Lecture 8 (Parametric Equations)

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman
Mathematics 54Elementary Analysis 2
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What are parametric equations?
Consider a particle moving along the curve below
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Clearly, the curve is not a graph of any function.
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Clearly, the curve is not a graph of any function. Worse, we may not be able to nd a relation relating the x and the ycomponent of the particle at a given time t.
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Clearly, the curve is not a graph of any function. Worse, we may not be able to nd a relation relating the x and the ycomponent of the particle at a given time t. But we can express the x and the ycomponent of the particle as functions of the variable t.
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Clearly, the curve is not a graph of any function. Worse, we may not be able to nd a relation relating the x and the ycomponent of the particle at a given time t. But we can express the x and the ycomponent of the particle as functions of the variable t. In this process, we say that we are parametrizing the curve above and the equations dening x and y as functions of t are called parametric equations.
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Examples
The curve dened by y = x2 can be parametrized as follows
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Examples
The curve dened by y = x2 can be parametrized as follows
x=t
y = t2
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Examples
x = cos t
y = sin t
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Examples
x = cos t
y = sin t
x2 = cos2 t
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Examples
x = cos t
y = sin t
x2 = cos2 t y 2 = sin2 t
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Examples
x = cos t
y = sin t
x2 = cos2 t y 2 = sin2 t Thus, x2 + y 2 = 1
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Examples
x = cos t
y = sin t
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Examples
x = cos t
y = sin t
Note: The particle determined by the above parametric equations move on the circle in a clockwise motion.
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Examples
x = cos t
y = sin t
Note: The particle determined by the above parametric equations move on the circle in a clockwise motion. Here, we say that the direction of increasing parameter is clockwise.
Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves 12/ 1
Examples
Another parametrizations of the previous circle...
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Examples
Another parametrizations of the previous circle... x = cos t y = sin t
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Examples
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Examples
circle in a counter-clockwise motion

Examples
Another parametrizations of the previous circle... x = cos t y = sin t x = 2 cos t y = 2 sin t

Examples

Examples
larger circle...
Examples
x = h + r cos t y = k + r sin t
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Examples
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Examples
translated circle...
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Examples
x = h + r cos t y = k + r sin t x = cos 2t y = sin 2t
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Examples
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Examples
faster circle...
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Examples
Consider x = sec t y = tan t t 2 2
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Examples
Consider x = sec t y = tan t t 2 2 Then, x2 = sec2 t y 2 = tan2 t
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Examples
Consider x = sec t y = tan t t 2 2 Then, x2 = sec2 t y 2 = tan2 t Thus, x2 y 2 = 1
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Examples
Consider x = sec t y = tan t t 2 2 Then, x2 = sec2 t y 2 = tan2 t Thus, x2 y 2 = 1
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Exercises
Describe the curve given by the parametric equations x = 2 cos t and y = 3 sin t.
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Exercises
Describe the curve given by the parametric equations x = 2 cos t and y = 3 sin t. What can be said about the parametric equations x = cos t, y = sin t and x = cos 2t, y = sin 2t?
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Slope of parametrized curves
A parametrized curve C : x = f (t), y = g(t) is said to be smooth if f and g are differentiable and do not vanish simultaneously.
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A parametrized curve C : x = f (t), y = g(t) is said to be smooth if f and g are differentiable and do not vanish simultaneously. If C is a smooth curve we can determine dx and dx as follows dy
dy
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A parametrized curve C : x = f (t), y = g(t) is said to be smooth if f and g are differentiable and do not vanish simultaneously. If C is a smooth curve we can determine dx and dx as follows dy dy = dt dx dx
dt dy dy
dx = dt dy dy
dt
dx
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Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the right branch of the hyperbola x = sec t, y = tan t, t at the point ( 2, 1). 2 2
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Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the right branch of the hyperbola x = sec t, y = tan t, t at the point ( 2, 1). 2 2 Solution: Note that when t = 4
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Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the right branch of the hyperbola x = sec t, y = tan t, t at the point ( 2, 1). 2 2 Solution: Note that when t = we have the point ( 2, 1). 4
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Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the right branch of the hyperbola x = sec t, y = tan t, t at the point ( 2, 1). 2 2 Solution: Note that when t = we have the point ( 2, 1). Thus, 4
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Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the right branch of the hyperbola x = sec t, y = tan t, t at the point ( 2, 1). 2 2 Solution: Note that when t = we have the point ( 2, 1). Thus, 4 sec2 t dy dy/dt = = = csc t dx dx/dt sec t tan t
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Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the right branch of the hyperbola x = sec t, y = tan t, t at the point ( 2, 1). 2 2 Solution: Note that when t = we have the point ( 2, 1). Thus, 4 sec2 t dy dy/dt = = = csc t dx dx/dt sec t tan t Thus, dy = csc t = dx ( 2,1) t=/4 2
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Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the right branch of the hyperbola x = sec t, y = tan t, t at the point ( 2, 1). 2 2 Solution: Note that when t = we have the point ( 2, 1). Thus, 4 sec2 t dy dy/dt = = = csc t dx dx/dt sec t tan t Thus, dy = csc t = dx ( 2,1) t=/4 Hence, the equation is y1 = 2 x 2 2
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Example
Find the equation of the tangent line to the right branch of the hyperbola x = sec t, y = tan t, t at the point ( 2, 1). 2 2 Solution: Note that when t = we have the point ( 2, 1). Thus, 4 sec2 t dy dy/dt = = = csc t dx dx/dt sec t tan t Thus, dy = csc t = dx ( 2,1) t=/4 Hence, the equation is y1 = y= 2 x 2 2x 1 2
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Example
Find
d2 y if x = t t 2 , y = t t 3 . dx2
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Example
Find
d2 y if x = t t 2 , y = t t 3 . dx2
Solution:
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Example
Find
d2 y if x = t t 2 , y = t t 3 . dx2
Solution: y = dy 1 3t 2 = dx 1 2t
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Example
Find
d2 y if x = t t 2 , y = t t 3 . dx2
Solution: y = Thus, d2 y dx2 dy dx dy 1 3t 2 = dx 1 2t
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Example
Find
d2 y if x = t t 2 , y = t t 3 . dx2
Solution: y = Thus, d2 y dx2 dy /dt dy = dx/dt dx dy 1 3t 2 = dx 1 2t
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Example
Find
d2 y if x = t t 2 , y = t t 3 . dx2
Solution: y = Thus, dy /dt dy = = = dx/dt dx dx2 d2 y

(12t)(6t)(13t 2 )(2) (12t)2
dy 1 3t 2 = dx 1 2t
1 2t
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Example
Find
d2 y if x = t t 2 , y = t t 3 . dx2
Solution: y = Thus, dy /dt dy = = = dx/dt dx dx2 d2 y

(12t)(6t)(13t 2 )(2) (12t)2
dy 1 3t 2 = dx 1 2t
1 2t
6t 2 6t + 2 (1 2t)3
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Length of a parametrized curve
Let C : x = f (t), y = g(t), a
b. Then the length of C is given by
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Length of a parametrized curve
Let C : x = f (t), y = g(t), a
b. Then the length of C is given by
L=
dx 2 dy 2 + dt dt dt
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Example
Find the length of the astroid x = cos3 t y = sin3 t 0 t 2
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Example
Find the length of the astroid x = cos3 t y = sin3 t 0 t 2
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Example
Find the length of the astroid x = cos3 t y = sin3 t 0 t 2 L = 8

0 /4
(3 cos2 t sin t)2 + (3 sin2 t cos t)2 dt
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Example
Find the length of the astroid x = cos3 t y = sin3 t 0 t 2 L = = 8

0 /4 /4
(3 cos2 t sin t)2 + (3 sin2 t cos t)2 dt 2 cos t sin t dt
12
0
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Example
Find the length of the astroid x = cos3 t y = sin3 t 0 t 2 L = = = 8

0 /4 /4
(3 cos2 t sin t)2 + (3 sin2 t cos t)2 dt 2 cos t sin t dt sin 2t dt
12
0 /4
12
0
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Example
Find the length of the astroid x = cos3 t y = sin3 t 0 t 2 L = = = = 8

0 /4 /4
12
0 /4
12
0
6 [ cos 2t]/4 0
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Example
Find the length of the astroid x = cos3 t y = sin3 t 0 t 2 L = = = = = 8

0 /4 /4
12
0 /4
12
0
6 [ cos 2t]/4 0 6
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Lecture 8 (Parametric Equations)

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Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman

Mathematics 54Elementary Analysis 2

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

What are parametric equations?

Consider a particle moving along the curve below

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

What are parametric equations?

Consider a particle moving along the curve below

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

What are parametric equations?

Consider a particle moving along the curve below

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

What are parametric equations?

Consider a particle moving along the curve below

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

What are parametric equations?

Consider a particle moving along the curve below

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

What are parametric equations?

Consider a particle moving along the curve below

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

What are parametric equations?

Consider a particle moving along the curve below

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

What are parametric equations?

Consider a particle moving along the curve below

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

What are parametric equations?

Consider a particle moving along the curve below

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

What are parametric equations?

Clearly, the curve is not a graph of any function.

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

What are parametric equations?

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

What are parametric equations?

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

What are parametric equations?

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

The curve dened by y = x2 can be parametrized as follows

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

The curve dened by y = x2 can be parametrized as follows

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

x2 = cos2 t y 2 = sin2 t Thus, x2 + y 2 = 1

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

x2 = cos2 t y 2 = sin2 t Thus, x2 + y 2 = 1

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

x2 = cos2 t y 2 = sin2 t Thus, x2 + y 2 = 1

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

x2 = cos2 t y 2 = sin2 t Thus, x2 + y 2 = 1

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

circle in a counter-clockwise motion

circle in a counter-clockwise motion

circle in a counter-clockwise motion

circle in a counter-clockwise motion

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves

Focus-Directrix Equations and Parametric Curves