg djdlqvw Vshhg wrjhwkhu zlwk wkh ohdvw0vtxduhv olqh1 Sorw wkh vwdqgdug0 l}hg uhvlgxdov djdlqvw Vshhg1 Zkdw lv wkh vtxduhg fruuhodwlrq frh!flhqw ehwzhhq wkhvh yduldeohvB 51 +5144, Pdnh d vfdwwhusorw ri Udwh djdlqvw Pdvv zkhuh wkh srlqwv iru gli0 ihuhqw Vh{hv duh odehohg glhuhqwo| +xvh Plqlwde iru wkh odeholqj/ wrr, dqg zlwk wkh ohdvw0vtxduhv olqh rq lw1 Klqw= Pdnh xvh ri wkh vwdfn frppdqg glvfxvvhg lq L1441:1 61 Sodfh wkh ydoxhv 4 wkurxjk 433 zlwk dq lqfuhphqw ri 14 lq F4 dqg wkh vtxduh ri wkhvh ydoxhv lq F51 Fdofxodwh wkh fruuhodwlrq frh!flhqw ehwzhhq F4 dqg F51 Pxowlso| hdfk ydoxh lq F4 e| 43/ dgg 8/ dqg sodfh wkh uhvxowv lq F61 Fdofxodwh wkh fruuhodwlrq frh!flhqw ehwzhhq F5 dqg F61 Zk| duh wkhvh fruuhodwlrq frh!flhqwv wkh vdphB 71 Sodfh wkh ydoxhv 4 wkurxjk 433 zlwk dq lqfuhphqw ri 14 lq F4 dqg wkh vtxduh ri wkhvh ydoxhv lq F51 Fdofxodwh wkh ohdvw0vtxduhv olqh zlwk F5 dv uhvsrqvh dqg F4 dv h{sodqdwru| yduldeoh1 Sorw wkh vwdqgdugl}hg uhvlgxdov1 Li |rx vhh vxfk d sdwwhuq ri uhvlgxdov zkdw wudqvirupdwlrq/ pljkw |rx xvh wr uhphg| wkh sureohpB 81 +5187, Iru wkh gdwd lq wklv sureohp/ qxphulfdoo| yhuli| wkh dojheudlf uh0 odwlrqvkls wkdw h{lvwv ehwzhhq wkh fruuhodwlrq frh!flhqw dqg wkh vorsh ri wkh ohdvw0vtxduhv olqh1 91 Iru H{dpsoh 514: lq LSV/ fdofxodwh wkh ohdvw0vtxduhv olqh dqg uhsurgxfh Glvsod| 51541 Fdofxodwh wkh vxp ri wkh uhvlgxdov dqg wkh vxp ri wkh vtxduhg uhvlgxdov dqg glylgh wklv e| wkh qxpehu ri gdwd srlqwv plqxv 51 Lv wkhuh dq|wklqj |rx fdq vd| derxw zkdw wkhvh txdqwlwlhv duh htxdo wr lq jhqhudoB :1 +5195, Xvh Plqlwde wr gr doo wkh fdofxodwlrqv lq wklv sureohp1 ;1 Sodfh wkh ydoxhv 4 wkurxjk 43 zlwk dq lqfuhphqw ri 14 lq F4/ dqg sodfh { ri wkhvh ydoxhv lq F51 Fdofxodwh wkh ohdvw0vtxduhv olqh xvlqj F5 dv wkh uhvsrqvh yduldeoh/ dqg sorw wkh vwdqgdugl}hg uhvlgxdov djdlqvw F41 Zkdw wudqvirupdwlrq zrxog |rx xvh wr uhphg| wklv uhvlgxdo sorwB Zkdw lv wkh ohdvw0vtxduhv olqh zkhq |rx fduu| rxw wklv wudqvirupdwlrqB

exp( 1 + 2 )

:9

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Producing Data
New Minitab commands discussed in this chapter Fdof I Vhw Edvh   Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd  
Wklv fkdswhu lv frqfhuqhg zlwk wkh froohfwlrq ri gdwd/ shukdsv wkh prvw lpsru0 wdqw vwhs lq d vwdwlvwlfdo sureohp/ dv wklv ghwhuplqhv wkh txdolw| ri zkdwhyhu frqfoxvlrqv duh vxevhtxhqwo| gudzq1 D srru dqdo|vlv fdq eh {hg li wkh gdwd froohfwhg duh jrrg e| vlpso| uhgrlqj wkh dqdo|vlv1 Exw li wkh gdwd kdyh qrw ehhq dssursuldwho| froohfwhg/ wkhq qr dprxqw ri dqdo|vlv fdq uhvfxh wkh vwxg|1 Zh glvfxvv Plqlwde frppdqgv wkdw hqdeoh |rx wr jhqhudwh vdpsohv iurp srsxod0 wlrqv dqg dovr wr udqgrpo| doorfdwh wuhdwphqwv wr h{shulphqwdo xqlwv1 Plqlwde xvhv frpsxwhu dojrulwkpv wr plplf udqgrpqhvv1 Vwloo/ wkh uhvxowv duh qrw wuxo| udqgrp1 Lq idfw/ dq| vlpxodwlrq lq Plqlwde fdq eh uhshdwhg/ zlwk h{dfwo| wkh vdph uhvxowv ehlqj rewdlqhg/ xvlqj wkh Fdof I Vhw Edvh frppdqg1   Iru h{dpsoh/ lq wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 614 zh kdyh vshflhg wkh edvh/ ru vhhg/ udqgrp qxpehu dv 44443;<1 Wkh edvh fdq eh dq| lqwhjhu1 Zkhq |rx zdqw wr uhshdw wkh vlpxodwlrq/ |rx jlyh wklv frppdqg/ zlwk wkh vdph lqwhjhu1 Surylghg |rx xvh wkh vdph vlpxodwlrq frppdqgv/ |rx zloo jhw wkh vdph uhvxowv1 Wklv fdq dovr eh dffrpsolvkhg xvlqj wkh vhvvlrq frppdqg base V/ zkhuh V lv dq lqwhjhu1

Glvsod| 614= Gldorj er{ iru vhwwlqj edvh ru vhhg udqgrp qxpehu1

::

:;

Chapter 3

3.1 Generating a Random Sample

Vxssrvh wkdw zh kdyh d odujh srsxodwlrq ri vl}h Q dqg zh zdqw wr vhohfw d vdpsoh ri q ? Q iurp wkh srsxodwlrq1 Ixuwkhu/ zh vxssrvh wkdw wkh hohphqwv ri wkh srsxodwlrq duh rughuhg/ l1h1/ zh kdyh ehhq deoh wr dvvljq d xqltxh qxpehu > = = = > Q wr hdfk hohphqw ri wkh srsxodwlrq1 Wr dyrlg vhohfwlrq eldvhv/ zh zdqw wklv wr eh d udqgrp vdpsoh/ l1h1/ hyhu| vxevhw ri vl}h q iurp wkh srsxodwlrq kdv wkh vdph fkdqfh ri ehlqj vhohfwhg1 Dv glvfxvvhg lq LSV/ wklv lpsolhv wkdw zh jhqhudwh rxu vdpsoh vr wkdw hyhu| vxevhw ri vl}h q lq wkh srsxodwlrq kdv wkh vdph fkdqfh ri ehlqj fkrvhq1 Zh fdq gr wklv sk|vlfdoo| e| xvlqj vrph vlpsoh udqgrp v|vwhp/ vxfk dv fklsv lq d erzo ru frlq wrvvlqj1 Zh frxog dovr xvh d wdeoh ri udqgrp qxpehuv/ ru/ pruh frqyhqlhqwo|/ zh fdq xvh frpsxwhu dojrulwkpv wkdw plplf wkh ehkdylru ri udqgrp v|vwhpv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh wkhuh duh 4333 hohphqwv lq d srsxodwlrq/ dqg zh zdqw wr jhqhudwh d vdpsoh ri 83 iurp wklv srsxodwlrq zlwkrxw uhsodfhphqw1 Zh fdq xvh wkh Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd I Vdpsoh iurp Froxpqv frppdqg wr gr wklv1    Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh zh kdyh odehohg hdfk hohphqw ri wkh srsxodwlrq zlwk d xqltxh qxpehu lq > > = = = > > dqg/ ixuwkhu/ zh kdyh sxw wkhvh qxpehuv lq F4 ri d zrunvkhhw1 Wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 615 uhvxowv lq d udqgrp vdpsoh ri 83 ehlqj jhqhudwhg zlwkrxw uhsodfhphqw iurp F4 dqg vwruhg lq F51

12

1000

Glvsod| 615= Gldorj er{ iru jhqhudwlqj d udqgrp vdpsoh zlwkrxw uhsodfhphqw1

Sulqwlqj wklv vdpsoh jlyhv wkh rxwsxw

MTB A print c2 C2 441 956 87 736 438 205 760 246 538 348 70 54 277 112 610 890 764 584 566 495 414 613 618 685

185 16 362 503 547 864

515 321 492 332 488

883 371 182 413 206

957 493 841 886 557

690 393 287 798 263

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Vr qrz zh jr wr wkh srsxodwlrq dqg vhohfw wkh hohphqwv odehohg 774/ <89/ ;:/ hwf1 Wkh dojrulwkp wkdw xqghuolhv wklv frppdqg lv vxfk wkdw zh fdq eh frqghqw wkdw wklv vdpsoh ri 83 lv olnh d udqgrp vdpsoh1

Producing Data
Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ ri wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg

:<

sample Y H1 = = = Hp sxw lqwr Hp+1 = = = H2p

sample lv

zkhuh Y lv wkh vdpsoh vl}h q dqg Y urzv duh vdpsohg iurp wkh froxpqv H1 / 111/ Hp dqg vwruhg lq froxpqv Hp+1 / 111/ H2p = Li zh zdqwhg wr vdpsoh zlwk uhsodfhphqw  l1h1/ diwhu d xqlw lv vdpsohg/ lw lv sodfhg edfn lq wkh srsxodwlrq vr wkdw lw fdq srvvleo| eh vdpsohg djdlq  zh xvh wkh replace vxefrppdqg1 Ri frxuvh/ iru vlpsoh udqgrp vdpsolqj/ zh gr qrw xvh wkh replace vxefrppdqg1 Qrwh wkdw wkh froxpqv fdq eh qxphulf ru wh{w1 Vrphwlphv zh zdqw wr jhqhudwh udqgrp shupxwdwlrqv/ l1h1/ q Q / dqg zh duh vlpso| uhrughulqj wkh hohphqwv ri wkh srsxodwlrq1 Iru h{dpsoh/ lq h{shu0 qn h{shulphqwdo xqlwv dqg lphqwdo ghvljq/ vxssrvh zh kdyh Q q1 n wuhdwphqwv/ dqg zh zdqw wr doorfdwh ql dssolfdwlrqv ri wuhdwphqw l= Vxssrvh ixuwkhu wkdw zh zdqw doo srvvleoh vxfk dssolfdwlrqv wr eh htxdoo| olnho|1 Wkhq zh jhqhudwh d udqgrp shupxwdwlrq o1 > = = = > oQ ri > = = = > Q dqg doorfdwh wuhdwphqw 4 wr wkrvh h{shulphqwdo xqlwv odehohg o1 > = = = > oq1 > doorfdwh wuhdwphqw 5 wr wkrvh h{shulphqwdo xqlwv odehohg oq1 +1 > = = = > oq1 +q2 > hwf1 Iru h{dpsoh/ li zh kdyh 63 h{shulphqwdo xqlwv dqg 6 wuhdwphqwv dqg zh zdqw wr doorfdwh 43 h{shulphqwdo xqlwv wr hdfk wuhdwphqw/ sodflqj wkh qxpehuv > > = = = > lq F4 dqg xvlqj wkh Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd I Vdpsoh iurp Froxpqv frppdqg dv lq wkh gldorj er{    ri Glvsod| 615/ exw zlwk 63 lq wkh Vdpsoh er{/ jhqhudwhv d udqgrp shupxwdwlrq  ri > > = = = > lq F51 Lpsohphqwlqj wklv jlyhv xv wkh udqgrp shupxwdwlrq

) (1

12

30

12

30

MTB A print c2 C2 13 7 26 8 22 23 28 17 3 25 9 2 14 29 15 18 6 11 16 5 12 27 4 30 20 24 1 19 21 10

dqg iru wkh wuhdwphqw doorfdwlrq |rx fdq uhdg wkh qxpehuv urz0zlvh ru froxpq0 zlvh/ dv orqj dv |rx duh frqvlvwhqw1 Urz0zlvh lv suredeo| ehvw/ dv wklv lv krz wkh qxpehuv duh vwruhg lq F5/ dqg vr |rx fdq dozd|v uhihu edfn wr F5 +suhvxplqj |rx vdyh |rxu zrunvkhhw, li |rx jhw pl{hg xs1 Wkh deryh h{dpsohv vkrz krz wr gluhfwo| jhqhudwh d vdpsoh iurp d srsx0 odwlrq ri prghvw vl}h1 Exw zkdw kdsshqv li wkh srsxodwlrq lv kxjh ru lw lv qrw frqyhqlhqw wr odeho hdfk xqlw zlwk d qxpehuB Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh zh kdyh d srsxodwlrq ri vl}h 433/333 iru zklfk zh kdyh dq rughuhg olvw dqg zh zdqw d vdpsoh ri vl}h 4331 Lq wklv fdvh pruh vrsklvwlfdwhg whfkqltxhv qhhg wr eh xvhg/ exw vlpsoh udqgrp vdpsolqj fdq vwloo w|slfdoo| eh dffrpsolvkhg +vhh H{huflvh 616 iru d vlpsoh phwkrg wkdw zrunv lq vrph frqwh{wv,1 Vlpsoh udqgrp vdpsolqj fruuhvsrqgv wr vdpsolqj zlwkrxw uhsodfhphqw/ l1h1/ diwhu zh udqgrpo| vhohfw dq hohphqw iurp wkh srsxodwlrq/ zh gr qrw uhwxuq lw wr wkh srsxodwlrq ehiruh vhohfwlqj wkh qh{w vdpsoh hohphqw1 Vdpsolqj zlwk uhsodfhphqw fruuhvsrqgv wr uhsodflqj hdfk vdpsoh hohphqw lq wkh srsxodwlrq diwhu vhohfwlqj lw dqg uhfruglqj rqo| wkh hohphqw wkdw zdv rewdlqhg1 Vr dw hdfk vhohfwlrq/ hyhu| hohphqw kdv wkh vdph fkdqfh ri ehlqj vhohfwhg/ dqg dq hohphqw pd| dsshdu pruh wkdq rqfh lq wkh vdpsoh1 Qrwlfh wkdw zh fdq dovr vdpsoh zlwk

;3

Chapter 3

uhsodfhphqw li zh fkhfn wkh Vdpsoh zlwk uhsodfhphqw er{ lq wkh gldorj er{ ri  Glvsod| 6151

3.2 Sampling from Distributions

Rqfh zh kdyh jhqhudwhg d vdpsoh iurp d srsxodwlrq/ zh phdvxuh ydulrxv dw0 wulexwhv ri wkh vdpsohg hohphqwv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ li zh zhuh vdpsolqj iurp d srs0 xodwlrq ri kxpdqv/ zh pljkw phdvxuh hdfk vdpsohg xqlw*v khljkw1 Wkh khljkw iru wkh vdpsoh xqlw lv qrz d udqgrp yduldeoh wkdw iroorzv wkh khljkw glvwulexwlrq lq wkh srsxodwlrq iurp zklfk zh duh vdpsolqj1 Iru h{dpsoh/ li ;3( ri wkh shrsoh lq wkh srsxodwlrq duh ehwzhhq 718 ihhw dqg 9 ihhw/ wkhq xqghu uhshdwhg vdpsolqj ri dq hohphqw iurp wkh srsxodwlrq +zlwk uhsodfhphqw, lq wkh orqj uxq/ ;3( ri wkh vdpsohg xqlwv zloo kdyh wkhlu khljkwv lq wklv udqjh1 Vrphwlphv/ zh zdqw wr vdpsoh gluhfwo| iurp wklv srsxodwlrq glvwulexwlrq/ l1h1/ jhqhudwh d qxpehu lq vxfk d zd| wkdw xqghu uhshdwhg vdpsolqj lq wkh orqj uxq wkh sursruwlrq ri ydoxhv idoolqj lq dq| udqjh djuhhv zlwk wkdw suhvfulehg e| wkh srsxodwlrq glvwulexwlrq1 Ri frxuvh/ zh w|slfdoo| grq*w nqrz wkh srsxodwlrq glvwulexwlrq/ dv wklv lv zkdw zh zdqw wr qg rxw derxw lq d vwdwlvwlfdo lqyhvwljd0 wlrq1 Vwloo/ wkhuh duh pdq| lqvwdqfhv zkhuh zh zdqw wr suhwhqg wkdw zh gr nqrz lw dqg vlpxodwh iurp wklv glvwulexwlrq/ h1j1/ shukdsv zh zdqw wr frqvlghu wkh hhfw ri ydulrxv fkrlfhv ri srsxodwlrq glvwulexwlrq rq wkh vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq ri vrph vwdwlvwlf ri lqwhuhvw1 Wkhuh duh frpsxwhu dojrulwkpv wkdw doorz xv wr gr wklv iru d ydulhw| ri glvwulexwlrqv1 Lq Plqlwde/ wklv lv dffrpsolvkhg xvlqj wkh Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd   frppdqg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh wkdw zh zdqw wr vlpxodwh wkh wrvvlqj ri d idlu frlq +d frlq zkhuh khdg dqg wdlo duh htxdoo| olnho| dv rxwfrphv,1 Wkh Fdof I  Udqgrp Gdwd I Ehuqrxool frppdqg wrjhwkhu zlwk wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod|   616 jhqhudwhv d vdpsoh ri 433 iurp wkh Ehuqrxool = glvwulexwlrq dqg sodfhv wkhvh ydoxhv lq F41 D udqgrp yduldeoh kdv d Ehuqrxool s glvwulexwlrq li wkh suredelolw| wkh yduldeoh htxdov 4  vxffhvv  lv s dqg wkh suredelolw| wkh yduldeoh htxdov 3  idloxuh  lv s= Vr wr jhqhudwh d vdpsoh ri q iurp wkh Ehuqrxool s glvwulexwlrq/ zh sxw q lq wkh Jhqhudwh er{ dqg s lq wkh Suredelolw|   ri vxffhvv er{1 Lq vxfk d fdvh/ zh duh vlpxodwlqj wkh wrvvlqj ri d frlq wkdw surgxfhv d khdg rq d vlqjoh wrvv zlwk suredelolw| s/ l1h1/ wkh orqj0uxq sursruwlrq ri khdgv wkdw zh revhuyh lq uhshdwhg wrvvlqj lv s= Qrwh wkdw zh fdq jhqhudwh p vdpsohv ri vl}h q e| sxwwlqj p glvwlqfw froxpqv lq wkh Vwruh lq froxpq+v, er{1  Riwhq/ d qrupdo glvwulexwlrq zlwk vrph sduwlfxodu phdq dqg vwdqgdug ghyld0 wlrq lv frqvlghuhg d uhdvrqdeoh dvvxpswlrq iru wkh glvwulexwlrq ri d phdvxuhphqw lq d srsxodwlrq1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd I Qrupdo frppdqg    wrjhwkhu zlwk wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 617 jhqhudwhv d vdpsoh ri 533 iurp wkh Q = > = glvwulexwlrq dqg sodfhv wklv vdpsoh lq F41 Wr jhqhudwh d vdpsoh ri q iurp wkh Q >  glvwulexwlrq/ zh sxw q lq wkh Jhqhudwh er{/  lq wkh Phdq   er{/ dqg  lq wkh Vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq er{1 

( 5)

()

()

(5 2 1 3)

( )

Producing Data

;4

Glvsod| 616= Gldorj er{ iru jhqhudwlqj d vdpsoh ri 433 iurp wkh Ehuqrxool = glvwulexwlrq1

( 5)

Glvsod| 617= Gldorj er{ iru jhqhudwlqj d vdpsoh ri 533 iurp d Q glvwulexwlrq1

(5=2> 1=3)

Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ ri wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg

random Y lqwr H1 = = = Hp
MTB A random 100 c1; SUBCA bernoulli .5.

random lv

dqg wklv sxwv d vdpsoh ri vl}h Y lqwr hdfk ri wkh froxpqv H1 / 111/ Hp > dffruglqj wr wkh glvwulexwlrq vshflhg e| wkh vxefrppdqg1 Iru h{dpsoh/

vlpxodwhv wkh wrvvlqj ri d idlu frlq 433 wlphv dqg sodfhv wkh uhvxowv lq F4 xvlqj wkh bernoulli vxefrppdqg1 Li qr vxefrppdqg lv surylghg/ wklv glvwulexwlrq lv wdnhq wr eh wkh Q > glvwulexwlrq1 Wkh frppdqg

(0 1)

;5
MTB A random 200 c1; SUBCA normal mu=2.1 sigma=3.3.

Chapter 3

jhqhudwhv d vdpsoh ri 533 iurp wkh Q = > = glvwulexwlrq xvlqj wkh normal vxefrppdqg1 Wkhuh duh d qxpehu ri rwkhu vxefrppdqgv vshfli|lqj glvwulex0 wlrqv/ dqg zh uhihu wkh uhdghu wr help iru d ghvfulswlrq ri wkhvh1

(2 1 3 3)

3.3 Exercises
Zkhq wkh gdwd iru dq h{huflvh frph iurp dq h{huflvh lq LSV/ wkh LSV h{huflvh qxpehu lv jlyhq lq sduhqwkhvhv + ,1 Doo frpsxwdwlrqv lq wkhvh h{huflvhv duh wr eh fduulhg rxw xvlqj Plqlwde/ dqg wkh h{huflvhv duh ghvljqhg wr hqvxuh wkdw |rx kdyh d uhdvrqdeoh xqghuvwdqglqj ri wkh Plqlwde pdwhuldo lq wklv fkdswhu1 Jhqhudoo|/ |rx vkrxog eh xvlqj Plqlwde wr gr doo wkh frpsxwdwlrqv dqg sorwwlqj uhtxluhg iru wkh sureohpv lq LSV1 Li |rxu yhuvlrq ri Plqlwde sodfhv uhvwulfwlrqv vxfk wkdw wkh ydoxh ri wkh vlp0 xodwlrq vdpsoh vl}h Q uhtxhvwhg lq wkhvh sureohpv lv qrw ihdvleoh/ wkhq vxevwlwxwh d pruh dssursuldwh ydoxh1 Eh dzduh/ krzhyhu/ wkdw wkh dffxudf| ri |rxu uhvxowv lv ghshqghqw rq krz odujh Q lv1 41 +6146, Jhqhudwh d udqgrp shupxwdwlrq ri wkh qdphv xvlqj Plqlwde1 51 +6165, Xvh wkh Pdqls I Vruw frppdqg ghvfulehg lq L14419 wr rughu wkh   vxemhfwv e| zhljkw1 Xvh wkh ydoxhv 48 wr lqglfdwh yh eorfnv ri htxdo ohqjwk lq d vhsdudwh froxpq/ dqg wkhq xvh wkh Pdqls I Xqvwdfn frppdqg  ghvfulehg lq L1441: wr sxw wkh eorfnv lq vhsdudwh froxpqv1 Jhqhudwh d udqgrp shupxwdwlrq ri hdfk eorfn1 61 Xvh wkh iroorzlqj phwkrgrorj| wr jhqhudwh d vdpsoh ri 53 iurp d srs0 xodwlrq ri 433/3331 Iluvw/ sxw wkh ydoxhv 3< lq hdfk ri F4F81 Qh{w/ xvh vdpsolqj zlwk uhsodfhphqw wr jhqhudwh 83 ydoxhv iurp F4/ dqg sxw wkh uhvxowv lq F91 Gr wkh vdph iru hdfk ri F5F8 dqg sxw wkh uhvxowv lq F:F43 +grq*w jhqhudwh iurp wkhvh froxpqv vlpxowdqhrxvo|,1 Fuhdwh d vlqjoh froxpq ri qxpehuv xvlqj wkh gljlwv lq F9F43 dv wkh gljlwv lq wkh qxpehuv1 Slfn rxw wkh uvw xqltxh 53 hqwulhv dv odehov iru wkh vdpsoh1 Li |rx gr qrw rewdlq 53 xqltxh ydoxhv/ uhshdw wkh surfhvv xqwlo |rx gr1 Zk| grhv wklv zrunB 71 Vxssrvh |rx zdqwhg wr fduu| rxw vwudwlhg vdpsolqj zkhuh wkhuh duh 6 vwudwd/ zlwk wkh uvw vwudwxp frqwdlqlqj 833 hohphqwv/ wkh vhfrqg vwudwxp frqwdlqlqj 733 hohphqwv/ dqg wkh wklug vwudwxp frqwdlqlqj 433 hohphqwv1 Jhqhudwh d vwudwlhg vdpsoh zlwk 83 hohphqwv iurp wkh uvw vwudwxp/ 73 hohphqwv iurp wkh vhfrqg vwudwxp/ dqg 43 hohphqwv iurp wkh wklug vwudwxp1 Zkhq wkh vwudwd vdpsoh vl}hv duh wkh vdph sursruwlrq ri wkh wrwdo vdpsoh vl}h dv wkh vwudwd srsxodwlrq vl}hv duh ri wkh wrwdo srsxodwlrq vl}h wklv lv fdoohg sursruwlrqdo vdpsolqj1

Producing Data

;6

81 Vxssrvh zh kdyh dq xuq frqwdlqlqj 433 edoov zlwk 53 odehohg 4/ 83 odehohg 5/ dqg 63 odehohg 61 Xvlqj vdpsolqj zlwk uhsodfhphqw/ jhqhudwh d vdpsoh ri vl}h 4333 iurp wklv glvwulexwlrq hpsor|lqj wkh Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd   frppdqg wr jhqhudwh wkh vdpsoh gluhfwo| iurp wkh uhohydqw srsxodwlrq glvwulexwlrq1 Xvh wkh Vwdw I Wdeohv I Furvv Wdexodwlrq frppdqg wr    uhfrug wkh sursruwlrq ri hdfk odeho lq wkh vdpsoh1 91 Fduu| rxw d vlpxodwlrq vwxg| zlwk Q ri wkh vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq ri s iru q > > dqg iru s = > = > = = Lq sduwlfxodu/ fdofxodwh wkh hpslulfdo glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrqv dqg sorw wkh klvwrjudpv1 Frpphqw rq |rxu qglqjv1

= 5 10 20

= 1000 = 5 75 95

:1 Fduu| rxw d vlpxodwlrq vwxg| zlwk Q ri wkh vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq ri wkh vdpsoh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq zkhq vdpsolqj iurp wkh Q > glvwul0 exwlrq edvhg rq d vdpsoh ri vl}h q = Lq sduwlfxodu/ sorw wkh klvwrjudp xvlqj fxwsrlqwv 3/ 418/ 513 518/ 613 8131 Uhshdw wklv iru wkh vdpsoh frh!0 flhqw ri yduldwlrq +vdpsoh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq glylghg e| wkh vdpsoh phdq, xvlqj wkh fxwsrlqwv / / 111/ 3/ 111/ </ 431 Frpphqw rq wkh vkdshv ri wkh klvwrjudpv uhodwlyh wr dq Q > ghqvlw| fxuyh1

= 2000 =5

(0 1)

10 9

(0 1)

;7

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Probability:The Study of Randomness

Lq wklv fkdswhu wkh frqfhsw ri suredelolw| lv lqwurgxfhg pruh irupdoo| wkdq suh0 ylrxvo| lq wkh errn1 Suredelolw| wkhru| xqghuolhv wkh srzhuixo frpsxwdwlrqdo phwkrgrorj| nqrzq dv vlpxodwlrq/ zklfk zh lqwurgxfhg lq Fkdswhu 61 Vlpxod0 wlrq kdv pdq| dssolfdwlrqv lq suredelolw| dqg vwdwlvwlfv dqg dovr lq pdq| rwkhu hogv/ vxfk dv hqjlqhhulqj/ fkhplvwu|/ sk|vlfv/ dqg hfrqrplfv1

4.1 Basic Probability Calculations

Wkh fdofxodwlrq ri suredelolwlhv iru udqgrp yduldeohv fdq riwhq eh vlpsolhg e| wdexodwlqj wkh fxpxodwlyh glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq1 Dovr/ phdqv dqg yduldqfhv duh hdvlo| fdofxodwhg xvlqj frpsrqhqw0zlvh froxpq rshudwlrqv lq Plqlwde1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh zh kdyh wkh suredelolw| glvwulexwlrq { suredelolw| 4 14 5 15 6 16 7 17

lq froxpqv F4 dqg F5/ zlwk wkh ydoxhv lq F4 dqg wkh suredelolwlhv lq F51 Wkh Fdof I Fdofxodwru frppdqg zlwk wkh gldorj er{ dv lq Glvsod| 714 frpsxwhv wkh   fxpxodwlyh glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq lq F6 xvlqj Sduwldo Vxpv1

;8

;9

Chapter 4

Glvsod| 714= Gldorj er{ iru frpsxwlqj sduwldo vxpv ri hqwulhv lq F5 dqg sodflqj wkhvh vxpv lq F61

Sulqwlqj F4 dqg F6 jlyhv

Row 1 2 3 4 C1 1 2 3 4 C3 0.1 0.3 0.6 1.0

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Zh fdq dovr hdvlo| frpsxwh wkh phdq dqg yduldqfh ri wklv glvwulexwlrq1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh vhvvlrq frppdqgv
MTB A let c4=c1*c2 MTB A let c5=c1*c1*c2 MTB A let k1=sum(c4) MTB A let k2=sum(c5)-k1*k1 MTB A print k1 k2 K1 3.00000 K2 1.00000

fdofxodwh wkh phdq dqg yduldqfh dqg vwruh wkhvh lq N4 dqg N5/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Wkh phdq lv 6 dqg wkh yduldqfh lv 41 Ri frxuvh/ zh fdq dovr xvh Fdof I Fdofxodwru   wr gr wkhvh fdofxodwlrqv1 Lq suhvhqwlqj pruh h{whqvlyh frpsxwdwlrqv/ lw lv vrph0 zkdw hdvlhu wr olvw wkh dssursuldwh vhvvlrq frppdqgv/ dv zh zloo gr vxevhtxhqwo|1 Krzhyhu/ wklv lv qrw wr eh lqwhusuhwhg dv wkh uhtxluhg zd| wr gr wkhvh frpsx0 wdwlrqv/ dv lw lv reylrxv wkdw wkh phqx frppdqgv fdq eh xvhg dv zhoo1 Xvh zkdwhyhu |rx qg prvw frqyhqlhqw1

4.2 More on Sampling from Distributions

Dv zh vdz lq LL1615/ Plqlwde lqfoxghv dojrulwkpv iru jhqhudwlqj iurp pdq| suredelolw| glvwulexwlrqv xvlqj Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd1 Wklv phqx frppdqg  

Probability: The Study of Randomness

;:

surgxfhv d gurs0grzq olvw wkdw lqfoxghv wkh qrupdo/ elqrpldo/ Fkl0vtxduh/ I / w/ xqlirup/ dqg pdq| rwkhu glvwulexwlrqv wkdw wkh wh{w/ dqg wklv pdqxdo/ zloo glvfxvv1 Folfnlqj rq rqh ri wkhvh qdphv uhvxowv lq d gldorj er{ zlwk hqwulhv wr eh oohg lq ixuwkhu vshfli|lqj wkh glvwulexwlrq dqg wkh vl}h ri wkh vdpsoh1 Iru h{dpsoh/ zh fdq jhqhudwh iurp rqh sduwlfxoduo| lpsruwdqw fodvv ri sure0 delolw| glvwulexwlrqv xvlqj Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd I Glvfuhwh1 Wkhvh suredelolw|    glvwulexwlrqv duh frqfhqwudwhg rq d qlwh qxpehu ri ydoxhv1 Wr looxvwudwh wklv/ vxssrvh zh kdyh wkh iroorzlqj ydoxhv lq F4 dqg F51
Row 1 2 3 4 C1 -1 2 3 10 C2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.1

Khuh/ F4 frqwdlqv wkh srvvleoh ydoxhv ri dq rxwfrph/ dqg F5 frqwdlqv wkh sure0 delolwlhv wkdw hdfk ri wkhvh ydoxhv lv rewdlqhg/ vr/ iru h{dpsoh/ S i j = >S i j = > hwf1 Wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 715 jhqhudwhv d vdpsoh ri 83 iurp wklv glvfuhwh glvwulexwlrq dqg vwruhv wkh vdpsoh lq F61

3 (2)= 2

( 1)=

Glvsod| 715= Gldorj er{ iru jhqhudwlqj d vdpsoh iurp d glvfuhwh glvwulexwlrq zlwk ydoxhv lq F4 dqg suredelolwlhv lq F5 dqg vwrulqj wkh vdpsoh lq F61

Lw lv dq lqwhuhvwlqj h{huflvh wr fkhfn wkdw wkh dojrulwkpv Plqlwde lv xvlqj duh lq idfw surgxflqj vdpsohv dssursuldwho|1 Wkhuh duh d ydulhw| ri wklqjv rqh frxog fkhfn/ exw shukdsv wkh vlpsohvw lv wr fkhfn wkdw wkh orqj0uxq uhodwlyh iuhtxhqflhv duh fruuhfw1 Vr lq wkh h{dpsoh ri wklv vhfwlrq/ zh zdqw wr pdnh vxuh wkdw/ dv zh lqfuhdvh wkh vl}h ri wkh vdpsoh/ wkh uhodwlyh iuhtxhqflhv ri > > > lq wkh vdpsoh duh jhwwlqj forvhu wr 16/ 15/ 17/ dqg 14/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Qrwh wkdw lw lv qrw jxdudqwhhg wkdw dv zh lqfuhdvh wkh vdpsoh vl}h wkdw wkh uhodwlyh iuhtxhqflhv jhw forvhu prqrwrqlfdoo| wr wkh fruuhvsrqglqj suredelolwlhv/ exw lqhylwdeo| wklv pxvw eh wkh fdvh1 Iluvw/ zh jhqhudwhg d vdpsoh ri vl}h 433 iurp wklv glvwulexwlrq dqg vwruhg wkh ydoxhv lq F6 dv lq Glvsod| 7151 Qh{w/ zh uhfrughg d 4 lq F7 zkhqhyhu wkh

1 2 3 10

;;

Chapter 4

fruuhvsrqglqj hqwu| lq F6 zdv dqg uhfrughg d 3 lq F7 rwkhuzlvh1 Wr gr wklv/ zh xvhg wkh Fdof I Fdofxodwru frppdqg zlwk gldorj er{ dv vkrzq lq Glvsod|   7161

Zh fdofxodwhg wklv phdq xvlqj Fdof I Froxpq Vwdwlvwlfv/ dv glvfxvvhg lq L14316/   zklfk jdyh wkh rxwsxw
Mean of C4 = 0.33000

1 lq F61 Lw lv fohdu wkdw wkh phdq ri F7 lv wkh uhodwlyh iuhtxhqf| ri 1 lq wkh vdpsoh1
Glvsod| 716= Gldorj er{ wr uhfrug wkh lqflghqfh ri d

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Uhshdwlqj wklv zlwk d vdpsoh ri vl}h

Mean of C4 = 0.28100

1000/ zh rewdlqhg

zklfk zh fdq vhh lv d elw forvhu wr wkh wuxh ydoxh ri = 1 Uhshdwlqj wklv zlwk d vdpsoh ri vl}h > iurp wklv glvwulexwlrq/ zh rewdlqhg

10 000 3

Mean of C4 = 0.29300

zklfk lv forvhu vwloo1 Lw zrxog dsshdu wkdw wkh uhodwlyh iuhtxhqf| ri lv lqghhg frqyhujlqj wr = 1 Zh fdq jhqhudwh d udqgrpo| fkrvhq srlqw iurp wkh olqh lqwhuydo d> e > zkhuh d ? e/ xvlqj Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd I Xqlirup1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh gldorj er{   ri Glvsod| 717  jhqhudwhv d vdpsoh ri 4833 iurp wkh xqlirup glvwulexwlrq rq wkh lqwhuydo = > = = Zlwk wklv glvwulexwlrq/ wkh suredelolw| ri dq| vxelqwhuydo f> g ri d> e lv jlyhq e| g f @ e d / l1h1/ wkh ohqjwk ri f> g ryhu wkh ohqjwk ri d> e 1 Ri frxuvh/ zh fdq hvwlpdwh wklv suredelolw| e| mxvw frxqwlqj wkh qxpehu ri wlphv wkh jhqhudwhg uhvsrqvh idoov lq wkh lqwhuydo f> g dqg glylglqj wklv e| wkh wrwdo vdpsoh vl}h1 Iru h{dpsoh/ xvlqj wkh rxwfrphv iurp wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 716 dqg hvwlpdwlqj wkh suredelolw| ri wkh lqwhuydo > / zh jhw wkh uhodwlyh iuhtxhqf| = / zklfk lv forvh wr wkh wuxh ydoxh ri @ = = =

( )

( ) ( ) 0 30303

(3 0 6 3)

) (

( ) ( )

( )

0 30867

(4 5) (5 4) (6 3 3) =

Probability: The Study of Randomness

;<

Glvsod| 717= Gldorj er{ iru jhqhudwlqj d vdpsoh ri 4833 iurp wkh xqlirup glvwulexwlrq rq wkh lqwhuydo = > = 1

(3 0 6 3)

Zh fdq jhqhudol}h wklv wr jhqhudwh iurp d srlqw udqgrpo| fkrvhq iurp d uhfwdqjoh d> e f> g / l1h1/ wkh vhw ri doo srlqwv {> | vxfk wkdw d ? { ? e> f ? | ? g= Li zh zdqw d vdpsoh ri q iurp wklv glvwulexwlrq/ zh jhqhudwh d vdpsoh {1 > = = = > {q iurp wkh xqlirup rq d> e dqg dovr jhqhudwh d vdpsoh |1 > = = = > |q iurp wkh xqlirup glvwulexwlrq rq f> g 1 Wkhq {1 > |1 > = = = > {q > |q lv d vdpsoh ri q iurp wkh xqlirup glvwulexwlrq rq d> e f> g 1 Zh fdq dssur{lpdwh wkh suredelolw| ri d udqgrp sdlu {> | idoolqj lq dq| vxevhw D  d> e f> g e| frpsxwlqj wkh uhodwlyh iuhtxhqf| ri D lq wkh vdpsoh1 Wkh random frppdqg lv wkh vhvvlrq frppdqg iru fduu|lqj rxw vlpxodwlrqv lq Plqlwde1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh vxefrppdqg

( ) ( )

( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

) ( ) ( )

uniform Y1 Y2

vshflhv wkh frqwlqxrxv xqlirup glvwulexwlrq rq wkh lqwhuydo Y1 > Y2 > l1h1/ vxelq0 whuydov ri wkh vdph ohqjwk kdyh wkh vdph suredelolw| ri rffxuulqj1 Li zh kdyh sodfhg d glvfuhwh suredelolw| glvwulexwlrq lq froxpq H2 / rq wkh ydoxhv lq froxpq H1 / wkh vxefrppdqg

discrete H1 H2

jhqhudwhv d vdpsoh iurp wklv glvwulexwlrq1

4.3 Simulation for Approximating Probabilities

Dv suhylrxvo| qrwhg/ vlpxodwlrq fdq eh xvhg wr dssur{lpdwh suredelolwlhv1 Iru d ydulhw| ri uhdvrqv/ wkhvh vlpxodwlrqv duh prvw hdvlo| suhvhqwhg xvlqj vhvvlrq frppdqgv exw lw lv fohdu wkdw zh fdq uhsodfh hdfk vwhs e| wkh dssursuldwh phqx frppdqg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh zh duh dvnhg wr fdofxodwh S =  [1

(1

+ [2  =3)

<3

Chapter 4

zkhq [1 > [2 duh erwk lqghshqghqw dqg iroorz wkh xqlirup glvwulexwlrq rq wkh lqwhuydo > = Wkh vhvvlrq frppdqgv

(0 1)

MTB A random 1000 c1 c2; SUBCA uniform 0 1. MTB A let c3=c1+c2 MTB A let c4 = .1?=c3 and c3?=.3 MTB A let k1=sum(c4)/n(c4) MTB A print k1 K1 0.0400000 MTB A let k2=sqrt(k1*(1-k1)/n(c4)) MTB A print k2 K2 0.00619677 MTB A let k3=k1-3*k2 MTB A let k4=k1+3*k2 MTB A print k3 k4 K3 0.0214097 K4 0.0585903

jhqhudwh Q lqghshqghqw ydoxhv ri [1 > [2 dqg sodfh wkhvh ydoxhv lq F4 dqg F5/ uhvshfwlyho|/ wkhq fdofxodwh wkh vxp [1 [2 dqg sxw wkhvh ydoxhv lq F61 Xvlqj wkh frpsdulvrq rshudwruv glvfxvvhg lq L14317/ d 4 lv uhfrughg lq F7 hyhu| wlph =  [1 [2  = lv wuxh dqg d 3 lv uhfrughg wkhuh rwkhuzlvh1 Zh wkhq fdofxodwh wkh sursruwlrq ri 4*v lq wkh vdpsoh dv N4/ dqg wklv lv rxu hvwlpdwh s ri wkh suredelolw|1 Zh zloo vhh odwhu wkdw d jrrg phdvxuh ri wkh dffxudf| ri wklv hvwlpdwh lv wkh vwdqgdug huuru ri wkh hvwlpdwh/ zklfk lq wklv fdvh lv jlyhq e| p s s @Q

= 1000

(1 )
p

dqg wklv lv frpsxwhg lq N51 Dfwxdoo|/ zh fdq ihho idluo| frqghqw wkdw wkh wuxh ydoxh ri wkh suredelolw| lv lq wkh lqwhuydo

ri wkh suredelolw|1

3 s (1 s) @Q zklfk lq wklv fdvh/ htxdov wkh lqwhuydo (0=0214097> 0=0585903)1 Vr zh nqrz wkh wuxh ydoxh ri wkh suredelolw| zlwk uhdvrqdeoh dffxudf|1 Dv wkh vlpxodwlrq vl}h Q lqfuhdvhv/ wkh Odz ri Odujh Qxpehuv vd|v wkdw s frqyhujhv wr wkh wuxh ydoxh
s

4.4 Simulation for Approximating Means

Wkh phdqv ri glvwulexwlrqv fdq dovr eh dssur{lpdwhg xvlqj vlpxodwlrqv lq Plqlwde1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh [1 > [2 duh erwk lqghshqghqw dqg iroorz wkh xqlirup glvwulexwlrq rq wkh lqwhuydo > dqg wkdw zh zdqw wr fdofxodwh wkh phdq ri \ @ [1 [2 = Zh fdq dssur{lpdwh wklv lq d vlpxodwlrq1 Wkh vhvvlrq frppdqgv

= 1 (1 +

+ )

(0 1)

Probability: The Study of Randomness

MTB A random 1000 c1 c2; SUBCA uniform 0 1. MTB A let c3=1/(1+c1+c2) MTB A let k1=mean(c3) MTB A let k2=stdev(c3)/sqrt(n(c3)) MTB A print k1 k2 K1 0.521532 K2 0.00375769 MTB A let k3=k1-3*k2 MTB A let k4=k1+3*k2 MTB A print k3 k4 K3 0.510259 K4 0.532805

<4

jhqhudwh Q lqghshqghqw ydoxhv ri [1 > [2 dqg sodfh wkhvh ydoxhv lq F4/ F5/ wkhq fdofxodwh \ @ [1 [2 dqg sxw wkhvh ydoxhv lq F61 Wkh phdq ri F6 lv vwruhg lq N4/ dqg wklv lv rxu hvwlpdwh ri wkh phdq ydoxh ri \ 1 Dv d phdvxuh ri krz dffxudwh wklv hvwlpdwh lv/ zh frpsxwh wkh vwdqgdug huuru ri wkh hvwlpdwh/ zklfk lv jlyhq e| wkh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq glylghg e| wkh vtxduh urrw ri wkh vlpxodwlrq vdpsoh vl}h Q 1 Djdlq/ zh fdq ihho idluo| frqghqw wkdw wkh lqwhuydo jlyhq e| wkh hvwlpdwh soxv ru plqxv 6 wlphv wkh vwdqgdug huuru ri wkh hvwlpdwh frqwdlqv wkh wuxh ydoxh ri wkh phdq1 Lq wklv fdvh/ wklv lqwhuydo lv jlyhq e| = > = / dqg vr zh nqrz wklv phdq zlwk uhdvrqdeoh dffxudf|1 Dv wkh vlpxodwlrq vl}h Q lqfuhdvhv/ wkh Odz ri Odujh Qxpehuv vd|v wkdw wkh dssur{lpdwlrq frqyhujhv wr wkh wuxh ydoxh ri wkh phdq1

= 1000

= 1 (1 +

+ )

(0 510259 0 532805)

4.5 Exercises
Zkhq wkh gdwd iru dq h{huflvh frph iurp dq h{huflvh lq LSV/ wkh LSV h{huflvh qxpehu lv jlyhq lq sduhqwkhvhv + ,1 Doo frpsxwdwlrqv lq wkhvh h{huflvhv duh wr eh fduulhg rxw xvlqj Plqlwde/ dqg wkh h{huflvhv duh ghvljqhg wr hqvxuh wkdw |rx kdyh d uhdvrqdeoh xqghuvwdqglqj ri wkh Plqlwde pdwhuldo lq wklv fkdswhu1 Jhqhudoo|/ |rx vkrxog eh xvlqj Plqlwde wr gr doo wkh frpsxwdwlrqv dqg sorwwlqj uhtxluhg iru wkh sureohpv lq LSV1 Li |rxu yhuvlrq ri Plqlwde sodfhv uhvwulfwlrqv vxfk wkdw wkh ydoxh ri wkh vlp0 xodwlrq vdpsoh vl}h Q uhtxhvwhg lq wkhvh sureohpv lv qrw ihdvleoh/ wkhq vxevwlwxwh d pruh dssursuldwh ydoxh1 Eh dzduh/ krzhyhu/ wkdw wkh dffxudf| ri |rxu uhvxowv lv ghshqghqw rq krz odujh Q lv1 41 Vxssrvh zh kdyh wkh suredelolw| glvwulexwlrq { suredelolw| 4 148 5 138 6 166 7 16: 8 143

rq wkh ydoxhv 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ dqg 81 Fdofxodwh wkh phdq dqg yduldqfh ri wklv glvwulexwlrq1 Vxssrvh wkdw wkuhh lqghshqghqw rxwfrphv [1 > [2 > [3 duh

<5

Chapter 4

4> 2  [2 dqg 3 ? [3  5=

jhqhudwhg iurp wklv glvwulexwlrq1 Frpsxwh wkh suredelolw| wkdw

1 ? [1 

51 Vxssrvh zh kdyh wkh suredelolw| glvwulexwlrq { suredelolw| 4 148 5 138 6 166 7 16: 8 143

rq wkh ydoxhv 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ dqg 81 Xvlqj Plqlwde/ yhuli| wkdw wklv lv d suredelolw| glvwulexwlrq1 Pdnh d edu fkduw +suredelolw| klvwrjudp, ri wklv glvwulexwlrq1 Jhqhudwh d vdpsoh ri vl}h 4333 iurp wklv glvwulexwlrq dqg sorw d uhodwlyh iuhtxhqf| klvwrjudp iru wkh vdpsoh1 61 +7156, Lqglfdwh krz |rx zrxog vlpxodwh wkh jdph ri urxohwwh xvlqj Plqlwde1 Edvhg rq d vlpxodwlrq ri Q > hvwlpdwh wkh suredelolw| ri jhwwlqj uhg dqg d pxowlsoh ri 61

= 1000

71 D suredelolw| glvwulexwlrq lv sodfhg rq wkh lqwhjhuv 4/ 5/ 111/ 433/ zkhuh wkh suredelolw| ri lqwhjhu l lv f@l2 1 Ghwhuplqh f vr wkdw wklv lv d suredelolw| glvwulexwlrq1 Zkdw lv wkh <3wk shufhqwlohB Jhqhudwh d vdpsoh ri 53 iurp wkh glvwulexwlrq1 81 Vxssrvh dq rxwfrph lv udqgrp rq wkh vtxduh > > 1 Xvlqj vlpxod0 wlrq/ dssur{lpdwh wkh suredelolw| wkdw wkh uvw frruglqdwh soxv wkh vhfrqg frruglqdwh lv ohvv wkdq 1:8 exw juhdwhu wkdq 1581 91 Jhqhudwh d vdpsoh ri 4333 iurp wkh xqlirup glvwulexwlrq rq wkh xqlw glvn G {> | {2 |2  =

(0 1) (0 1)

= ( ): + (1)

:1 Wkh h{suhvvlrq h { iru { A lv wkh ghqvlw| fxuyh iru zkdw lv fdoohg wkh H{srqhqwldo glvwulexwlrq1 Sorw wklv ghqvlw| fxuyh lq wkh lqwhuydo iurp 3 wr 43 xvlqj dq lqfuhphqw ri 141 Wkh Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd I H{srqhqwldo    frppdqg fdq eh xvhg wr jhqhudwh iurp wklv glvwulexwlrq e| vshfli|lqj wkh Phdq dv 4 lq wkh hqvxlqj gldorj er{1 Jhqhudwh d vdpsoh ri 4333 iurp wklv glvwulexwlrq dqg hvwlpdwh lwv phdq1 Dssur{lpdwh wkh suredelolw| wkdw d ydoxh jhqhudwhg iurp wklv glvwulexwlrq lv lq wkh lqwhuydo +4/5,1 Wkh jhqhudo H{srqhqwldo  kdv d ghqvlw| fxuyh jlyhq e|  1 h {@ iru { A dqg zkhuh  A lv wkh phdq1 Uhshdw wkh vlpxodwlrq zlwk phdq  1 Frpphqw rq wkh ydoxhv ri wkh hvwlpdwhg phdqv1

() 0

0 =3

;1 Vxssrvh |rx fduu| rxw d vlpxodwlrq wr dssur{lpdwh wkh phdq ri d udqgrp yduldeoh [ dqg |rx uhsruw wkh ydoxh 4156 zlwk d vwdqgdug huuru ri 1358= Li |rx duh dvnhg wr dssur{lpdwh wkh phdq ri \ [> gr |rx kdyh wr fduu| rxw dqrwkhu vlpxodwlrqB Li qrw/ zkdw lv |rxu dssur{lpdwlrq/ dqg zkdw lv wkh vwdqgdug huuru ri wklv dssur{lpdwlrqB

= 3+5

<1 Vxssrvh wkdw d udqgrp yduldeoh [ iroorzv dq Q > = glvwulexwlrq1 Vxe0 vhtxhqwo|/ frqglwlrqv fkdqjh dqg qr ydoxhv vpdoohu wkdq ru eljjhu wkdq <18 fdq rffxu/ l1h1/ wkh glvwulexwlrq lv frqglwlrqhg wr wkh lqwhuydo > = 1

(3 2 3)

( 1 9 5)

Probability: The Study of Randomness

<6

Jhqhudwh d vdpsoh ri 4333 iurp wkh wuxqfdwhg glvwulexwlrq/ dqg xvh wkh vdpsoh wr dssur{lpdwh lwv phdq1 431 Vxssrvh wkdw [ lv d udqgrp yduldeoh dqg iroorzv dq Q > glvwulexwlrq1 Vlpxodwh Q ydoxhv iurp wkh glvwulexwlrq ri \ [ 2 / dqg sorw wkhvh ydoxhv lq d klvwrjudp zlwk fxwsrlqwv 3/ 18/ 4/ 418/ 111/ 481 Dssur{lpdwh wkh phdq ri wklv glvwulexwlrq1 Jhqhudwh \ gluhfwo| iurp lwv glvwulexwlrq/ zklfk lv nqrzq wr eh d Fklvtxduh glvwulexwlrq1 Lq jhqhudo/ wkh Fklvtxduh n glvwulexwlrq fdq eh jhqhudwhg iurp yld wkh frppdqg Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd  I Fkl0Vtxduh/ zkhuh n lv vshflhg dv wkh Ghjuhhv ri iuhhgrplq wkh gldorj   er{1 Sorw wkh \ ydoxhv lq d klvwrjudp xvlqj wkh vdph fxwsrlqwv1 Frpphqw rq wkh wzr klvwrjudpv1 Qrwh wkdw |rx fdq sorw wkh ghqvlw| fxuyh ri wkhvh glvwulexwlrqv xvlqj Fdof I Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrqv I Fkl0Vtxduh dqg   hydoxdwlqj wkh suredelolw| ghqvlw| dw d udqjh ri srlqwv dv  glvfxvvhg lq zh LL15 iru wkh qrupdo glvwulexwlrq1

= 1000

(0 1)

(1)

()

441 Li [1 dqg [2 duh lqghshqghqw Fklvtxduh n1 glvwulexwlrq dqg wlrq/ wkhq lw lv nqrzq wkdw \ glvwulexwlrq1 Iru n1 > n2 wrjudpv zlwk fxwsrlqwv 3/ 18/ 4/ Q =

( )

=1

= =1

= 1000

udqgrp yduldeohv zlwk [1 iroorzlqj d [2 iroorzlqj d Fklvtxduh n2 glvwulex0 [1 [2 iroorzv d Fklvtxduh n1 n2 > yhuli| wklv hpslulfdoo| e| sorwwlqj klv0 418/ 111/ 48/ edvhg rq vlpxodwlrqv ri vl}h

( )

( + )

451 Li [1 dqg [2 duh lqghshqghqw udqgrp yduldeohv zlwk [1 iroorzlqj dq Q > glvwulexwlrq dqg [2 iroorzlqj d Fklvtxduh n glvwulexwlrq/ wkhq lw lv nqrzq wkdw [ p 1 \ [2 @n

(0 1)

()

iroorzv d Vwxghqw n glvwulexwlrq1 Wkh Vwxghqw n glvwulexwlrq fdq eh jhqhudwhg iurp xvlqj wkh frppdqg Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd I w/ zkhuh n    lv wkh Ghjuhhv ri iuhhgrp dqg pxvw eh vshflhg lq wkh gldorj er{1 Iru  n > yhuli| wklv uhvxow hpslulfdoo| e| sorwwlqj klvwrjudpv zlwk fxwsrlqwv / / 111/ </ 43/ edvhg rq vlpxodwlrqv ri vl}h Q =

()

()

=3 10 9

= 1000

461 Li [1 dqg [2 duh lqghshqghqw udqgrp yduldeohv zlwk [1 iroorzlqj d Fklvtxduh n1 glvwulexwlrq dqg [2 iroorzlqj d Fklvtxduh n2 glvwulex0 wlrq/ wkhq lw lv nqrzq wkdw

( )

( )

iroorzv dq I n1 > n2 glvwulexwlrq1 Wkh I n1 > n2 glvwulexwlrq fdq eh jhq0 hudwhg iurp xvlqj wkh vxefrppdqg Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd I I/ zkhuh n1    lv wkh Qxphudwru ghjuhhv ri iuhhgrp dqg n2 lv wkh Ghqrplqdwru ghjuhhv   ri iuhhgrp/ erwk ri zklfk pxvw eh vshflhg lq wkh gldorj er{= Iru n1 > n2 > yhuli| wklv hpslulfdoo| e| sorwwlqj klvwrjudpv zlwk fxwsrlqwv 3/ 18/ 4/ 418/ 111/ 48/ edvhg rq vlpxodwlrqv ri vl}h Q =

1 @n1 = [2@n2 [

=1

=1

= 1000

<7

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Sampling Distributions
New Minitab command discussed in this chapter Fdof I Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrqv I Elqrpldo   
Rqfh gdwd kdyh ehhq froohfwhg/ wkh| duh dqdo|}hg xvlqj d ydulhw| ri vwdwlvwlfdo whfkqltxhv1 Yluwxdoo|/ doo ri wkhvh lqyroyh frpsxwlqj vwdwlvwlfv wkdw phdvxuh vrph dvshfw ri wkh gdwd frqfhuqlqj txhvwlrqv zh zlvk wr dqvzhu1 Wkh dqvzhuv ghwhuplqhg e| wkhvh vwdwlvwlfv duh vxemhfw wr wkh xqfhuwdlqw| fdxvhg e| wkh idfw wkdw zh w|slfdoo| gr qrw kdyh wkh ixoo srsxodwlrq exw rqo| d vdpsoh iurp wkh srsxodwlrq1 Dv vxfk/ zh kdyh wr eh frqfhuqhg zlwk wkh yduldelolw| lq wkh dqvzhuv zkhq glhuhqw vdpsohv duh rewdlqhg1 Wklv ohdgv wr d frqfhuq zlwk wkh vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq ri d vwdwlvwlf1 Vrphwlphv/ wkh vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq ri d vwdwlvwlf fdq eh zrunhg rxw h{dfwo| wkurxjk ydulrxv pdwkhpdwlfdo whfkqltxhv/ h1j1/ lq Fkdswhu 8 ri LSV lw lv vhhq wkdw wkh qxpehu ri 4*v lq d vdpsoh ri q iurp d Ehuqrxool s glvwulexwlrq lv Elqrpldo q> s 1 Riwhq/ krzhyhu/ wklv lv qrw srvvleoh/ dqg zh pxvw uhvruw wr dssur{lpdwlrqv1 Rqh dssur{lpdwlrq whfkqltxh lv wr xvh vlpxodwlrq1 Vrphwlphv/ krzhyhu/ wkh vwdwlvwlfv zh duh frqfhuqhg zlwk duh dyhudjhv/ dqg/ lq vxfk fdvhv/ zh fdq w|slfdoo| dssur{lpdwh wkhlu vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq yld dq dssursuldwh qrupdo glvwulexwlrq1

( )

()

5.1 The Binomial Distribution

+ 1 ( )

01

Vxssrvh wkdw [1 > = = = > [q lv d vdpsoh iurp wkh Ehuqrxool s glvwulexwlrq/ l1h1/ [1 > = = = > [q duh lqghshqghqw uhdol}dwlrqv/ zkhuh hdfk [l wdnhv wkh ydoxh 4 ru 3 zlwk suredelolwlhv s dqg s/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Wkh udqgrp yduldeoh \ [1 [q htxdov wkh qxpehu ri 4*v lq wkh vdpsoh dqg iroorzv/ dv glvfxvvhg lq LSV/ d Elqrpldo q> s glvwulexwlrq1 Wkhuhiruh/ \ fdq wdnh rq dq| ri wkh ydoxhv > > = = = > q zlwk srvlwlyh suredelolw|1 Lq idfw/ dq h{dfw irupxod fdq eh ghulyhg

()

<8

<9 iru wkhvh suredelolwlhv> qdpho| S \

Chapter 5

( = n) =

q n s n

(1 0

)q

lv wkh suredelolw| wkdw \ wdnhv wkh ydoxh n iru  n  q= Zkhq q dqg n duh vpdoo/ wklv irupxod frxog eh xvhg wr hydoxdwh wklv suredelolw| exw lw lv doprvw dozd|v ehwwhu wr xvh vriwzduh olnh Plqlwde wr gr lw/ dqg zkhq wkhvh ydoxhv duh qrw vpdoo/ lw lv qhfhvvdu|1 Dovr/ zh fdq xvh Plqlwde wr frpsxwh wkh Elqrpldo q> s fxpx0 odwlyh suredelolw| glvwulexwlrq  wkh suredelolw| frqwhqwv ri lqwhuydov 4> { dqg wkh lqyhuvh fxpxodwlyh glvwulexwlrq  shufhqwlohv ri wkh glvwulexwlrq1 Iru lqglylgxdo suredelolwlhv/ zh xvh wkh Fdof I Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrqv I  Elqrpldo frppdqg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh  kdyh d Elqrpldo > = glvwul0 zh  exwlrq dqg zdqw wr frpsxwh wkh suredelolw| S \ = Wklv frppdqg/ zlwk wkh gldorj er{ dv lq Glvsod| 814/ surgxfhv wkh rxwsxw

( ) (

( = 10)

(30 2)

Binomial with n = 30 and p = 0.200000 x P( X = x ) 10.00 0.0355

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz/ l1h1/ S \

( = 10) = =03551

Glvsod| 814= Gldorj er{ iru Elqrpldo q> s suredelolw| fdofxodwlrqv1

( )

Li zh zdqw wr frpsxwh wkh suredelolw| ri jhwwlqj 43 ru ihzhu vxffhvvhv/ wklv lv wkh suredelolw| ri wkh lqwhuydo 4> > dqg zh fdq xvh wkh Fdof I Suredelolw|  Glvwulexwlrqv I Elqrpldo frppdqg zlwk wkh gldorj er{ dv lq Glvsod| 8151 Wklv   surgxfhv wkh rxwsxw

10]

Binomial with n = 30 and p = 0.200000 x P( X ?= x ) 10.00 0.9744

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz/ l1h1/ S \ 

10) = =97441

Sampling Distributions

<:

Glvsod| 815= Gldorj er{ iru frpsxwlqj fxpxodwlyh suredelolwlhv iru wkh Elqrpldo q> s glvwulexwlrq1

( )

Glvsod| 816/ surgxfhv wkh rxwsxw

 I Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrqv I Elqrpldo frppdqg/ zlwk wkh gldorj er{ dv lq  

Binomial with n = 30 and p = 0.200000 x P( X ?= x ) x P( X ?= x ) 3 0.1227 4 0.2552

Vxssrvh zh zdqw wr frpsxwh wkh uvw txduwloh ri wklv glvwulexwlrq1 Wkh Fdof

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Wklv jlyhv wkh ydoxhv { wkdw kdyh fxpxodwlyh suredelolwlhv mxvw vpdoohu dqg mxvw odujhu wkdq wkh ydoxh uhtxhvwhg1 Uhfdoo wkdw zlwk d glvfuhwh glvwulexwlrq/ vxfk dv wkh Elqrpldo q> s > zh zloo qrw lq jhqhudo eh deoh wr rewdlq dq h{dfw shufhqwloh1

( )

Glvsod| 816= Gldorj er{ iru frpsxwlqj shufhqwlohv ri wkh Elqrpldo q> s glvwulexwlrq1

( )

<;

Chapter 5

Wkhvh frppdqgv fdq rshudwh rq doo wkh ydoxhv lq d froxpq vlpxowdqhrxvo|1 Wklv lv yhu| frqyhqlhqw li |rx vkrxog zdqw wr wdexodwh ru judsk wkh suredelolw| ixqfwlrq/ fxpxodwlyh glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq/ ru lqyhuvh glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq1 Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ ri wkh pdf, cdf, dqg invcdf vhvvlrq frppdqgv lv jlyhq lq LL1416/ dqg khuh zh xvh wkhp zlwk wkh binomial vxefrppdqg dv lq
MTB A pdf 10; SUBCA binomial 30 .2.

zklfk rxwsxwv S \ zkhq \ kdv wkh Elqrpldo > = glvwulexwlrq1 Dfwxdoo|/ zkhq q lv yhu| odujh hyhq vriwzduh zloo qrw eh xvhixo wr frpsxwh wkhvh suredelolwlhv/ dqg |rx zloo kdyh wr xvh qrupdo dssur{lpdwlrqv wr elqrpldo suredelolwlhv yld wkh fhqwudo olplw wkhruhp1 Wkh pdf dqg cdf frppdqgv zlwk wkh normal vxefrppdqg fdq eh xvhg iru wklv1 Zh pljkw dovr zdqw wr vlpxodwh iurp wkh Elqrpldo q> s glvwulexwlrq1 Iru wklv zh xvh wkh Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd I Elqrpldo frppdqg ru wkh vhvvlrq    frppdqg random zlwk wkh binomial vxefrppdqg1 Iru h{dpsoh/

( = 10)

(30 2)

( )

MTB A random 10 c1; SUBCA binomial 30 .2. MTB A print c1 C1 2 2 4 2 11 5 7 8 5 2

jhqhudwhv d vdpsoh ri 43 iurp wkh Elqrpldo

(30> =2) glvwulexwlrq1

5.2 Simulating Sampling Distributions

Iluvw/ zh frqvlghu dq h{dpsoh zkhuh zh nqrz wkh h{dfw vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq1 Vxssrvh zh ls d srvvleo| eldvhg frlq q wlphv dqg zdqw wr hvwlpdwh wkh xqnqrzq suredelolw| s ri jhwwlqj d khdg1 Wkh qdwxudo hvwlpdwh lv s wkh sursruwlrq ri khdgv lq wkh vdpsoh1 Zh zrxog olnh wr dvvhvv wkh vdpsolqj ehkdylru ri wklv vwdwlvwlf lq d vlpxodwlrq1 Wr gr wklv/ zh fkrrvh d ydoxh iru s/ wkhq jhqhudwh Q vdpsohv iurp wkh Ehuqrxool glvwulexwlrq ri vl}h q/ iru hdfk ri wkhvh frpsxwh s/ orrn dw wkh hpslulfdo glvwulexwlrq ri wkhvh Q ydoxhv/ shukdsv sorwwlqj d klvwrjudp dv zhoo1 Wkh odujhu Q lv wkh forvhu wkh hpslulfdo glvwulexwlrq dqg klvwrjudp zloo eh wr wkh wuxh vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq ri s= Qrwh wkdw wkhuh duh wzr vdpsoh vl}hv khuh= wkh vdpsoh vl}h q ri wkh ruljlqdo vdpsoh wkh vwdwlvwlf lv edvhg rq/ zklfk lv {hg/ dqg wkh vlpxodwlrq vdpsoh vl}h Q / zklfk zh fdq frqwuro1 Wklv lv fkdudfwhulvwlf ri doo vlpxodwlrqv1 Vrphwlphv/ xvlqj pruh dgydqfhg dqdo|wlfdo whfkqltxhv zh fdq ghwhuplqh Q vr wkdw wkh vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq ri wkh vwdwlvwlf lv hvwlpdwhg zlwk vrph suhvfulehg dffxudf|1 Vrph whfkqltxhv iru grlqj wklv duh glvfxvvhg lq odwhu fkdswhuv ri LSV1 Dqrwkhu phwkrg lv wr uhshdw wkh vlpxodwlrq d qxpehu ri wlphv/ vorzo| lqfuhdvlqj Q xqwlo zh vhh wkh uhvxowv vwdelol}h1 Wklv lv vrphwlphv wkh rqo| zd| dydlodeoh/ exw fdxwlrq vkrxog eh vkrzq dv lw lv hdv| iru vlpxodwlrq uhvxowv wr eh yhu| plvohdglqj li wkh qdo Q lv wrr vpdoo1

Sampling Distributions

<<

Zh looxvwudwh d vlpxodwlrq wr ghwhuplqh wkh vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq ri s zkhq vdpsolqj iurp d Ehuqrxool = glvwulexwlrq1 Iru wklv/ zh xvh wkh frppdqgv Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd I Ehuqrxool/ Fdof I Urz Vwdwlvwlfv/ dqg Vwdw I Wdeohv      I Wdoo|/zlwk wkh gldorj er{hv jlyhqe| Glvsod|v 817/ 818/ dqg 819/ uhvshfwlyho|/  wr surgxfh wkh rxwsxw

( 75)

Summary Statistics for Discrete Variables C11 CumPct 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.40 2.20 7.60 23.10 47.70 78.00 94.70

1.0 100.00

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Khuh zh kdyh jhqhudwhg Q vdpsohv ri vl}h q iurp wkh Ehuqrxool = glvwulexwlrq/ l1h1/ zh vlpxodwhg wkh wrvvlqj ri wklv frlq 43/333 wlphv/ dqg zh sodfhg wkh uhvxowv lq wkh urzv ri froxpqv F4F43 xvlqj Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd I Ehuqrxool1 Wkh sursruwlrq ri khdgv s lq hdfk vdpsoh    lv frpsxwhg dqg sodfhg lq F44 xvlqj Fdof I Urz Vwdwlvwlfv1 Qrwh wkdw d phdq   ri ydoxhv htxdo wr 3 ru 4 lv mxvw wkh sursruwlrq ri 4*v lq wkh vdpsoh1 Ilqdoo|/ zh xvhg Vwdw I Wdeohv I Wdoo| wr frpsxwh wkh hpslulfdo glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq ri    wkhvh 4333 ydoxhv ri s= Iru h{dpsoh/ wklv vd|v :;( ri wkhvh ydoxhv zhuh 1; ru vpdoohu dqg wkhuh zhuh qr lqvwdqfhv vpdoohu wkdq 161

( 75)

= 1000

= 10

Glvsod| 817= Gldorj er{ iru jhqhudwlqj 43 froxpqv ri 4333 Ehuqrxool =

( 75) ydoxhv1

433

Chapter 5

Glvsod| 818= Gldorj er{ iru frpsxwlqj wkh sursruwlrq ri 4*v lq hdfk ri wkh 4333 vdpsohv ri vl}h 431

Glvsod| 819= Gldorj er{ iru frpsxwlqj wkh hpslulfdo glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq ri s1

Lq Glvsod| 81:/ zh kdyh sorwwhg d klvwrjudp ri wkh 4333 ydoxhv ri s= Edvhg rq Q > wkh iroorzlqj hpslulfdo glvwulexwlrq zdv rewdlqhg=

= 800

C11 CumPct 0.4 1.20 0.5 7.20 0.6 22.20 0.7 47.80 0.8 78.20 0.9 95.00 1.0 100.00

Ehfdxvh wkhvh ydoxhv duh uhdvrqdeo| forvh wr wkrvh rewdlqhg zlwk Q vwrsshg dw Q =

= 1000

= 1000> zh

Sampling Distributions

434

300

Frequency

200

100

0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

C11

Glvsod| 81:= Klvwrjudp ri vlpxodwlrq ri Q ydoxhv ri s edvhg rq d vdpsoh ri vl}h q iurp wkh Ehuqrxool+1:8, glvwulexwlrq1

= 10

= 1000

Wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqgv iru wklv vlpxodwlrq duh

MTB A SUBCA MTB A MTB A SUBCA random 1000 c1-c10; bernoulli .75. rmean c1-c10 c11 tally c11; cumpcts.

dqg wkhvh pljkw vhhp olnh dq hdvlhu zd| wr lpsohphqw wkh vlpxodwlrq1 Lq Fkdswhu 8 ri LSV zh vdz wkdw wkh vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq ri s fdq eh gh0 whuplqhg h{dfwo|/ l1h1/ wkhuh duh irupxodv wr ghwhuplqh wklv/ dqg zh fdq vlpxodwh gluhfwo| iurp wkh vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq/ vr wklv vlpxodwlrq fdq eh pdgh pxfk pruh h!flhqw1 Lq hhfw/ wklv hqwdlov xvlqj wkh Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd I Elqrpldo   frppdqg zlwk gldorj er{ dv lq Glvsod| 81; dqg glylglqj hdfk hqwu| lq F4 e| 431 Wklv jhqhudwhv Q ydoxhv ri s exw xvhv d pxfk vpdoohu qxpehu ri fhoov1 Vwloo/ wkhuh duh pdq| vwdwlvwlfv iru zklfk wklv nlqg ri h!flhqf| uhgxfwlrq lv qrw dydlodeoh/ dqg/ wr jhw vrph lghd ri zkdw wkhlu vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq lv olnh/ zh pxvw uhvruw wr wkh pruh euxwh irufh irup ri vlpxodwlrq ri jhqhudwlqj gluhfwo| iurp wkh srsxodwlrq glvwulexwlrq1 Vrphwlphv/ pruh vrsklvwlfdwhg vlpxodwlrq whfkqltxhv duh qhhghg wr jhw dq dffxudwh dvvhvvphqw ri d vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq1 Zlwklq Plqlwde/ wkhuh duh sur0 judpplqj whfkqltxhv/ zklfk zh gr qrw glvfxvv lq wklv pdqxdo/ wkdw fdq eh dssolhg lq vxfk fdvhv1 Iru h{dpsoh/ lw lv fohdu wkdw li rxu vlpxodwlrq uhtxluhg wkh jhqhudwlrq ri 436 fhoov +dqg wklv lv qrw dw doo xqfrpprq iru vrph kdughu sureohpv,/ wkh vlpxodwlrq dssurdfk zh kdyh ghvfulehg zrxog qrw zrun zlwklq Plqlwde/ dv wkh zrunvkhhw zrxog eh wrr odujh1

= 1000

435

Chapter 5

Glvsod| 81;= Gldorj er{ iru jhqhudwlqj 4333 ydoxhv iurp wkh vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq ri s xvlqj wkh Elqrpldo > = glvwulexwlrq1

10

(10 75)

5.3 Exercises
Zkhq wkh gdwd iru dq h{huflvh frph iurp dq h{huflvh lq LSV/ wkh LSV h{huflvh qxpehu lv jlyhq lq sduhqwkhvhv + ,1 Doo frpsxwdwlrqv lq wkhvh h{huflvhv duh wr eh fduulhg rxw xvlqj Plqlwde/ dqg wkh h{huflvhv duh ghvljqhg wr hqvxuh wkdw |rx kdyh d uhdvrqdeoh xqghuvwdqglqj ri wkh Plqlwde pdwhuldo lq wklv fkdswhu1 Jhqhudoo|/ |rx vkrxog eh xvlqj Plqlwde wr gr doo wkh frpsxwdwlrqv dqg sorwwlqj uhtxluhg iru wkh sureohpv lq LSV1 Li |rxu yhuvlrq ri Plqlwde sodfhv uhvwulfwlrqv vxfk wkdw wkh ydoxh ri wkh vlp0 xodwlrq vdpsoh vl}h Q uhtxhvwhg lq wkhvh sureohpv lv qrw ihdvleoh/ wkhq vxevwlwxwh d pruh dssursuldwh ydoxh1 Eh dzduh/ krzhyhu/ wkdw wkh dffxudf| ri |rxu uhvxowv lv ghshqghqw rq krz odujh Q lv1 41 Fdofxodwh doo wkh suredelolwlhv iru wkh Elqrpldo > = glvwulexwlrq dqg wkh Elqrpldo > = glvwulexwlrq1 Zkdw uhodwlrqvkls gr |rx revhuyhB Fdq |rx h{sodlq wklv dqg vwdwh d jhqhudo uxohB

(5 6)

(5 4)

51 Frpsxwh doo wkh suredelolwlhv iru d Elqrpldo > = glvwulexwlrq dqg xvh wkhvh wr gluhfwo| fdofxodwh wkh phdq dqg yduldqfh1 Yhuli| |rxu dqvzhuv xvlqj wkh irupxodv surylghg lq LSV1 61 Frpsxwh dqg sorw wkh suredelolw| dqg fxpxodwlyh glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrqv ri wkh Elqrpldo > = dqg wkh Elqrpldo > = glvwulexwlrqv1 Frpphqw rq wkh vkdshv ri wkhvh glvwulexwlrqv1

(5 8)

(10 2)

(10 5)

71 Jhqhudwh 4333 vdpsohv ri vl}h 43 iurp wkh Ehuqrxool = glvwulexwlrq1 Frpsxwh wkh sursruwlrq ri 4*v lq hdfk vdpsoh dqg frpsxwh wkh sursru0 wlrq ri vdpsohv kdylqj qr 4*v/ rqh 4/ wzr 4*v/ hwf1 Frpsxwh zkdw wkhvh sursruwlrqv zrxog eh lq wkh orqjuxq dqg frpsduh1

( 3)

Sampling Distributions

436

81 Fduu| rxw d vlpxodwlrq vwxg| zlwk Q ri wkh vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq ri s iru q > > dqg iru s = > = > = = Lq sduwlfxodu/ fdofxodwh wkh hpslulfdo glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrqv dqg sorw wkh klvwrjudpv1 Frpphqw rq |rxu qglqjv1

= 5 10 20

= 1000 = 5 75 95

91 Vxssrvh wkdw [1 > [2 > [3 > = = = duh lqghshqghqw uhdol}dwlrqv iurp wkh Ehuqrxool s glvwulexwlrq/ l1h1/ hdfk [l wdnhv wkh ydoxh 4 ru 3 zlwk sure0 delolwlhv s dqg s/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Li wkh udqgrp yduldeoh \ frxqwv wkh qxpehu ri wrvvhv xqwlo zh rewdlq wkh uvw khdg lq d vhtxhqfh ri lqgh0 shqghqw wrvvhv [1 > [2 > [3 > = = = > wkhq \ kdv d Jhrphwulf s glvwulexwlrq1 Plqlwde grhv qrw kdyh exlow0lq dojrulwkpv iru frpsxwlqj wkh suredelo0 lw| ixqfwlrq/ glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq/ lqyhuvh glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq/ dqg iru jhqhudwlqj iurp wklv glvwulexwlrq1 Wkh suredelolw| ixqfwlrq iru wklv glvwul0 exwlrq lv jlyhq e| | 1 s S \ | s

()

()

iru | > > = = = = Sorw wkh suredelolw| ixqfwlrq iru wkh Jhrphwulf = glv0 wulexwlrq iru wkh ydoxhv | > = = = > = Gr wkh vdph iru wkh Jhrphwulf = glvwulexwlrq1 Zkdw gr |rx qrwlfhB

=1 2

( = ) = (1 10

=1

( 5)

( 1)

:1 Xvlqj phwkrgv iru vxpplqj jhrphwulf vxpv/ wkh fxpxodwlyh glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq ri wkh Jhrphwulf s glvwulexwlrq +vhh H{huflvh LL1819, lv jlyhq | e| S \  | s 1 Sorw wkh fxpxodwlyh glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq iru wkh Jhrphwulf = dqg Jhrphwulf = glvwulexwlrq iru wkh ydoxhv | > = = = > = Zkdw gr |rx qrwlfhB

10

) = 1 (1 ( 5)

() )

( 1)

;1 Wr udqgrpo| jhqhudwh iurp wkh Jhrphwulf s glvwulexwlrq +vhh H{huflvh LL1819,/ zh fdq uhshdwhgo| jhqhudwh iurp d Ehuqrxool s dqg frxqw krz pdq| wlphv zh glg wklv xqwlo wkh uvw 4 dsshduhg1 D vlpsoh zd| wr gr wklv lq Plqlwde lv wr jhqhudwh Q ydoxhv iurp wkh Ehuqrxool s lqwr d froxpq1 Frxqw wkh qxpehu ri hqwulhv xqwlo wkh uvw 4/ frxqw wkh qxpehu ri vxevh0 txhqw hqwulhv xqwlo wkh qh{w 4/ hwf1 Wkhvh frxqwv duh lghqwlfdoo| dqg lqgh0 shqghqwo| glvwulexwhg dffruglqj wr wkh Jhrphwulf s glvwulexwlrq1 Wklv lv d yhu| lqh!flhqw phwkrg zkhq s lv vpdoo dqg pxfk ehwwhu dojrulwkpv h{lvw1 Jhqhudwh d vdpsoh ri 43 iurp wkh Jhrphwulf = glvwulexwlrq1

()

() ()

<1 Fduu| rxw d vlpxodwlrq vwxg|/ zlwk Q > ri wkh vdpsolqj glvwulexwlrq ri wkh vdpsoh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq zkhq vdpsolqj iurp wkh Q > glvwul0 exwlrq/ edvhg rq d vdpsoh ri vl}h q = Lq sduwlfxodu/ sorw wkh klvwrjudp xvlqj fxwsrlqwv 3/ 418/ 513 518/ 613 8131 Uhshdw wklv iru wkh vdpsoh frh!0 flhqw ri yduldwlrq +vdpsoh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq glylghg e| wkh vdpsoh phdq, xvlqj wkh fxwsrlqwv / / 111/ 3/ 111/ </ 431 Frpphqw rq wkh vkdshv ri wkh klvwrjudpv uhodwlyh wr d Q > ghqvlw| fxuyh1

= 2000 =5

() ( 5)

(0 1)

10 9

431 Jhqhudwh Q vdpsohv ri vl}h q iurp wkh Q > glvwulexwlrq1 Uhfrug d klvwrjudp iru { xvlqj wkh fxwsrlqwv > s> > ===> = > = = = glvwulexwlrq1 Jhqhudwh d vdpsoh ri vl}h Q iurp wkh Q > @ Sorw wkh klvwrjudp xvlqj wkh vdph fxwsrlqwv dqg frpsduh wkh klvwrjudpv1 Zkdw zloo kdsshq wr wkhvh klvwrjudpv dv zh lqfuhdvh Q B

= 1000

(0 1)

=5

= 1000

(0 1) 3 25 2 (0 1 5)

25 30

437

Chapter 5

441 Jhqhudwh Q ydoxhv ri [1 > [2 > zkhuh [1 iroorzv d Q > glvwul0 exwlrq dqg [2 iroorzv d Q > glvwulexwlrq1 Frpsxwh \ [1 [2 iru hdfk ri wkhvh sdluv dqg sorw d klvwrjudp iru \ xvlqj wkh fxwsrlqwv > > ===> > 1 Jhqhudwh d vdpsoh ri Q iurp wkh dssursuldwh glvwulexwlrq ri \ dqg sorw d klvwrjudp xvlqj wkh vdph fxwsrlqwv1

= 1000 25 30

( 1 3)

(3 2) = 2

20 15

= 1000

451 Sorw wkh ghqvlw| fxuyh iru wkh H{srqhqwldo glvwulexwlrq +vhh H{huflvh LL171:, ehwzhhq 3 dqg 48 zlwk dq lqfuhphqw ri 141 Jhqhudwh Q vdpsohv ri vl}h q iurp wkh H{srqhqwldo glvwulexwlrq dqg uhfrug wkh vdpsoh phdqv1 Vwdqgdugl}h wkh vdpsoh ri { xvlqj  dqg  = Sorw d klvwrjudp ri wkh vwdqgdugl}hg ydoxhv xvlqj wkh fxwsrlqwv / / 111/ 7/ 81 Uhshdw wklv iru q > = Frpphqw rq wkh vkdshv ri wkhvh klvwrjudpv1

=2

(3) (3)

=3

= 5 10

= 1000 =3 5 4 = 1000

461 Sorw wkh ghqvlw| ri wkh xqlirup glvwulexwlrq rq +3/4,1 Jhqhudwh Q vdpsohv ri vl}h q iurp p wklv glvwulexwlrq1 Vwdqgdugl}h wkh vdpsoh ri { @ = Sorw d klvwrjudp ri wkh vwdqgdugl}hg ydoxhv xvlqj  = dqg  xvlqj wkh fxwsrlqwv > > ===> > 1 Uhshdw wklv iru q > = Frpphqw rq wkh vkdshv ri wkhvh klvwrjudpv1

=5

=2 = 1 12 5 4 45

= 5 10

471 Wkh Zhlexoo  kdv ghqvlw| fxuyh jlyhq e| { 1 h { iru { A > zkhuh  A lv d {hg frqvwdqw1 Sorw wkh Zhlexoo ghqvlw| lq wkh udqjh 3 wr 43 zlwk dq lqfuhphqw ri 14 xvlqj wkh Fdof I Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrqv I   Zhlexoo/ frppdqg1 Jhqhudwh d vdpsoh ri Q iurp wklv glvwulex0  wlrq xvlqj wkh vxefrppdqg Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd I Zhlexoo zkhuh     lv wkh Vkdsh sdudphwhu dqg wkh Vfdoh sdudphwhu lv 41 Sorw d suredelolw|   klvwrjudp dqg frpsduh zlwk wkh ghqvlw| fxuyh1


()

(2) = 1000

Chapter 6

Introduction to Inference
New Minitab commands discussed in this chapter Vwdw I Edvlf Vwdwlvwlfv I 40Vdpsoh ]    Srzhu dqg Vdpsoh Vl}h I 40Vdpsoh ]  
Lq wklv fkdswhu/ wkh edvlf wrrov ri vwdwlvwlfdo lqihuhqfh duh glvfxvvhg1 Wkhuh duh d qxpehu ri Plqlwde frppdqgv wkdw dlg lq wkh frpsxwdwlrq ri frqghqfh lqwhuydov dqg iru fduu|lqj rxw whvwv ri vljqlfdqfh1

Wkh frppdqg Vwdw I Edvlf Vwdwlvwlfv I 40Vdpsoh ] frpsxwhv frqghqfh lqwhu0    ydov iru wkh phdq  xvlqj d vdpsoh {1 > = = = > {q iurp d glvwulexwlrq zkhuh zh nqrz wkh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq 1 Wkhuh duh wkuhh vlwxdwlrqv zkhq wklv lv dssursuldwh= +4, Zh nqrz wkdw zh duh vdpsolqj iurp d qrupdo glvwulexwlrq zlwk xqnqrzq phdq  dqg nqrzq vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq / dqg wkxv } { = @s q

6.1

} -Condence

Intervals

lv glvwulexwhg Q > = +5, Zh kdyh d odujh vdpsoh iurp d glvwulexwlrq zlwk xqnqrzq phdq  dqg nqrzq vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq / dqg wkh fhqwudo olplw wkhruhp dssur{lpdwlrq wr wkh glvwulexwlrq ri { lv dssursuldwh/ l1h1/ wkh glvwulexwlrq ri

(0 1)

} lv dssur{lpdwho| glvwulexwhg Q >

{ = @s q

(0 1)=
438

439

Chapter 6

+6, Zh kdyh d odujh vdpsoh iurp d glvwulexwlrq zlwk xqnqrzq phdq  dqg xqnqrzq vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq / dqg wkh vdpsoh vl}h lv odujh hqrxjk vr wkdw } lv dssur{lpdwho| Q > {  = v@sq

frqghqfh ohyho ghvluhg/ dv ghvfulehg lq LSV1 Ri frxuvh/ vlwxdwlrq +6, lv suredeo| wkh prvw uhdolvwlf/ exw qrwh wkdw wkh frqghqfh lqwhuydov frqvwuxfwhg iru +4, duh h{dfw/ zkloh wkrvh frqvwuxfwhg xqghu +5, dqg +6, duh rqo| dssur{lpdwh/ dqg d odujhu vdpsoh vl}h lv uhtxluhg lq +6, iru wkh dssur{lpdwlrq wr eh uhdvrqdeoh wkdq iru +5,1 Frqvlghu wkh vdpsoh jlyhq e| 31;736/ 31;696/ 31;77:/ zklfk duh vwruhg lq F4/ dqg vxssrvh wkdw lw pdnhv vhqvh wr wdnh  = 1 Wkh frppdqg Vwdw I  Edvlf Vwdwlvwlfv I 40Vdpsoh ] zlwk wkh gldorj er{hv dv lq Glvsod|v 914 dqg 915   surgxfhv wkh rxwsxw

(0 1)/ zkhuh v lv wkh vdpsoh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq1 s Wkh frqghqfh lqwhuydo wdnhv wkh irup { } @ q> zkhuh v lv vxevwlwxwhg iru  lq fdvh +6,/ dqg } lv ghwhuplqhg iurp wkh Q (0> 1) glvwulexwlrq e| wkh

= 0068

Variable N Mean C1 3 0.84043 99.0% CI (0.83032, 0.85055)

StDev 0.00420

SE Mean 0.00393

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Wklv vshflhv wkh <<( frqghqfh lqwhuydo +31;6365/ 31;8388, iru = Qrwh wkdw lq wkh gldorj er{ ri Glvsod| 914/ zh vshfli| zkhuh wkh gdwd uhvlghv lq wkh Yduldeohv er{/ wkh ydoxh ri  lq wkh Vljpd er{/ dqg folfn rq   wkh Rswlrqv exwwrq wr eulqj xs wkh gldorj er{ lq Glvsod| 9151 Lq wklv gldorj er{  zh kdyh vshflhg wkh <<( frqghqfh ohyho lq wkh Frqghqfh ohyho er{1 

Glvsod| 914= Iluvw gldorj er{ iru surgxflqj wkh } 0frqghqfh lqwhuydo iru =

Introduction to Inference

43:

Glvsod| 915= Vhfrqg gldorj er{ iru surgxflqj wkh } 0frqghqfh lqwhuydo1 Khuh zh vshfli| wkh frqghqfh ohyho1

Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ ri wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg

zinterval Y1 vljpd @ Y2

zinterval lv

H1 = = =Hp

zkhuh Y1 lv wkh frqghqfh ohyho dqg lv dq| ydoxh ehwzhhq 4 dqg <<1<</ Y2 lv wkh dvvxphg ydoxh ri > dqg H1 / 111/ Hp duh froxpqv ri gdwd1 D Y1 ( frqghqfh lqwhuydo lv surgxfhg iru hdfk froxpq vshflhg1 Li qr ydoxh lv vshflhg iru Y1 > wkh ghidxow ydoxh lv <8(1

Wkh Vwdw I Edvlf Vwdwlvwlfv I 40Vdpsoh ] frppdqg lv xvhg zkhq zh zdqw wr    whvw wkh k|srwkhvlv wkdw wkh xqnqrzq phdq  htxdov d ydoxh 0 dqg rqh ri wkh vlwxdwlrqv +4,/ +5,/ ru +6, dv glvfxvvhg lq LL14314 lv dssursuldwh1 Wkh whvw lv edvhg rq frpsxwlqj d S 0ydoxh xvlqj wkh revhuyhg ydoxh ri }

6.2

} -Tests

= { sq0 @

dqg wkh Q > glvwulexwlrq dv ghvfulehg lq LSV1 Vxssrvh wkh vdpsoh = > = > = > = > = > = > = > = > = > = lv vwruhg lq djdlqvw wkh dowhuqd0 F4/ dqg zh duh dvnhg wr whvw wkh qxoo k|srwkhvlv K0  wlyh Kd  A dqg lw pdnhv vhqvh wr wdnh  = Wkh Vwdw I Edvlf Vwdwlvwlfv  I 40Vdpsoh ] frppdqg wrjhwkhu zlwk wkh gldorj er{hv  Glvsod|v 916 dqg 917 ri  surgxfhv wkh rxwsxw

(0 1)

20 04 07 20 04 22 13 12 11 23 : =0 =1
Z 3.23 P 0.001

Variable C1

99.0% Lower Bound 0.284

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Wklv vshflhv wkh S 0ydoxh iru wklv whvw dv 1334/ dqg vr zh uhmhfw wkh qxoo k|srwkhvlv lq idyru ri wkh dowhuqdwlyh1 Lq wkh uvw gldorj er{/ zh vshflhg zkhuh wkh gdwd lv orfdwhg/ wkh ydoxh ri  dv ehiruh dqg wkdw zh zdqw e| 3 lq wkh Whvw phdq er{1 Zh eurxjkw xs wkh vhfrqg gldorj wr whvw K0   er{ e| folfnlqj rq wkh Rswlrqv exwwrq1 Lq wkh vhfrqg gldorj er{/ zh vshflhg  wkdw zh zdqw wr whvw wklv qxoo k|srwkhvlv djdlqvw wkh dowhuqdwlyh Kd  A e| vhohfwlqj juhdwhu wkdq lq Dowhuqdwlyh er{1 Wkh rwkhu fkrlfhv duh qrw htxdo/ 

: =0

43; zklfk vhohfwv wkh dowhuqdwlyh Kd dowhuqdwlyh Kd  ? =

Chapter 6

:  9= 0> dqg ohvv wkdq/ zklfk vhohfwv wkh

Glvsod| 916= Iluvw gldorj er{ iru whvwlqj d k|srwkhvlv frqfhuqlqj wkh phdq xvlqj d } 0whvw1

Glvsod| 917= Vhfrqg gldorj er{ iru whvwlqj d k|srwkhvlv xvlqj wkh } 0whvw1

Wkh jhqhudo v|qwd{ ri wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vhvvlrq frppdqg

ztest Y1 vljpd @ Y2 H1 = = =Hp

ztest lv

zkhuh Y1 lv wkh k|srwkhvl}hg ydoxh wr eh whvwhg/ Y2 lv wkh dvvxphg ydoxh ri > dqg H1 / 111/ Hp duh froxpqv ri gdwd1 Li qr ydoxh lv vshflhg iru Y1 / wkh ghidxow lv 31 D whvw ri wkh k|srwkhvlv lv fduulhg rxw iru hdfk froxpq1 Li qr alternative vxefrppdqg lv vshflhg/ d wzr0vlghg whvw lv frqgxfwhg/ l1h1/ K0  Y1 djdlqvw wkh dowhuqdwlyh Kd  9 Y1 = Li wkh vxefrppdqg

: =

: =

SUBCA alternative 1.

lv xvhg/ d whvw ri K0 Li wkh vxefrppdqg

:  = Y1 djdlqvw wkh dowhuqdwlyh Kd :

 A Y1 lv frqgxfwhg1

SUBCA alternative -1.

lv xvhg/ d whvw ri K0 

: = Y1 djdlqvw wkh dowhuqdwlyh Kd :

 ? Y1 lv frqgxfwhg1

Introduction to Inference

43<

6.3 Simulations for Condence Intervals

Zkhq zh duh vdpsolqj iurp d Q >  glvwulexwlrq dqg nqrz wkh ydoxh ri / wkh frqghqfh lqwhuydov frqvwuxfwhg lq LL1914 duh h{dfw/ l1h1/ lq wkh orqj uxq d sur0 sruwlrq ri wkh frqghqfh lqwhuydov frqvwuxfwhg iru dq xqnqrzq phdq  zloo frqwdlq wkh wuxh ydoxh ri wklv txdqwlw|1 Ri frxuvh/ dq| jlyhq frqghqfh lqwhuydo pd| ru pd| qrw frqwdlq wkh wuxh ydoxh ri / dqg/ lq dq| qlwh qxpehu ri vxfk lqwhuydov vr frqvwuxfwhg/ vrph sursruwlrq rwkhu wkdq <8( zloo frqwdlq wkh wuxh ydoxh ri = Dv wkh qxpehu ri lqwhuydov lqfuhdvhv/ krzhyhu/ wkh sursruwlrq fryhulqj zloo jr wr <8(1 Zh looxvwudwh wklv yld d vlpxodwlrq vwxg| edvhg rq frpsxwlqj <3( frqghqfh lqwhuydov1 Wkh vhvvlrq frppdqgv

( )

95%

95%

MTB A random 100 c1-c5; SUBCA normal 1 2. MTB A rmean c1-c5 c6 MTB A invcdf .95; SUBCA normal 0 1. Normal with mean = 0 and standard deviation = 1.00000 P( X ?= x) x 0.9500 1.6449 MTB A let k1=1.6449*2/sqrt(5) MTB A let c7=c6-k1 MTB A let c8=c6+k1 MTB A let c9=c7?1 and c8A1 MTB A mean c9 Mean of C9 = 0.94000 MTB A set c10 DATAA 1:25 DATAA end MTB A delete 26:100 c7 c8 MTB A mplot c7 versus c10 c8 versus c10; SUBCA xstart=1 end=25; SUBCA xincrement=1.

jhqhudwh 433 udqgrp vdpsohv ri vl}h 8 iurp wkh Q > glvwulexwlrq/ sodfh wkh phdqv lq F9/ wkh orzhu hqg0srlqw ri d <3( frqghqfh lqwhuydo lq F:/ dqg wkh xsshu hqg0srlqw lq F;/ dqg uhfrug zkhwkhu ru qrw d frqghqfh lqwhuydo fryhuv wkh wuxh ydoxh  e| sodflqj d 4 ru 3 lq F</ uhvshfwlyho|1 Wkh phdq ri F< lv wkh sursruwlrq ri lqwhuydov wkdw fryhu/ dqg wklv lv <7(/ zklfk lv 7( wrr kljk1 Ilqdoo|/ zh sorwwhg wkh uvw 58 ri wkhvh lqwhuydov lq d sorw vkrzq lq Iljxuh 9141 Gudzlqj d vrolg krul}rqwdo olqh dw 4 rq wkh |0d{lv lqglfdwhv wkdw prvw ri wkhvh lqwhuydov gr lqghhg fryhu wkh wuxh ydoxh  =

(1 2)

=1

=1

443

Chapter 6

4 3 2 1

C7

0 -1 -2 -3 0 5 10 15 20 25

C10

Iljxuh 914= Sorw ri <3( frqghqfh lqwhuydov iru wkh phdq zkhq vdpsolqj iurp wkh Q > glvwulexwlrq zlwk q 1 Wkh orzhu hqg0srlqw lv rshq dqg wkh xsshu hqg0srlqw lv forvhg1

(1 2)

=5

Wkh vlpxodwlrq mxvw fduulhg rxw vlpso| yhulhv d wkhruhwlfdo idfw1 Rq wkh rwkhu kdqg/ zkhq zh duh frpsxwlqj dssur{lpdwh frqghqfh lqwhuydov  l1h1/ zh duh qrw vdpsolqj qhfhvvdulo| iurp d qrupdo glvwulexwlrq  lw lv jrrg wr gr vrph vlpxodwlrqv iurp ydulrxv glvwulexwlrqv wr vhh krz pxfk uholdqfh zh fdq sodfh lq wkh dssur{lpdwlrq dw d jlyhq vdpsoh vl}h1 Wkh wuxh fryhudjh suredelolw| ri wkh lqwhuydo/ l1h1/ wkh orqj0uxq sursruwlrq ri wlphv wkdw wkh lqwhuydo fryhuv wkh wuxh phdq/ zloo qrw lq jhqhudo eh htxdo wr wkh qrplqdo frqghqfh ohyho1 Vpdoo ghyldwlrqv duh qrw vhulrxv/ exw odujh rqhv duh1

6.4 Simulations for Power Calculations

Lw lv dovr xvhixo wr nqrz lq d jlyhq frqwh{w krz vhqvlwlyh d sduwlfxodu whvw ri vljqlfdqfh lv1 E| wklv zh phdq krz olnho| lw lv wkdw wkh whvw zloo ohdg xv wr uhmhfw wkh qxoo k|srwkhvlv zkhq wkh qxoo k|srwkhvlv lv idovh1 Wklv lv phdvxuhg e| wkh frqfhsw ri wkh srzhu ri d whvw1 W|slfdoo|/ d ohyho  lv fkrvhq iru wkh S 0ydoxh dw zklfk zh zrxog ghqlwho| uhmhfw wkh qxoo k|srwkhvlv li wkh S 0ydoxh lv vpdoohu wkdq 1 Iru h{dpsoh/  = lv d frpprq fkrlfh iru wklv ohyho1 Vxssrvh wkdw zh kdyh fkrvhq wkh ohyho ri 138 iru wkh wzr0vlghg }0whvw dqg zh zdqw wr hydoxdwh wkh srzhu ri wkh whvw zkhq wkh wuxh ydoxh ri wkh phdq lv  1 > l1h1/ hydoxdwh wkh suredelolw| ri jhwwlqj d S 0ydoxh vpdoohu wkdq 138 zkhq wkh phdq lv 1 = Wkh wzr0vlghg }0whvw zlwk ohyho  uhmhfwv K0  0 zkhqhyhu

= 05

{ 0 s   S m]m A @ q

: =

zkhuh ] lv d Q > udqgrp yduldeoh1 Wklv lv htxlydohqw wr vd|lqj wkdw wkh qxoo k|srwkhvlv lv uhmhfwhg zkhqhyhu

(0 1)

Introduction to Inference
{ 0 s @ q

444

lv juhdwhu wkdq ru htxdo wr wkh @ shufhqwloh iru wkh Q > glvwulexwlrq1 Iru h{dpsoh/ li  = > wkhq @ = dqg wklv shufhqwloh fdq eh rewdlqhg xvlqj wkh frppdqg Fdof I Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrqv I Qrupdo dqg wkh lqyhuvh    glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq/ zklfk jlyhv wkh rxwsxw

= 05

2 2 = 975

(0 1)

Normal with mean = 0 and standard deviation = 1.00000 P( X ?= x) x 0.9750 1.9600

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz/ l1h1/ wkh 1<:8 shufhqwloh ri wkh Q > Ghqrwh wklv shufhqwloh e| } = Li  1 > wkhq

(0 1) glvwulexwlrq lv 41<91

{ 0 s @ q lv d uhdol}hg ydoxh iurp wkh glvwulexwlrq ri \ s 0 Q 1 > @ q = Wkhuhiruh/ \ iroorzv d Q 1 sq > @ wkh wzr0vlghg whvw dw  1 lv

= [ sq0 zkhq [ lv glvwulexwhg @ 1) glvwulexwlrq1 Wkh srzhu ri

S m\ m A }

dqg wklv fdq eh hydoxdwhg h{dfwo| xvlqj wkh frppdqg Fdof I Suredelolw|  Glvwulexwlrqv I Qrupdo dqg wkh glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq/ diwhu zulwlqj   S \ A} S \ ? } S m\ m A }

) = ( )+ ( ) 1 1 = S ] A (@s0 ) + } + S ] ? (@s0) q q (0 1)

zlwk ] iroorzlqj dq Q > glvwulexwlrq1 Dowhuqdwlyho|/ h{dfw srzhu fdofxodwlrqv fdq eh fduulhg rxw xqghu wkh dvvxps0 wlrq ri vdpsolqj iurp d qrupdo glvwulexwlrq xvlqj wkh Srzhu dqg Vdpsoh Vl}h  I 40Vdpsoh ] frppdqg dqg oolqj lq wkh gldorj er{ dssursuldwho|1 Dovr/ wkh  plqlpxp vdpsoh vl}h uhtxluhg wr jxdudqwhh d jlyhq srzhu dw d suhvfulehg gli0 ihuhqfh m1 0 m fdq eh rewdlqhg xvlqj wklv frppdqg1 Iru h{dpsoh/ oolqj lq wkh gldorj er{ iru wklv frppdqg dv lq Glvsod| 918 fuhdwhv wkh rxwsxw
Testing mean = null (versus not = null) Calculating power for mean = null + difference Alpha = 0.05 Sigma = 1.3 Sample Difference Size Power 0.1 10 0.0568 0.2 10 0.0775

445

Chapter 6

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Wklv jlyhv wkh srzhu iru whvwlqj K0  0 yhuvxv K0  9 0 dw m1 0 m = dqg m1 0 m = zkhq q / = > dqg  = = Wkhvh srzhuv duh jlyhq e| 1389; dqg 13::8/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Folfnlqj rq wkh Rswlrqv exwwrq doorzv |rx wr fkrrvh rwkhu dowhuqdwlyhv dqg vshfli| rwkhu ydoxhvri  lq wkh Vljqlfdqfh ohyho er{1 

: = = 05

=1

=2

: = = 10 = 1 3

Glvsod| 918= Gldorj er{ iru fdofxodwlqj srzhuv dqg plqlpxp vdpsoh vl}hv1

Li zh kdg lqvwhdg oohg lq Srzhu ydoxhv dw 14 dqg 15 lq wkh gldorj er{ ri  Glvsod| 918/ vd| dv 1; dqg 1</ dqg kdg ohiw wkh Vdpsoh vl}hv er{ hpsw|/ zh zrxog  kdyh rewdlqhg wkh rxwsxw
Testing mean = null (versus not = null) Calculating power for mean = null + difference Alpha = 0.05 Sigma = 1.3 Sample Target Actual Difference Size Power Power 0.1 1327 0.8000 0.8002 0.1 1776 0.9000 0.9000 0.2 332 0.8000 0.8005 0.2 444 0.9000 0.9000

lq wkh Vhvvlrq zlqgrz1 Wklv suhvfulehv wkh plqlpxp vdpsoh vl}hv q dqg q wr rewdlq wkh srzhuv 1; dqg 1</ uhvshfwlyho|/ dw wkh glhuhqfh 14 dqg wkh vdpsoh vl}hv q dqg q wr rewdlq wkh srzhuv 1; dqg 1</ uhvshfwlyho|/ dw wkh glhuhqfh 151 Wklv ghulydwlrq ri wkh srzhu ri wkh wzr0vlghg whvw ghshqghg rq wkh vdpsoh frplqj iurp d qrupdo glvwulexwlrq/ dv wklv ohdgv wr [ kdylqj dq h{dfw qrupdo glvwulexwlrq1 Lq jhqhudo/ krzhyhu/ [ zloo eh rqo| dssur{lpdwho| qrupdo/ dqg vr wkh qrupdo fdofxodwlrq lv qrw h{dfw1 Wr dvvhvv wkh hhfw ri wkh qrqqrupdolw|/ krzhyhu/ zh fdq riwhq vlpxodwh vdpsolqj iurp d ydulhw| ri glvwulexwlrqv dqg hvwlpdwh wkh suredelolw| S m\ m A } = Iru h{dpsoh/ vxssrvh wkdw zh zdqw wr

= 1776

= 1327

= 332

= 444

Introduction to Inference

446

whvw K0  lq d wzr0vlghg }0whvw edvhg rq d vdpsoh ri 43/ zkhuh zh hvwlpdwh  e| wkh vdpsoh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq dqg zh zdqw wr hydoxdwh wkh srzhu dw 41 Ohw xv ixuwkhu vxssrvh wkdw zh duh dfwxdoo| vdpsolqj iurp d xqlirup glvwulexwlrq rq wkh lqwhuydo > > zklfk lqghhg kdv lwv phdq dw 41 Wkh vlpxodwlrq jlyhq e| wkh vhvvlrq frppdqgv

: =0

( 10 12)

MTB A random 1000 c1-c10; SUBCA uniform -10 12. MTB A rmean c1-c10 c11 MTB A rstdev c1-c10 c12 MTB A let c13=absolute(c11/(c12/sqrt(10))) MTB A let c14=c13A1.96 MTB A let k1=mean(c14) MTB A let k2=sqrt(k1*(1-k1)/n(c14)) MTB A print k1 k2 K1 0.112000 K2 0.00997276

hvwlpdwhv wkh srzhu wr eh 1445/ dqg wkh vwdqgdug huuru ri wklv hvwlpdwh/ dv jlyhq lq N5/ lv dssur{lpdwho| 1341 Wkh dssolfdwlrq ghwhuplqhv zkhwkhu ru qrw wkh dvvxpswlrq ri d xqlirup glvwulexwlrq pdnhv vhqvh dqg zkhwkhu ru qrw wklv srzhu lv lqglfdwlyh ri d vhqvlwlyh whvw ru qrw1

Li ] lv glvwulexwhg dffruglqj wr wkh Q > glvwulexwlrq/ wkhq \ ] 2 lv glvwulexwhg dffruglqj wr wkh Fklvtxduh glvwulexwlrq1 Li [1 lv glvwulexwhg Fklvtxduh n1 lqghshqghqw ri [2 glvwulexwhg Fklvtxduh n2 > wkhq \ [1 [2 lv glvwulexwhg dffruglqj wr wkh Fklvtxduh n1 n2 glvwulexwlrq1 Wkhuh duh Plqlwde frppdqgv wkdw dvvlvw lq fduu|lqj rxw frpsxwdwlrqv iru wkh Fklvtxduh n glvwulexwlrq1 Qrwh wkdw n lv dq| srvlwlyh ydoxh dqg lv uhihuuhg wr dv wkh ghjuhhv ri iuhhgrp1 Wkh ydoxhv ri wkh ghqvlw| fxuyh iru wkh Fklvtxduh n glvwulexwlrq fdq eh rewdlqhg xvlqj wkh Fdof I Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrqv I Fkl0Vtxduh frppdqg/    zlwk n dv wkh Ghjuhhv ri iuhhgrp lq wkh gldorj er{/ ru wkh vhvvlrq frppdqg pdf  zlwk wkh vxefrppdqg chisquare. Iru h{dpsoh/ wkh frppdqg

6.5 The Chi-Square Distribution

( )

(0 1) (1) ( ) ( + ) ()

= = +

()

MTB A pdf c1 c2; SUBCA chisquare 4.

fdofxodwhv wkh ydoxh ri wkh Fklvtxduh ghqvlw| fxuyh dw hdfk ydoxh lq F4 dqg vwruhv wkhvh ydoxhv lq F51 Wklv lv xvhixo iru sorwwlqj wkh ghqvlw| fxuyh1 Wkh Fdof  I Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrqv I Fkl0Vtxduh frppdqg/ ru wkh vhvvlrq frppdqgv   cdf dqg invcdf, fdq dovr eh xvhg wr rewdlq ydoxhv ri wkh Fklvtxduh n fxpx0 odwlyh glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq dqg lqyhuvh glvwulexwlrq ixqfwlrq/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Zh xvh wkh Fdof I Udqgrp Gdwd I Fkl0Vtxduh frppdqg/ ru wkh vhvvlrq frppdqg    random, wr rewdlq udqgrp vdpsohv iurp wkhvh glvwulexwlrqv1

(4)

()

447

Chapter 6

Zh zloo vhh dssolfdwlrqv ri wkh fkl0vtxduh glvwulexwlrq odwhu lq wkh errn exw zh phqwlrq rqh khuh1 Lq sduwlfxodu/ li {1 > = = = > {q lv d vdpsoh iurp d Q >  Pq glvwulexwlrq/ wkhq q v2 @ 2 { 2 @2 lv nqrzq wr iroorz d l=1 {l Fklvtxduh q glvwulexwlrq/ dqg wklv idfw lv xvhg dv d edvlv iru lqihuhqfh derxw  +frqghqfh lqwhuydov dqg whvwv ri vljqlfdqfh,1 Ehfdxvh ri wkh qrqur0 exvwqhvv ri wkhvh lqihuhqfhv wr vpdoo ghyldwlrqv iurp qrupdolw|/ wkhvh lqihuhqfhv duh qrw uhfrpphqghg1

1)

1)

( )

6.6 Exercises
Zkhq wkh gdwd iru dq h{huflvh frph iurp dq h{huflvh lq LSV/ wkh LSV h{huflvh qxpehu lv jlyhq lq sduhqwkhvhv + ,1 Doo frpsxwdwlrqv lq wkhvh h{huflvhv duh wr eh fduulhg rxw xvlqj Plqlwde/ dqg wkh h{huflvhv duh ghvljqhg wr hqvxuh wkdw |rx kdyh d uhdvrqdeoh xqghuvwdqglqj ri wkh Plqlwde pdwhuldo lq wklv fkdswhu1 Jhqhudoo|/ |rx vkrxog eh xvlqj Plqlwde wr gr doo wkh frpsxwdwlrqv dqg sorwwlqj uhtxluhg iru wkh sureohpv lq LSV1 Li |rxu yhuvlrq ri Plqlwde sodfhv uhvwulfwlrqv vxfk wkdw wkh ydoxh ri wkh vlp0 xodwlrq vdpsoh vl}h Q uhtxhvwhg lq wkhvh sureohpv lv qrw ihdvleoh/ wkhq vxevwlwxwh d pruh dssursuldwh ydoxh1 Eh dzduh/ krzhyhu/ wkdw wkh dffxudf| ri |rxu uhvxowv lv ghshqghqw rq krz odujh Q lv1 41 +919, Xvh wkh Vwdw I Edvlf Vwdwlvwlfv I 40 Vdpsoh ] frppdqg wr frpsxwh    <3(/ <8(/ dqg <<( frqghqfh lqwhuydov iru = 51 +917<, Xvh wkh Vwdw I Edvlf Vwdwlvwlfv I 40 Vdpsoh ] frppdqg wr whvw wkh    qxoo k|srwkhvlv djdlqvw wkh dssursuldwh dowhuqdwlyh1 Hydoxdwh wkh srzhu ri wkh whvw zlwk ohyho  = dw  = 61 Vlpxodwh Q vdpsohv ri vl}h 8 iurp wkh Q > glvwulexwlrq/ dqg fdofxodwh wkh sursruwlrq ri 1<3 }0frqghqfh lqwhuydov iru wkh phdq wkdw fryhu wkh wuxh ydoxh  = 71 Vlpxodwh Q vdpsohv ri vl}h 43 iurp wkh xqlirup glvwulexwlrq rq +3/4,/ dqg fdofxodwh wkh sursruwlrq ri 1<3 }0frqghqfh lqwhuydov iru wkh s = phdq wkdw fryhu wkh wuxh ydoxh  = = Xvh  @ 81 Vlpxodwh Q vdpsohv ri vl}h 43 iurp wkh H{srqhqwldo glvwulex0 wlrq +vhh H{huflvh LL171:,/ dqg fdofxodwh wkh sursruwlrq ri 1<8 }0frqghqfh lqwhuydov iru wkh phdq wkdw fryhu wkh wuxh ydoxh  = Xvh  = 91 Wkh ghqvlw| fxuyh iru wkh Vwxghqw

= 1000

= 05

= 225

(1 2)

= 1000

=1

= 1000

=5

= 1 12 =1

(1) glvwulexwlrq wdnhv wkh irup 1 1  1 + {2 (1)

(1) =1

iru 4 ? { ? 41 Wklv vshfldo fdvh lv fdoohg wkh Fdxfk| glvwulexwlrq1 Sorw wklv ghqvlw| fxuyh lq wkh udqjh > xvlqj dq lqfuhphqw ri 141 Vlpxodwh Q vdpsohv ri vl}h iurp wkh Vwxghqw glvwulexwlrq +vhh H{huflvh

= 1000

( 20 20)

Introduction to Inference

448

LL17145,/ dqg fdofxodwh wkh sursruwlrq ri 1<3 frqghqfh lqwhuydov iru wkh phdq/ xvlqj wkh vdpsoh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq iru / wkdw fryhu wkh ydoxh  = Lw lv srvvleoh wr rewdlq yhu| edg dssur{lpdwlrqv lq wklv h{dpsoh ehfdxvh wkh fhqwudo olplw wkhruhp grhv qrw dsso| wr wklv glvwulexwlrq1 Lq idfw/ lw grhv qrw kdyh d phdq1

=0

yhuvxv K0  9 zkhq zh duh vdpsolqj :1 Vxssrvh zh duh whvwlqj K0  iurp d Q >  glvwulexwlrq zlwk  = dqg wkh vdpsoh vl}h lv q = Li zh xvh wkh fulwlfdo ydoxh  = > ghwhuplqh wkh srzhu ri wklv whvw dw  =

( )

=4

: =3 : =3 =21 = 01 : =3

= 20

yhuvxv K0  A zkhq zh duh ;1 Vxssrvh zh duh whvwlqj K0  vdpsolqj iurp d Q >  glvwulexwlrq zlwk  = = Li zh xvh wkh fulwlfdo ydoxh  = > ghwhuplqh wkh plqlpxp vdpsoh vl}h vr wkdw wkh srzhu ri wklv whvw dw  lv 1<<=

= 01 =4

( )

: =21

<1 Wkh xqlirup glvwulexwlrq rqq lqwhuydo d> e kdv phdq  wkh

vdpsoh vl}h lv q /  lv wkh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq ri d xqlirup glvwulexwlrq rq > / dqg zh duh vdpsolqj iurp d qrupdo glvwulexwlrq1

2 dqg vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq  = (e d) @12= Fdofxodwh wkh srzhu dw  = 1 ri wkh wzr0vlghg }0whvw dw ohyho  = =95 iru whvwlqj K0 :  = 0 zkhq wkh

( )

= (d + e) @2

( 10 12)

= 10

lq d wzr0vlghg whvw edvhg rq 431 Vxssrvh wkdw zh duh whvwlqj K0  d vdpsoh ri 61 Dssur{lpdwh wkh srzhu ri wkh }0whvw dw ohyho  = dw  zkhq zh duh vdpsolqj iurp wkh glvwulexwlrq ri \ Z> zkhuh Z iroorzv d Vwxghqw glvwulexwlrq +vhh H{huflvh LL17145, dqg zh xvh wkh vdpsoh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq wr hvwlpdwh 1 Qrwh wkdw wkh phdq ri wkh glvwulexwlrq ri \ lv 81

: =0

=5

(6)

= 5+

= 1

449

Chapter 6