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Gear'S Design For The Mechanism'S Highest Efficiency
Gear'S Design For The Mechanism'S Highest Efficiency
Pu P = F v 2 = Fm v1 cos 2 1
(3)
(4)
(1) The momentary efficiency of couple will be calculated directly with the next relation:
Pu P F v cos 2 1 = m 1 i = Pc Pm Fm v1 2 i = cos 1
with: Fm - the motive force (the driving force); F - the transmitted force (the useful force); F - the slide force (the lost force); v1 - the speed of element 1, or the speed of wheel 1 (the driving wheel); v2 - the speed of element 2, or the speed of wheel 2 (the driven wheel); v12 - the relative speed of the wheel 1 in relation with the wheel 2 (this is a sliding speed). The consumed power (in this case the driving power):
Pc Pm = Fm v1
(5)
(6)
(2)
One can easily see that the sum of the momentary efficiency and the momentary losing coefficient is 1: Now one can determine the geometrical elements of gear. These elements will be used in determining the couple efficiency, .
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3. THE GEOMETRICAL ELEMENTS OF THE GEAR One can determine the next geometrical elements of the external gear, [1,2], (for the right teeth, =0): The radius of the basic circle of wheel 1 (of the driving wheel), (7):
rb1 = 1 m z1 cos 0 2
(14)
sin t cos
tg 1m = [( z1 + z 2 )
2 z2
(7)
sin 2 t
(15)
cos 1M
(16)
(8)
One determines now the maximum pressure angle of the gear (9):
cos 1M = rb1 = ra1
For the internal gear with bended teeth (0) one uses the relations (14 with 17, 18-A or 19, 20-B): A. When the driving wheel 1, has external teeth: sin t tg 1m = [( z1 z 2 ) + cos (17) 2 z2 cos 2 sin t z2 4 + 4] cos z1 cos t cos 2
cos 1M z1 cos t cos = z1 +2 cos
1 m z1 cos 0 z cos 0 = 2 = 1 1 z1 + 2 m ( z1 + 2 ) 2
(9)
And now one determines the same parameters for the wheel 2, the radius of basic circle (10) and the radius of the outside circle (11) for the wheel 2:
rb 2 = ra 2 1 m z 2 cos 0 2 m = ( z 2 + 2) 2
(18)
(10) (11)
Now one can determine the minimum pressure angle of the external gear (12, 13):
N tg1m = r b1 2 2 N = (rb1 + rb 2 ) tg 0 ra 2 rb 2 = 1 m = m ( z1 + z2 ) sin 0 2 2 2 2 2 ( z2 + 2) z2 cos 0 = m = [( z1 + z2 ) sin 0 2 2 2 z2 sin 0 + 4 z2 + 4 ]
sin 2 t
(19)
cos 1m
(20)
4. DETERMINING THE EFFICIENCY (12) The efficiency of the gear will be calculated through the integration of momentary efficiency on all sections of gearing movement, namely from the minimum pressure angle to the maximum pressure angle (21), [1, 2]:
=
1
M
tg 1m = [( z1 + z 2 ) sin 0
2 z 2 sin 2 0 + 4 z 2 + 4 ] /( z1 cos 0 )
(13)
am
i d =
cos
m
= =
M 1 1 [ sin( 2 ) + ] = 2 2 m
(21)
Now one can determine, for the external gear, the minimum (13) and the maximum (9) pressure angle for the right teeth. For the external gear with bended teeth (0) one
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Table 1. Determining the efficiency of the gears right teeth for i12effective= - 4 Table 2. Determining the efficiency of the gears right teeth for i12effective= - 2
0
i12effective= - 4 z1 =8 0 =200 ? m = -16.220 ? M=41.25740 z1 =10 0 =200 ? m = -9.890 ? M=38.45680 z1 =18 0 =190 m = 0.98600 M=31.68300 =0.90105 z1 =30 0 =150 m = 1.50660 M=25.10180 =0.9345 z1 =90 0 =80 ? m =-0.16380 ? M=14.36370
right teeth z2 =32 0 =290 m = 0.71590 M=45.59740 =0.8111 z2 =40 0 =260 m = 1.30770 M=41.49660 =0.8375 z2 =72 0 =200 m =2.73580 M=32.25050 =0.8918 z2 =120 0 =200 m =9.53670 M=28.24140 =0.8882 z2 =360 0 =90 m =1.58380 M=14.93540 =0.9750
0 =35 m = 11.13030 M=49.05600 =0.7308 0 =300 m = 8.22170 M=43.80600 =0.7882 0 =300 m =18.28300 M=38.79220 =0.7660 0 =300 m =23.12250 M=35.71810 =0.7566 0 =200 m =16.49990 M=23.18120 =0.8839
i12effective= - 2 z1 =8 0 =200 ? m=-12.650 ? M=41.25740 z1 =10 0 =200 ? m = -7.130 ? M=38.45680 z1 =18 0 =180 m = 0.67560 M=31.13510 =0.9052 z1 =90 0 =80 m =0.52270 M=14.36370 =0.9785
right teeth z2 =16 0 =280 m = 0.91490 M=45.06060 =0.8141 z2 =20 0 =250 m = 1.33300 M=40.95220 =0.8411 z2 =36 0 =200 m =3.92330 M=32.25050 =0.8874 z2 =180 0 =200 m =16.56670 M=23.18120 =0.8836
0 =350 m =12.29330 M=49.05590 =0.7236 0 =300 m = 9.41060 M=43.80600 =0.7817 0 =300 m =18.69350 M=38.79220 =0.7633 0 =300 m =27.78250 M=32.09170 =0.7507
5. THE CALCULATED EFFICIENCY OF THE GEAR We shall now see four tables with the calculated efficiency depending on the input parameters and once we proceed with the results we will draw some conclusions. The input parameters are: z1 = the number of teeth for the driving wheel 1; z2 = the number of teeth for the driven wheel 2, or the ratio of transmission, i (i12=-z2/z1); 0 = the pressure angle normal on the divided circle; = the bend angle. We begin with the right teeth (the toothed gear), with i=-4, once for z1 we shall take successively different values, rising from 8 teeth. One can see that for 8 teeth of the driving wheel the standard pressure angle, 0=200, is to small to be used (one obtains a minimum pressure angle, m, negative and this fact is not admitted!). In the second table we shall diminish (in module) the value for the ratio of transmission, i, from 4 to 2. One willl see how for a lower value of the number of teeth of the wheel 1, the standard pressure angle (0=200) is to small and it will be necessary to increase it to a minimum value.
For example, if z1=8, the necessary minimum value is 0=290 for an i=-4 (see the table 1) and 0=280 for an i=2 (see the table 2). If z1=10, the necessary minimum pressure angle is 0=260 for i=-4 (see the table 1) and 0=250 for i=-2 (see the table 2). When the number of teeth of the wheel 1 increases, one can decrease the normal pressure angle, 0. One shall see that for z1=90 one can take less for the normal pressure angle (for the pressure angle of reference), 0=80. In the table 3 on increase the module of i, value (for the ratio of transmission), from 2 to 6. In the table 4, the teeth are bended (0). The module i, take now the value 2. 6. CONCLUSION The efficiency (of the gear) increases when the number of teeth for the driving wheel 1, z1, increases too and when the pressure angle, 0, diminishes; z2 or i12 are not that much influenced about the efficiency value; One can easily see that for the value 0=200, the efficiency takes roughly the value 0.89 for any values of the others parameters (this justifies the choice of this value, 0=200, for the standard pressure angle of reference). But the better efficiency may be obtained only for an 0200.
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Table 3. Determining the efficiency of the gears right teeth for i12effective= - 6
Table 4. The determination of the gears parameters in bend teeth for i=-4
i12effective= - 6 z1 =8 0 =200 ? m=-17.860 ? M=41.25740 z1 =10 0 =200 ? m=-11.120 ? M=38.45680 z1 =18 0 =190 m =0.42940 M=31.68300 =0.9028 z1 =30 0 =150 m =1.09220 M=25.10180 =0.9356 z1 =90 0 =90 m =1.36450 M=14.93540 =0.9754
right teeth z2 =48 0 =300 m = 1.77840 M=46.14620 =0.8026 z2 =60 0 =260 m =0.60540 M=41.49660 =0.8403 z2 =108 0 =200 m =2.24490 M=32.25050 =0.8935 z2 =180 0 =200 m =9.34140 M=28.24140 =0.8891 z2 =540 0 =200 m =16.47630 M=23.18120 =0.8841 0 =350 m =10.6600 M=49.05590 =0.7337 0 =300 m = 7.73910 M=43.80600 =0.7908 0 =300 m =18.12800 M=38.79220 =0.7670 0 =300 m =23.06660 M=35.71810 =0.7570 0 =300 m =27.75830 M=32.09170 =0.7509
i12effective= - 4 z1 =8 0 =20
0
Table 4
0 =350 m = 9.44550 M=49.29530 =0.7390 0 =300 m =17.18400 M=39.18030 =0.7702 0 =300 m =22.15500 M=36.25180 =0.7593 0 =300 m =26.94030 M=32.82620 =0.7513
0 =200 m =2.02830 M=32.32020 =0.8938 z2 =120 0 =200 m =8.86020 M=28.45910 =0.8899 z2 =360 0 =200 m =15.89440 M=23.63660 =0.8845
But the pressure angle of reference, 0, can be decreased the same time the number of teeth for the driving wheel 1, z1, increases, to increase the gears efficiency; Contrary, when we desire to create a gear with a low z1 (for a less gauge), it will be necessary to increase the 0 value, for maintaining a positive value for m (in this case the gear efficiency will be diminished); When increases, the efficiency, , increases too, but the growth is insignificant. The module of the gear, m, has not any influence on the gears efficiency value. When 0 is diminished one can take a higher normal module, for increasing the addendum of teeth, but the increase of the m at the same time with the increase of the z1 can lead to a greater gauge. The gears efficiency, , is really a function of 0 and z1: =f(0,z1); m and M are just the intermmediate parameters. For a good projection of the gear, its necessary a z1 and a z2 greater than 30-60; but this condition may increase the gauge of mechanism.
7. REFERENCES [1] Petrescu, V., Petrescu, I. Randamentul cuplei superioare de la angrenajele cu roi dinate cu axe fixe. PRASIC 02, Braov, Romania, 2002, Vol. I, p. 333338. [2] Petrescu, R., Petrescu, F. The gear synthesis with the best efficiency. ESFA03, Bucharest, 2003, Vol. 2, p. 63-70. [3] Pelecudi, Chr., .a., Mecanisme. E.D.P., Bucureti, 1985. Authors: Drd. Eng. Florian-Ion PETRESCU, proffesorasisstent, Univ. POLITEHNICA Bucureti, chair TMR, phone: 021. 4029632; Dr. Eng. Relly-Victoria PETRESCU, lecturer, Univ. POLITEHNICA Bucureti, chair GDGI, phone: 0722.529.840.
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