Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong

Chng 1
KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE
CONG TRNH CAU
1.1. LCH S PHAT TRIEN
1.1.1. Gii thieu chung
Lch s xay dng cau co the xem la lch s cua cuoc cach mang
nganh ky thuat xay dng. Co le con ngi nhan ra quan niem xay dng cau
thong qua nhng hien tng t thien nhien. Quan niem cau co the c
phat trien t hien tng cay nga bac ngang qua dong chay (hnh 1.1), va
khai niem tru c hnh thanh t cac tang a nhng vung nc can c
s dung e lam cac iem bc i. Khi nc sau hn th cac tang a ln hn
c s dung lam cac iem nhay qua. Khi con ngi nhan ra viec i bo
thuan li hn la nhay tng bc qua cac tang a, th cau ban c hnh
thanh. Nhng ban a at tren cac tang a tao thanh cau nhieu nhp (hnh
1.2). Cau loai nay van con tm thay mot vai vung t phat trien tren the
gii. Nhng cau nhp dai hn, cac loai day leo c s dung e tao ra
nhng cau treo. Nhng cau treo au tien c lam t cac day leo an ket
vi nhng than cay ben hem nui.









Hnh 1.1: Cau go hoa thach Arizona


Hnh 1.2:Cau ban a mong thi xa
Mac dau cac phng phap phan tch ket cau cha c biet mai en
the ky 17, nhng ba loai cau c ban (dam, vom va hang) c s dung t
rat sm trong lch s loai ngi.
Vat lieu xay dng chu yeu e xay nhng cau au tien trong lch s
nhan loai ch la a, go nhng vat lieu t nhien. Ngay nay, loai ngi san
xuat ra rat nhieu loai vat lieu khac nhau, cng o cao hn nh: thep, thep
cng o cao, be tong, BTCT,... Nh nhng vat lieu nay ma cau co the
7
Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong
vt qua c nhng chng ngai vat (song, ho, thung lung,) vi khau o
ln. Nh vay, s phat trien ve xay dng cau gan lien vi cuoc cach mang
ve cng o vat lieu.
1.1.2. Lch s phat trien cau tren the gii
1.1.2.1. Thi ai trc CN va La Ma co ai
Vat lieu chu yeu e xay dng cau la a va go. giai oan nay cac
dang cau vom, hang, treo xuat hien rat sm.


Hnh 1.3: Cau hang nguyen thuy tren song Jhelum, An o


Hnh 1.4: Cau Gard Aqueduct, Phap

8
Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong

Hnh 1.5: Cau Trajan tren song Danube, 103 sau cong nguyen

Hnh 1.6: Cau hang nguyen thuy, Tay Tang, Trung Quoc

Hnh 1.7: Cau treo nguyen thuy vi mat cau treo tren nhng si day
9
Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong

Hnh 1.8: Cau treo nguyen thuy dang vong


Hnh 1.9: Cau gio co ai


Hnh 1.10: Cau treo cap n nguyen thuy
10
Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong
1.1.2.2. Thi ky Phuc hng va hau Phuc hng (The ky 14 16)
Thi ky Phuc hng c biet en nh la ky nguyen cua ly luan va
khai sinh ra nen khoa hoc hien ai. Giai oan nay co nhieu khoa hoc gia v
ai nh Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Copernicus (1473-1543), Galileo
Galilei (1564-1642).
Thi ky hau Phuc hng cung la giai oan quan trong trong lch s
phat trien xay dng cau. Giai oan nay co cac nha khoa hoc loi lac nh
Robert Hooke (1635-1703), Isaac Newton (1642-1727), James Bernoulli
(1654-1705), Leonard Euler (1707-1783). Nhng phat minh ve khoa hoc va
kham pha ve toan hoc cua ho, lan au tien, at ly thuyet c ban cho viec
tnh toan, thiet ke, xay dng cau cung nh cac cong trnh khac.
Mot so cau c xay trong giai oan nay:

Hnh 1.11: Cau Philadelphia

Hnh 1.12: Cau co mai che
11
Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong

Hnh 1.13: Cau vom dan

Hnh 1.14: Cau Rialto (Venice, Italia, c xay dng t 1588 1591)
1.1.2.3. Thi ky Cach mang Cong nghiep
Trong thi ky nay, thep c s dung nh la vat lieu chnh cho xay
dng cau. Mac du sat thep khong phai la phat minh mi trong thi ky nay
sat c biet en t thi ky cua nhng Kim t thap nhng ngi ta cha
co cong nghe e san xuat chung vi khoi lng ln cho en luc nay. Vi ky
vong sat la vat lieu xay dng, th lch s cua cau ng oto va cau ng
sat phat trien manh.
Sau ay la mot so cau c xay trong giai oan nay:
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Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong

Hnh 1.15: Cau thep au tien Coalbrookdale, Anh
h
l

a. Dan gian n co ng xe chay tren
l
h

b. Dan gian n co ng xe chay di va bien di mem

h
1
h
l

c. Dan gian n co ng xe chay di va bien di cng

d. Dan bien cong

e. Dan co thanh treo phu


f. Dan ch K
Hnh 1.16: Mot so dang cau dan
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Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong














Hnh 1.17: Mat Cat ngang Cau Britannia
1.1.2.4. Thi ky hien ai
Cong nghe xay dng cau c ke tha va phat trien mc cao
nhat, khong nhng phat trien cac phng phap xay dng mi ma con tao ra
nhieu loai vat lieu mi vi o ben cao hn nhng re hn, thi gian thi cong
nhanh hn. Co the noi, ngoai vat lieu thep trc o, th betong cot thep d
ng lc mang lai mot s thay oi thc s ve lng cung nh ve chat cho
lch s xay dng cau. Ngay nay, Cong nghe xay dng cau to iem cho nhan
loai nhng cong trnh khong nhng v ai ve quy mo ma con la nhng tac
pham nghe thuat.












Hnh 1.18: Cau Eads tren song Mississippi, My



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Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong





Hnh 1.19: Cau Quebec Canada
1.1.3. Lch s phat trien cau Viet Nam
nc ta, co the noi cong nghe xay dng cau thc s c xem
nh phat trien ch t thap nhien 90 en nay. Chung ta co c nhng cay
cau xng ang vi tam voc phat trien cua thi ai nh la: Cau Song Gianh
dai 730 dam hop lien tuc, Cau Phu Lng dai 490m dam hop lien tuc, va
mi ay nhat la cau quay Song Han, Cau My Thuan. Tuy nhien, cung co
the xem xet lch s phat trien cau tng ng vi tng giai oan au tranh
gianh oc lap va xay dng at nc cua dan toc.
1.1.3.1. Thi ky trc Cach mang thang 8
Chu yeu la cau thuoc he thong nhp ban, dam gian n, dam hang,
vom BTCT thng vi nhp 2 en 20m c xay dng tren cac tuyen ng
sat va ng bo. Nh tren tuyen ng sat Ha Noi Sai gon, co khoang
hn 600 cau, L=8-11m, xay dng t 19271932, en nay van con s dung
c sau khi gia co sa cha nhieu t. pha Nam, con nhieu cau dam
hang, cau vom chay di thuoc loai nay ang c khai thac; pha Bac, hau
het cau BTCT do Phap xay dng a b pha hoai do bom My.
1.1.3.2. Thi ky sau Cach mang thang 8-1945 en nam 1954
ay la giai oan au tranh gianh oc lap, do o co t cau c xay
dng trong thi ky nay.
1.1.3.3. Thi ky t 1954 en 1975:
Nc ta b chia lam hai mien va s phat trien cau cung theo hai
hng:
+ mien Bac co nhieu cau ban, dam gian n, dam hang uc
betong tai cho a c xay dng. Mot so cau nhp dam gian n
BTCTDL nh cau Phu lo, cau Ca tien, cau Trang Tha, cau Ba (cau
dam hang co chot gia),.
+ mien Nam, cac cau dam gian n c xay dng theo nh hnh
cau BTCTDL theo tieu chuan My (AASHTO) nhp 12,50 24,54m che
tao tai nha may be tong 620 Chau Thi: Cau Bnh Trieu (cu) , cau Ben Lc
(cu), cau Sai Gon, cau Tan An.
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Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong
1.1.3.4. Thi ky 1975-1992
Thi ky nay nc ta a thong nhat nhng b cam van kinh te cua
My dan en nen kinh te het sc kho khan.
Trong giai oan nay cau Thang Long c xay dng, mot he thong
cau dan gom khoang 4km cau ng sat va 2km cau oto nhp dan bang
dam n gian BTCT d ng lc cang trc hoac cang sau a c xay dng
vi cong nghe cua Lien Xo(cu). Phan cau chnh la cau thep lien tuc hai
tang.
mien Bac, che tao cac dam BTCTDL nhp en 33m. mien
Nam, dam BTCTDL van theo mau AASHTO.
Giai oan nay, chung ta a xay dng mot so cau khung T dam eo
L=60-70m nh cau Rao, cau An Dng,; cau dan thep ben Thuy, cau
Ham Rong,
1.1.3.5. Thi ky 1992 en nay
ay la thi ky ma chnh sach m ca kinh te cua ang phat huy
tnh hieu qua, quan he oi ngoai c m rong. Ket qua la cac cong nghe
tien tien ve xay dng cau tren the gii c chuyen giao. Cac d an a
c trien khai va a vao khai thac nh: cau Phu Lng (he khung lien
tuc), cau Bnh, cau Gianh, cau Nong tien, Cau Met, cau Hien Lng, cau
quay song Han, va ac biet cau My Thuan la cau day vang au tien c
xay dng vi quy mo ln. Cac cong nghe thi cong tien tien a c ap
dung nh uc hang, lap hang, uc ay kha pho bien.











Hnh 1.20: Cau My Thuan
16
Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong
T nam 2003 ti nay, ta ang tien hanh thc hien hai d an cau ln la
cau Can Th va cau Rach Mieu (Ben Tre).
1.1.4. Ket luan
Chung ta trai qua mot thi gian dai t nhng cau ban en cau treo
gom cac day leo tren cay bac qua song, dong chay, nhng cau au tien
bang a hay go nhp nho. Khi vat lieu mi xuat hien nh: kim loai, thep,...,
e tao ra day xch, cap c s dung cho cau treo va cau day vang. S phat
trien nay cung vi nhng thuan li trong cong nghe xay dng lam cho kha
nang ve chieu dai nhp cung tang len.
Chieu dai nhp ln nhat cua cau phu thuoc vao hnh thc ket cau
cua tng cau rieng biet, phu thuoc vao v tr xay dng. Gii han ve chieu
dai nhp c xac nh bang ket cau ma ch co kha nang chu c tnh tai
cua chnh no tc la khi tang chieu dai, kch thc ket cau phai tang theo,
nhng kha nang chu lc cua ket cau tang cham hn trong lng ban than
no. Chnh v cau phai chu ca tnh tai va hoat tai, nen thc te chieu dai ln
nhat cua nhp se phu thuoc vao s o ket cau, vat lieu s dung, v tr xay
dng cau va yeu cau kinh te ky thuat.
1.2. NH NGHA MOT SO THUAT NG
Cau : la cong trnh nhan tao vt qua mot chng ngai vat nh: mot
dong chay (song, suoi, kenh, vnh... ), mot khe nui, vc hay mot tuyen
ng khac (co the la nut giao thong). Mot cach tong quat, thuat ng
cau cung mo ta ket cau c xay dng e bac qua mot tuyen ng chu
tai trong dong xe, ngi i lai hay cac tuyen tien ch khac (nh ong dau,
ong cap nc,.... qua khoang m).
Mo cau : la ket cau chuyen tiep ng vao cau va la iem au hay
cuoi cua cau.
Tru cau : la nhng iem chong trung gian bao gom mot hay nhieu
cot chong cua mot cau lien tuc hay nhieu nhp gian n.
Goi cau : la mieng em at iem au va cuoi dam e truyen phan
lc goi xuong mo hoac tru lam giam ng suat tap trung. Goi cau cung lam
giam bien dang cuc bo tren bien dam ke vi lc tap trung hay phan lc.
Le bo hanh : phan le 2 ben mep cau dung cho ngi i bo.
Nhp cau : ket cau gia 2 tru ke nhau hay mo va tru.
Ket cau thng tang : tat ca ket cau nam tren goi cau mo tru.
Ket cau ha tang : la tat ca ket cau mo tru ben di goi cau
Lp phu mat cau : la lp c trai tren mat cau e ngan nc,
chong bao mon di tac dung banh xe di chuyen va phan bo tai trong len
ban mat cau.
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Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong
He day treo va cot: la mot bo phan chu lc trong cau day vang va
day vong
Mat cau : la san e tiep nhan tai trong xe. Mat cau co the la BTCT,
thep hay go.
Kho mat cau: la khong gian tren cau cho phep xe va ngi lu
thong an toan. Kho mat cau phu thuoc vao cap ng va v tr cau. Kho mat
cau thng bang kho mat ng i qua cau.
Kho gam cau: la khong gian ben di cau u cho xe va ngi (neu
la cau vt ng o to, ng sat, nut giao thong) hay am bao thuyen be
(cay troi) lu thong an toan (neu la cau vt song). Kho gam cau phu thuoc
vao cap ng, cap song ma cau vt qua.
Lan xe : la be rong quy c (theo phng ngang) can thiet cho xe
tieu chuan lu thong an toan.
Chieu dai toan cau: la khoang cach t uoi mo nay en uoi mo
kia
Chieu dai nhp: la khoang cach gia tim cua hai tru.
Chieu dai nhp tnh toan: la khoang cach gia tim cac goi ke nhp.
Chieu dai nhp tnh: la khoang cach t mep tru nay ti mep tru kia
(hoac mo) xac nh tai mc nc cao nhat.
Khau o thoat nc cua cau: la tong cua cac nhp tnh. Trng hp
cau co mo vui th mc nc cao nhat khong tiep xuc vi tng than mo, do
o thay v nhp tnh sat mo khau o thoat nc se c lay vi trung bnh
cong cua hai tr so tng ng mc nc cao nhat va mc nc thap nhat.
Chieu cao cau: la khoang cach t mc nc thap nhat ti mat cau.
Neu la cau vt hoac cau can th tnh t mat ng hoac mat at ben di.
Chieu cao kien truc: la khoang cach t ay cua ket cau nhp en
mat cau.
Chieu cao kho gam cau: la gia tr ln nhat gia khoang cach t mc
nc cao nhat en ay ket cau nhp e am bao cay troi khong va ap mac
nghen hoac t mc nc thong thuyen en ay ket cau nhp am bao
thuyen be qua lai an toan. Neu la cau vt th c tnh t mat ng ben
di en ay ket cau nhp.
Mc nc lch s (MNLS): la mc nc ln nhat ma ngi ta ieu
tra c.
Mc nc cao nhat (MNCN): la ket qua tnh toan ng vi mot tan
suat quy nh (1% hay 2%). Neu noi MNCN ng vi tan suat thiet ke 1%,
co ngha la mc nc cua cn lu ma 100 nam mi xuat hien mot lan.
Mc nc thap nhat (MNTN): c o trong mua can va ng vi
mot tan suat quy nh (1% hay 2%), can c vao MNTN e bo tr nhp thong
thuyen.
18
Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong
Mc nc thong thuyen (MNTT): la mc nc cao nhat cho phep
tau be qua lai, thng lay vi tan suat 5%, t mc nc nay xac nh c
chieu cao kho gam cau cua nhp thong thuyen.
(Kich thuJc m)
a BuJng xe chay tren
b BuJng xe chay duJi
O,75
A
O,75
4
,
5
8
,
O
T
2
,
5
O,25 O,25
K T
8
2
,
5
B
2
,
5
O,75
A
O,75 O,75
A
O,75
2
,
5
T
4
,
5
B
K 8
,
O
O,25 O,25
C
O,25 O,25
T
B
K 8
,
O
4
,
5
8
Khi duJng bo hanh
ke vJi duJng xe chay
Khi duJng bo hanh
bo tri rieng biet
Khi duJng bo hanh
ke vJi duJng xe chay
Khi duJng bo hanh
bo tri rieng biet
Khong co dai han cach
Khi co dai han cach
T hoac O,25m
e e
T hoac O,25m K
Kh0 00 hAh CAu Bu0h0 0 T0

Hnh 1.21: Kho gii han cau ng o to

19
Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong
Bang 1.1

Khoang cach tnh (m)
Gia cac ket cau tren o cao
Kho cau
Gia
cac
va (K)
3,0m ke t
nh phan
ng xe
chay (B)
4.5m ke t nh
phan
ng xe chay
(A)
Chieu cao
tieu chuan
cua ng
ngi i
(e) tnh
bang m
K-9+C+9 2x9,0 9,5 8,0 0,25
K-8+C+8 2x8,0 8,5 7,0 0,25
K-21 21,0 21,5 20,0 0,25
K-14 14,0 14,5 13,0 0,25
K-10,5 10,5 11,0 9,5 0,25
K-9 9,0 9,5 8,0 0,25
K-8 8,0 8,5 7,0 0,25
K-7 7,0 7,5 6,0 0,25
K-6 6,0 6,5 5,0 0,25
K-4,5 4,5 5,0 3,5 0,25
1.3. PHAN LOAI CAU
Cau c phan loai theo cac ac tnh sau:
1. Phan loai theo chng ngai phai vt qua.
2. Phan loai theo muc ch s dung.
3. Phan loai theo s o tnh hoc.
4. Phan loai theo quy mo cong trnh.
5. Phan loai theo tuoi tho cong trnh.
6. Phan loai theo vat lieu.
7. Phan loai hnh dang mat cat ngang cua ket cau chu lc chnh.
8. Phan loai kieu va v tr mat ng xe chay.
9. Phan loai theo tnh chat ac biet.
10. Phan loai theo phng phap thi cong ket cau nhp.
1.3.1. Phan loai theo chng ngai phai vt qua:
Cau vt qua song, suoi.
Cau vt qua ng o to, ng sat.
Cau can.
Cau vt thung lung, khe nui.
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Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong
1.3.2. Phan loai theo muc ch s dung:
Cau oto (cau ng bo).
Cau xe la(cau ng sat).
Cau ngi i bo (cau bo hanh).
Cau san bay.
Cau hon hp.
Cau thanh pho.
Cau tau (dung cac ben cang)
Cau ac biet, dung e dan dau kh, dan nc, dan cap ien.









Hnh 1.22: Cau mang ng ong dan qua song Danube.
1.3.3. Phan loai theo s o tnh hoc:
Cau dam: dam gian n, dam lien tuc, dam hang.
Cau khung: khung T co dam eo khung T co chot, khung T lien
tuc nhieu nhp, khung chan xien, khung kieu cong
Cau vom
Cau dan
Cau co ket cau lien hp:
+ Cau dam - vom
+ Cau dan - vom
+ Cau dam day (cau treo day vang cau treo day vong)







Hnh 1. 23: Cau khung cng
21
Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong
1.3.4. Phan loai theo quy mo cong trnh:
Cau nho L 25m
Cau trung 25m < L 100m
Cau ln L > 100m hoac co nhp l 30m
1.3.5. Phan loai theo tuoi tho cong trnh:
Cau vnh cu.
Cau ban vnh cu.
Cau tam.
1.3.6. Phan loai theo vat lieu:
Cau go.
Cau gach a.
Cau kim loai (cau thep, cau nhom)
Cau betong.
Cau Composite.
1.3.7. Phan loai theo mat cat ngang cua ket cau chu lc chnh:
Ket cau nhp ban.
Ket cau nhp co sn.
Ket cau nhp mat cat hnh hop.
1.3.8. Phan loai theo kieu va v tr mat ng xe chay:
Cau co ng xe chay tren.
Cau co ng xe chay di.
Cau co ng xe chay gia.
Cau hai tang.
Cau hon hp gia oto va xe la.













Hnh1.24: Cau hai tang va cau hon hp
22
Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong
1.3.9. Phan loai theo tnh chat ac biet:
Cau phao.
Cau quay.
Cau nang.













Hnh 1.25: Cau quay thang Columbus, Chicago.










Hnh 1.26: Cau nang theo phng ng (cauVeterans Memorial, Wisconsin)



Hnh 1.27: Cau quay theo phng ngang

23
Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong
1.3.10. Phan loai theo phng phap thi cong ket cau nhp:
Vi cac cau nhp nho va trung bnh:
+ Cau uc tai cho.
+ Cau lap ghep toan nhp.
+ Cau ban lap ghep (phan sn dam lap ghep, phan ban uc tai
cho).
Vi cau co nhp ln:
+ Cau uc tai cho tren a giao co nh.
+ Cau uc tai cho vi a giao di ong.
+ Cau thi cong theo phng phap hang.
+ Cau thi cong theo phng phap ay.
+ Cau thi cong theo phng phap ac biet (quay hoac ch noi).
1.4. CAC BO PHAN C BAN CUA CONG TRNH CAU
Cau gom 2 phan ket cau chnh:
Ket cau thng tang
Ket cau ha tang
Hai bo phan tren lien ket thong qua v tr goi cau.
1.4.1. Ket cau thng tang
La nhng bo phan ket cau t goi cau tr len gom:
He dam cau (dam doc, dam ngang).
He mat cau (gom mat cau, lp phu, thoat nc mat cau & chieu
sang ).
He lan can & le bo hanh.
Thap, day vang, day treo, dam cng neu la cau treo hay day
vang.
1.4.2. Ket cau ha tang
La nhng bo phan ket cau t goi cau tr xuong, gom:
Than tru, mo.
Mo neo, be neo.
Phan mong mo, tru.
1.5. CAC VAN E C BAN KHI THIET KE VA THI CONG CAU
e thc hien d an xay dng cong trnh cau, mot cach tong quat,
can thu thap cac so lieu va tien hanh cac bc sau:
Chon v tr cau s bo tren ban o.
Khao sat v tr cau thc a.
o ve a hnh, a mao, a chat tai v tr chon.
Tnh toan thuy van, thuy lc cau, chon khau o.
Cac thong so au vao.
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Chng 1 Cong trnh giao thong
Xac nh kho cau.
Kho thong thuyen.
Tai trong thiet ke.
o doc doc yeu cau.
Quy mo thiet ke: vnh cu hay tam thi.
Dang ket cau cau.
La chon s o ket cau nhp chnh cau.
Tnh toan ket cau thng tang.
Thiet ke ket cau ha tang.
La chon phng an thi cong va thiet ke to chc thi cong hp
ly.
25