1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt

1st Order Reactions

[A]

[A]

ln [A]o

ln [A]

[A]

d[A]
dt = k1 [A]
1
[A] d[A] = k1 dt
ln [A] = k1t + c
at t=0

[A] = [A]o

boundary condition

c = ln [A]o
ln [A] = k1 t + ln [A]o
[A]
ln [A] = k1t

AB

[A] = [A]o ek1t

[B] = [A]o [A] = [A]o ( 1 ek1t)

2nd Order Reactions

AB
1/[A]
One reactant:
d[A]
dt = k2 [A]2

1/[A]O
t

1
[A]2 d[A] = k2 dt
1
[A] = k2 t + c
at t=0 [A] = [A]o
Colby College

boundary condition

1
c = [A]

1
1
=
k
t
+
2
[A]
[A]o

[A]o
[A] = [A] k t + 1
o 2

1
1

[A] [A]o = k2 t
half-times: [A] = [A]o/2
1st Order
[A]o/2
ln [A] = k1t

o
ln 2 0.693
t = k = k
1
1

2nd Order
1
1

[A]o/2 [A]o = k2 t
1
1
=
k
t
t
=
2

[A]o
[A]ok2

Two Reactants: A + B products

/V: intensive with V = 1
[A] = [A]o
d[A]
dt = k2 [A] [B]

[B] = [B]o

d
dt = k2 ([A]o )([B]o )

d
= k2dt
([A]o )([B]o )
[B]o
1

= k 2t + c
ln
[B]o [A]o
[A]o

=0
boundary condition
1
[B]o
c = [B] [A] ln [A]

o
o
o
t=0

[B]o
1
1
[B]o

ln
ln
[B]o [A]o [A]o [B]o [A]o [A]o = k2t
[A]o([B]o )
1

= k2 t
ln
[B]o [A]o
[B]o([A]o )

Colby College

d[A] d
dt = dt