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KHE CO GIAN
(22 TCN 272 05) 6.1. GII THIEU CHUNG Moi noi cau la phan chuyen tiep gia cac bo phan trong cau nh dam-dam, dam-tru, dam-mo... nham tao s em thuan lien tuc tren toan cau, co tac dung ngan can nc, cac chat co hai ro r xuong goi cau va ket cau ha tang. ay thng la phan chu tai trong ln do s khong em thuan dan en cac lc va ap ln va t c chu y trong thiet ke cung nh thi cong. ay cung la phan can c kiem tra, duy tu bao dng thng xuyen. Noi dung trnh bay nham gii thieu mot so dang moi noi, cach tnh toan, cac lu y trong thiet ke, thi cong cung nh trong qua trnh khai thac. Moi noi phai chu cac dch chuyen do cac yeu to tac ong sau : - Hien tng co ngot, t bien cua betong - Hien tng co do tac dung d ng lc - S thay oi nhiet o - Tnh tai va hoat tai - Tai trong gio, tai trong ong at - o lun ket cau. 6.2. CAU TAO VA TNH TOAN Moi noi c chia thanh 3 loai sau : Moi noi loai nho Moi noi loai trung bnh Moi noi loai ln 6.2.1. Moi noi loai nho S dung cho tong cac chuyen dch < 45mm. Cac loai nay bao gom moi noi trt, moi nen an hoi, moi noi atphan polymer, moi noi bt bang chat deo. 6.2.1.1. Moi noi trt Trc ay c s dung nhieu cho loai cau betong va cau go. Loai moi nay khong co tac dung tot trong viec ngan nc va cac chat gay hai ro r en goi, ket cau ha tang. Loai nay hien nay t c s dung cho cac loai cau mi. Tuy nhien vi cac loai cau cu a s dung loai nay th nen s dung them loai keo bt kn e ngan nc va cac chat gay hai ro r khac.

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Hnh 6.1: MCN moi noi trt 6.2.1.2. Moi nen an hoi

Hnh 6.2: MCN moi nen an hoi

Moi noi lam viec qua ma sat gia tam cao su- tam cao su, tam cao su-dam. Do o yeu cau thiet ke phai xac nh ung kch thc cung vi bien phap thi cong hp ly e tam cao su luon trong trang thai nen. Trong thiet ke, be rong nen ln nhat va nho nhat cua tam cao su lay bang 85 va 40% be rong khong nen. Be rong cua tam 20oC bang 60% be rong khong nen. 6.2.1.3. Moi noi Atphan Polyme

Hnh 6.3: MCN moi noi atphan polyme

Hnh 6.4: MCN moi noi bt bang chat deo

Moi noi nay s dung chat ket dnh la polymer va cot lieu e tao thanh moi noi. Loai moi noi nay co the s dung cho cac khe co chuyen dch len en 50mm va thch hp cho cau co be mat betong hay betong atphan. Loai nay tao s em thuan cho xe khi lu thong va de dang sa cha. Tuy nhien can lu y chat lng polymer s dung, tranh s dung vi cac khe co chuyen v ng khong eu va ni xe co gia toc ln va ham phanh. Do co nhieu u iem nen loai moi noi nay hien ang co nhieu nghien cu e khac phuc cac nhc iem tren. 6.2.1.4. Moi noi bt bang chat deo

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S dung chat deo dang long e o vao bt kn khe. Chat deo phai chu c nhiet o, cac tia t ngoai, ma sat ... Loai nay co the dung cho cau betong hoac thep. Tuy nhien can phai lu y lam sach be mat trc khi o. Tuy loai chat deo va hng dan thi cong cu the ma co the co them sn lot be mat ... ay la loai moi noi tng oi mi, mac du c chng minh co nhieu u iem nhng ang trong giai oan kiem chng cho nen khi s dung phai tuan thu theo cac hng dan nha san xuat. 6.2.2. Moi noi loai trung bnh S dung loai moi noi nay cho cac dch chuyen t 45 en 130mm. Loai nay co the s dung dang moi noi trt (muc 6.2.1.1) va cac loai sau : 6.2.2.1. Moi noi neo bulong

Hnh 6.5: Moi noi neo bang bulong hoi

Hnh 6.6: Moi noi bang tam bt an

S dung tam cao su c gia cng bang cac tam thep lam moi noi. Moi noi nay c gi bang cac bulong neo san trong ban mat cau. Loai nay c che tao san vi cac kch c khac nhau. Tuy nhien theo thi gian va tai trong ln, cac bulong neo va ai oc se dan v va ri ra tao ra cac khe, inh nhon nguy hiem cho xe ap va gan may. Do o nen han che s dung loai moi noi nay. 6.2.2.2. Moi noi bang tam bt. Loai nay dung tam cao su gan vao khp chm cua ban thep hai ben khe. Loai nay co o ben cao, de dang lap rap va thay the. Tuy nhien sau thi gian cac tap chat se tch tu nhieu do o can phai ve sinh thng xuyen.

6.2.2.3. Moi noi bang ban thep dang an

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Hnh 6.7: Moi noi bang thep. (a) bnh o; (b) MCN A-A Loai nay c s dung cho cac khe co chuyen dch trung bnh va ln. Khi tnh toan phai xet en o cng (tnh toan o day) cua ban thep e tranh cac dao ong. Khi che tao phai lu y hnh dang cua cac ngon tay sao cho khong tao ra cac canh sac hoac cong venh. Thong thng cac au nay se hi xien xuong. Loai nay tao s em thuan khi lu thong nhng khong ngan can c nc va cac tap chat gay hai khac. 6.2.3. Moi moi loai ln

Hnh 6.8: Moi noi loai ln dung nhieu thanh ngang S dung loai moi noi nay cho cac khe co dch chuyen ln hn 130mm. Bao gom cac loai nh moi noi neo bulong (6.2.2.1), moi noi bang ban thep (6.2.2.3) va dang moi noi nhieu thanh ngang (hnh6.8). ay la dang moi noi phc tap bao gom nhieu thanh ray ngang at tren ban . Nguyen ly lam viec la cho cac thanh nay di chuyen doc tren ban khi khe dch chuyen. Ban cung dch chuyen tren cac goi c boi PTFE (Polytetrafluorethylene). Cac lo xo co tac dung nh v lai cac thanh ngang cac khoang cach khong oi. iem can ac biet chu y la lien ket gia thanh ngang va ban co kha nang chu moi kem. Do o trong thiet ke cung nh thi cong phai ap dung cac tieu chuan khang moi e khac phuc nhc iem nay. Thong thng moi tam em an hoi cho phep mot dch

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chuyen la 75mm. Do o tong dch chuyen cho moi noi la 75n (vi n la so khoang). Khoang cach gia cac thanh ngang c gii han toi a la 90mm. Quan he trong thiet ke nh sau : n = MR/mr (6.1) (6.2) Gmin = (n-1)(w) + (n)(g) (6.3) Gmax = Gmin + MR Trong o : MR : Tong dch chuyen cua moi noi mr : Kha nang dch chuyen cua moi tam em. n : So tam em. n - 1 : So thanh ngang chnh. w : Be rong cua moi thanh ngang. G : Khoang h nho nhat cho moi tam em khi khe co lai hoan toan. : Khoang cach nho nhat cua khe h gia hai mat dam. Gmin Gmax : Khoang cach ln nhat cua khe h gia hai mat dam. Viec tnh toan thiet ke thng do nha san xuat thc hien. Tuy nhien can yeu cau nha san xuat phai e trnh bang tnh toan, ban ve che tao chi tiet, cac ket qua th nghiem moi..., cach tien hanh kiem tra chat lng, bao dng thay the nh ky. 6.3. TNH TOAN KHE CO GIAN Chuyen dch do hien tng co ngot cua dam cau, shrink (mm), c tnh toan nh sau : (6.4) shrink = ().().(L).(1000 mm/m) Trong o : L : Chieu dai ket cau b anh hng bi co ngot. : Bien dang co ngot gii han sau khi lap at moi noi, co the lay bang 0,0002. : He so ke en = 0 oi vi dam thep; 0,5 oi vi dam betong ng suat trc uc san; 0,8 oi vi dam hop betong va dam T; 1 oi vi ban. Chuyen dch do nhiet o c tnh toan can c vao d kien ve nhiet o ln nhat va nho nhat cua dam cau. Chuyen dch nay c tnh nh sau : (6.5) temp = ().(L).(T).(1000 mm/m) Trong o :

: He so gian n nhiet; 0,000011 m/m/oC oi vi betong va

0,000012 m/m/oC oi vi thep. L : Chieu dai ket cau b anh hng bi nhiet o. T : Sai lech ve nhiet o. oC

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Cac yeu to trong tnh toan thiet ke can xet nh sau : Chuyen v ng do nhiet o : temp-normal = temp. cos Chuyen v ngang do nhiet o : temp-parallel = temp. sin Chuyen v ng do co ngot : shrink-normal = shrink. cos Chuyen v ngang do co ngot : shrink-parallel = shrink. sin (6.6) (6.7) Wmin= Winstall [(TmaxTinstall)/(TmaxTmin)]temp-normal > 0,40 W Wmax= Winstall+[(TinstallTmin)/(TmaxTmin)]temp-normal + shrink-normal<0,85W (6.8) Trong o :

: Goc xien cua moi, c xac nh vi ng vuong goc vi trac doc cau. W : Be rong khong nen cua moi noi. Winstall : Be rong khe khi lap moi noi. Tinstall : Nhiet o mat cau tai thi iem lap moi noi. Wmax, Wmin : Be rong ln nhat va nho nhat cua khe. Tmax, Tmin : Nhiet o ln nhat va nho nhat cua mat cau.
T (6.4) va (6.5) : W > (temp-normal + shrink-normal)/0,45 W > (temp-parallel + shrink--parallel)/0,22 (6.10) Gia thiet Winstall = 0,6 W, Wmax = 0,6W+[(TinstallTmin)/(TmaxTmin)]temp-normal + shrink-normal <0,85W (6.11) Hay W > 4 [(Tinstall Tmin)/(Tmax Tmin). temp-normal + shrink-normal] (6.12) 6.4. V DU TNH TOAN 6.4.1. V du 1: Cau dam hop betong co chieu dai 70m. Goc xien cua moi noi mo la 20 . Nhiet o dam cau thay oi trong khoang -15oC en 40oC trong qua trnh khai thac. Tnh toan kch thc moi nen an hoi va be rong khe h cac nhiet o 5oC; 20oC va 30oC.
o

(6.9)

Giai : + Xac nh chuyen v do nhiet o va co ngot cau : Nhiet o : temp = (0,5)(0,000011m/m/oC)(70m)(55oC)(1000 mm/m) = 21mm

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Co ngot : shrink = (0,5)(0,0002 m/m)(0,8)(70)(1000 mm/m) = 6 mm Tong chuyen v dam cau tai moi noi : temp-normal + shrink-normal = (27 mm)(cos20o) = 25 mm temp-parallel + shrink-parallel = (27 mm)(sin20o) = 9,2 mm + Xac nh chuyen v do nhiet o va co ngot cau : W > 25 mm/0,45 = 56 mm W > 9,2 mm/0,22 = 42 mm W > 4 [(20oC+15oC)/(40oC+15oC)(21 mm)+6mm] cos 20o = 73 mm Chon moi noi co be rong 75 mm. + Xac nh be rong khe cac nhiet o : 20oC : (0,6)(75 mm) = 45 mm 5oC : 45 mm+[(20-5)/(40+15)](21 mm)(cos 20o) = 50 mm 30oC : 45 mm+[(30-20)/(40+15)](21 mm)(cos 20o) = 41 mm Ket luan : S dung moi noi nen an hoi co be rong 75 mm. Be rong khe h tng ng cac nhiet o 5oC; 20oC va 30oC la 50mm; 45mm va 41 mm. 6.4.2. V du 2: Cau dam thep co chieu dai 180m. S dung moi noi bang tam bt tai hai au mo. Goc xien cua moi noi la 15o. Nhiet o dam cau thay oi trong khoang -35oC en 50oC trong qua trnh khai thac. Gia thiet nhiet o lap at moi noi la 20oC. Tm kch thc tam bt va be rong khe h cac nhiet o 5oC, 20oC va 30oC trong hai trng hp : (a) Be rong nho nhat (khi au dam dch chuyen vao mo) cua khe la 15mm; (b) Be rong nho nhat cua khe la 0mm. Giai : + Xac nh chuyen v do nhiet o va co ngot cau : Nhiet o : temp = (0,5)(0.000012m/m/oC)(180m)(85oC)(1000mm/m)=92 mm Co ngot : shrink = 0 mm (do cau thep) Tong chuyen v dam cau tai moi noi : temp-normal-closing = (50oC-20oC)/(50oC+35oC)(92mm)(cos15o) = 31 mm temp-normal-opening=(20oC+35oC)/(50oC+35oC)(92mm)(cos15o) = 58 mm + Xac nh kch thc tam bt yeu cau. Gia thiet be rong khe h khi thi cong (n v thi cong se xac nh thong so nay) la 40mm. (a) Chuyen v au dam la 31 mm va be rong con lai la 15mm be rong khe h nho nhat phai la 31mm + 15mm = 46mm. Do o kch thc tam bt : 46mm + 58mm = 104 mm co the chon tam bt c 100mm.

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(b) Be rong khe h nho nhat khi thi cong 40mm. Do o kch thc tam bt: 40mm + 58mm = 98 mm co the chon tam bt c 100mm. + Tnh toan be rong khe h cac nhiet o 5oC; 20oC va 30oC cho tam bt c 100mm. (a) Yeu cau be rong khe h khi thi cong tai 20oC la 31mm+15mm = 46mm. Be rong khe h tai 5oC : = 46 mm + (20oC 5oC)/(20oC + 35oC)(58 mm) = 62 mm o Be rong khe h tai 30 C : = 46 mm(30oC20oC)/(50oC20oC)(31 mm) = 36 mm (b) Yeu cau be rong khe h khi thi cong tai 20oC la 40mm. Be rong khe h tai 5oC : = 40 mm + (20oC 5oC)/(20oC + 35oC)(58 mm) = 56 mm o Be rong khe h tai 30 C : = 46 mm(30oC20oC)/(50oC20oC)(31 mm) = 30 mm Ket luan : S dung moi noi bang tam bt co be rong 100mm. Be rong khe h tng ng cac nhiet o 5oC; 20oC va 30oC trong (a) la 62mm, 46mm va 36mm va (b) la 56mm; 40mm; 30mm. 6.4.3. V du 3: Hai dam hop betong cang sau uc tai cho giao nhau tai tru trung gian co goc lech 0o va nhiet o thay oi trong khoang -15 oC en 50oC. Moi noi nhieu thanh ngang se c lap at sau khi cang cap hoan chnh 60 ngay. Sau khi tnh toan c cac ket qua dch chuyen cua hai dam nh sau : Co ngot Bien dang an hoi T bien Nhiet o giam (20oC xuong 15oC) Nhiet o tang (20 oC en 50 oC) Giai : + Xac nh kch thc moi noi Tong dch chuyen khi khe m : Dam A = (0,5)(30 mm) + 54 mm + 76 mm = 145 mm Dam B = (0,5)(15 mm) + 30 mm + 38 mm = 76 mm Hai dam = 145 mm + 76 mm = 221 mm Dam A 30 mm 36 mm 54 mm 76 mm 66 mm Dam B 15 mm 20 mm 30 mm 38 mm 33 mm

Tnh kch thc moi noi va be rong khe cac nhiet o 5oC; 20oC va 30oC

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Tong dch chuyen khi khe ong : Hai dam = 66 mm + 33 mm = 99 mm Xac nh kch thc moi noi co xet en sai lech 15% : 1.15(221mm+ 99mm)=368mm. S dung moi noi kch thc 375mm. + Xac nh be rong khe h cac nhiet o 5oC, 20oC va 30oC MR = 375 mm. mr = 75 mm (dch chuyen ln nhat gia cac tam an hoi) n = 375 mm/75 mm = 5 so khoang. n 1 = 4 thanh ngang. w = 65 mm (be rong thanh ngang) g = 0 mm Gmin = (4)(65 mm) + (4)(0 mm) = 260 mm Gmax = 260 mm + 375 mm = 635 mm G20oC = Gmin + Tong dch chuyen khi nhiet o tang (xet en 15%). = 260 mm + 1,15(99 mm) = 374 mm. Dung 375 mm. o G5 C = 375 mm+[(20oC5oC)/(20oC+15oC)](76mm+38mm)=424 mm G30oC=375mm[(30oC20oC)/(50oC20oC)](66mm+33mm)=342 mm Kiem tra khe h gia cac thanh ngang nhiet o nho nhat : G-15oC = 375 mm + 221 mm = 596 mm Khoang cach ln nhat: = [596 mm (4)(65 mm)]/5 = 67 mm < 90 mm OK Kiem tra khe h gia cac thanh ngang 20oC trong trng hp can thay the tam em an hoi = [375 mm 4(65 mm)]/5 = 23 mm < 40 mm. Khoang cach nay qua hep. Do o khi tien hanh can phai kch cac thanh ngang len. Ket luan : S dung moi noi kch thc 375mm. Be rong khe h tng ng cac nhiet o 5oC; 20oC va 30oC la 424mm; 375mm; 342mm.

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6.5. CAC DANG PHA HOAI TAI V TR MOI NOI

Hnh 6.9: Tiep xuc khong tot gia BT-moi noi

Hnh 6.10: Chat ban tch tu tai cac khe noi

Hnh 6.11: Betong canh b pha hoai (1)

Hnh 6.12: Betong canh b pha hoai (2)

Hnh 6.13: Pha hoai ban thep bt au

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Hnh 6.14: Thep ben di moi noi b g

Hnh 6.15: Pha hoai moi noi bang tam bt

Hnh 6.16: Pha hoai moi noi cao su

Hnh 6.17: Pha hoai moi noi loai ln

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