1

amKZiI Dcm[nImcnIfpsS Imew ss_Xp aJvZnkns tamN\w Aen(d) I_ebpsS Io Dadp_v A_vZp Akokv Dahn hnShmpp alvZn_n akzq B[p\nI Atd_y

Hcp cmjv{S\nmWw Da(d) Dkvam(d) apeqnv A_vZpaenIns `cWw lnimap_v\p A_vZpaenIv Amkn bpKw bqtdm]ym hcpp

Gjym hIcbpsS sXp]Snmdv nXnsNp hnkvXrX `qJamWv Atd_y. 30,07,305 N.In.ao. hnkvXow IWmsSpp. BZv, kaqZv, Pp lqw Fnh ChnSps ]ucmWnI tKm{Xfmbncpp. H\h[n Imew app Ncn{Xw Gsdpsd hnizk\obamb hn[n Atd_ymbn FgpXsnp v. Am\Imew Fp hntijnns Imes cN\I, Ad_nI a\x]mTamnh \mtSmSnYI, sFXnly, lntdmtUmkv, o\n Fo bqtdm]ymcpsS cN\I,]mmXy kmcnIfpsS hnhcW XpSnb \nch[n Ncn{X t{kmXpI Atd_ysb ]cnNbsSppXmbnp v. hyhkmb hmWnPy cwKfnepw Imemh\ptbmPyamb PohnX hyhlmc cq]sSppXnepw [otcmZmamb PohnXw \bnpXnepw Ad_nI {]knn t\SnbhcmWv. Fm Cu IgnhpIfpw AXns {]Xypfpw Hpahsc kwkvImc kcmm aXnbmbXmbncpn. kmlnXys aZyns aZmekbptSbpw, kvXpXKoXsf tKm{Xtm\nefnse h{Pmbp[fpamn ampIbmbncpp Ah. [ocX sIm hv Hpw t\Sm\mbn. tKm{X Xnep mbnp \ncc kwL\fmsX. hmfns Nneenm, tNmcbpsS Noenm kwL\fpsS BphnfnIfnm Znhk hncensem t]mepw Cmbncpp. sImbpw sImnshpw \n_m[w \SamSnbXpaqew sskzcPohnXw Hcp ]mgvn\mhp am{Xambncpp. sXv A`nam\tmsSbmbncpp AhcnsXms sNbvXncpXv. kmlnXycwKw DpwKtkm]m\nembncpn. ]t, kmlnXyn\v am\hnIXbpsS Nphbp mbncpp. Acm`ymkaphcpsS Fw shdpw ]Xnt\gpam{Xw. Cu IqmnSbnepw Ahv ssZh{]XnjvTIfpsS Imcyn ]apmbncpn. Ckvemans Bhn`mh Imev apqn Adp]Xv {]XnjvTI GIssZhs Bcm[nm\mbn temImZyw ]WnX IAv_Iv Xsbp mbncpp. _JmC \nv Awdp_v epAbv FbmfmWv IAv_bntev BZyw hn{Klw sIm phsXv ]dbsSpp.

amKZiI
CkvamCu \_nbpsS hntbmKn\p tijw GItZiw c mbncn Aqdne[nIw kwhcp tijamWv aplZv \_n(kz) P\npXv. Fncpmepw temIv

GIssZh hnizmkns shfnw AWpt]mbnnmbncpp. \_nbpsS P\\thfbn Xs hdJXv_n \u^ens\ t]mep GIssZh hnizmknI abnep mbncpp. ]t, \_nbpsS P\\n\p sXmpapmWv Ahv HtcIoIrX kwLSnX cq]ap mbncpXv. "lp\^mDI' F t]cn Ah Ncn{XnednbsSpp. F.Un. Aqn Fgp]smv G{]n Ccp]nsbmn\mWv temIns amKZiI aplZv apkvX^m(kz) P\nXv. A\mY\mbncpp P\nptm. Acm`ymkanmsX IhSntespw ap kmaqly {]h\ \Snbpw \_n hfp. Atd_ybpsS Zpchtbmv B a\v Iepjambn. B XncpIc lndmKplbpsS AImcn Hcp shfnn\mbn \onnSnp. B a\n Iocn IpXn {]mY\ma{ apgn. Hcp \m Amlphns ZqX Pn_vco(A) {]Xysp. {]hmNIXzw \In A\p{Klnp. AXphgn a\pjycmin apgph A\p{KloXcmbn. kXyns i_vZw apgn. XuloZns [ocKmY aptmp \om XpSn. {]tem`\, {]tIm]\fn hiwhZ\mImsX {]hmNI\pw B Im]mSpIfn ]mZaan A\pNchrhpw kXyamn kackcmbn. Fn\pw Hcpap A\pbmbnIsf hmsSpp. Ah ]Xsftmse XuloZn\v IcptIn. Fm XuloZns Ahkm\s \mfhpw XpSp\om JpssdinI FXnns sImSpmgnphnp. Ahkm\s apkvenans\ XpSp \om i{Xp ZrV{]XnsbSptXmsS Poh\p aXs cnm ssZhI\bp mbn. lnPvd Bcw`np. {]hmNIs\bpw A\pNcmtcbpw Imncnp hensbmcp P\Xbp v bkvcn_n. Atmmbncpp ]emb\w. Ahkm\s A\pbmbntbbpw ISnhnSm {]hmNI Atbw bXv\np. km[yambhscms t]mbnotm {]hmNI\pw ]pdsp. {]hmNI\pw A\pNcmpw aZo\bn cmtPmNnX hcthv. Ah \_n(kz)tbmSp _lpam\mYw bkvcn_n\v aZo\p_n (\_nbpsS \Kcw) Fv ]p\\maIcWw sNbvXp.

Hcp cmjv{S\nmWw
kzmX{yntbpw \n`bXzntbpw cmjv{Sambncpp aZo\. kmtlmZcyns AXpeyamb A\p`qXn e`n ambncpp AXv. \qm pI \o tKm{Xh kwL\v s\Sp\mbIXzw hlnp. ]pIbqXn \np c v tKm{Xsf (Hukv, JkvdPv) {]hmNI Hnnp. abn \nv \mSpw hoSpw hnv h kzlm_nIv aZo\m Fm klmbhpw sNbvXp. kzpw kmZyhpw `mcyamsc t]mepw ]ckv]cw ]Ipv sImSpv kzoIcnp. hnizmknI ktlmZcfmbn, aZo\bpsS kpJmcon Hcp ]dpZok ]WnXp. aZo\bnse blqZnI, apivcnpI Fnhcpambn {]hmNI DSSn sNbvXp. am\pjy Ncn{Xnse BZy enJnX `cWLS\ AhnsS FgpXsp. aZo\bnse dnnn kzbw \nWbmhImiap {]PIfmbncpp blqZnIfpw apivcnpIfpw. Ckveman\pw {]hmNI\pw aZo\ `cnm\p AhImiw ssIhp. Fm Fmhpw Ahcmcmbmepw kam[m\tmsS PohnpIbpw sNmw. aZo\sXnsc \nch[n XhW Itfp mbn. apkvenwIv sskzcw Xcm i{Xp Xocpam\nnnsv Cu \ofn \nv t_m[yambncpp. Ahv XncnSnbneqsS KpW]mTw \tI n hp. Bkq{XnXamb \ofpw \bss\]pWyhpw BmYXbpw a\pjykvt\lhpw Zbbpw ssZh`nbpw sIm v Hcp henb P\X {]hmNIs t\XrXzawKoIcnp. IdIf XuloZns AacXzw Ah PohnXw sIm v kXnp. Pmlnenns apgp k{ZmbpsaXnsc AkaXzns A{IasXnsc kmnI NqjWns\Xnsc a\pjymhImi [zwk\ns\Xnsc amK{`wins\Xnsc

Hcp almhnhw PbnpIbmbncpp. Ccp]naqv kwhc sIm v Hcp almPohnXw {]hmNI Pohnp ImWnpXp. ]dp sImSppw A[nIhpw sNbvXp ImWnpw AhnSpv ]Tnnp. B Po hnXn \nv Hcp \nanjhpw ]pdwXncnp \nt kmlNcyw CkvemanI kaqln\n. A{Xbpw DZmw. Ncn{Xw \_n(kz)bpsS hntbmKw tcJsSpn. AhnSpv CltemIhmkw shSnp. B kabv Atd_y D]`qJw Ckvemans A[o\Xbnembncpp. temIw \Spn. Ncn{Xw Iocn IpXnp.

Dcm[nImcnIfpsS Imew
\_n(kz) CltemIhmkw shSnbptm ]nKmansb Xocpam\nncpn. B AhImiw P\v sImSppIbmbncpp. CkvemanI cmjv{Sns Xeh BcmbncnWsav apkvenwI Xocpam\np. A_q_Iv kznoJv(d) {]hmNIcpsS Bkplrpw BWpfn BZyw Ckvemw ]pInbhcpw kznoJv F A]c\man\l\mIpw hn[w \_n(kz)sb ]npShcpambncpp. A_q_Iv kznoJv F [\mVy Xs kv apgph Ckveman\v sImSpp. `cWns \nb{Ww XuloZn\pw Xncpkpn\pw A[njvTnXambn Atlw P\v sImSpp. Xm EPpamn Ddp\np Imetmfw am{Xsa Rm \nfpsS `cWm[nImcnbmhppq. As\bm ]w Fs \n t\hgn ]TnnWsav AhnSpv P\tfmSv ]dp. kImv \ntj[nI, hymP{]hmNIm Ch CkvemanI kaqln Ipgn\v {ian ImeLambncpp AXv. CubSpp am{Xw Ckvemantev ISphhnSbn On{ZXbp mpw hn[w Imcy Ipgpadnbm A _q_Iv(d) A\phZnncpn. Aqn tdma, t]jy km{amPy Dbnhn `ojWnbpw Hcp {]Xnknbmbncpp. Chsbms X{]qw A_q_Iv(d) t\cnp. Cu km{amPyfn \nv Ckvemans i_vZapbcm `cWIqS A\phZnn. P\XbpsS hnizmks NqjWw sNbvXp AhcpsS at\makvXnjvIsf Nebn Ipcpnbnv NnmkzmX{yw \ntj[nsncnpIbmbncpp AhnsS. JmenZv_n heoZns t\XrXznep CkvemanI ssk\yw Cu cmPyfn Ibdnsp. AhnSfn Ckvemans shnsmSn ]mdnp. B`yc Iem] ASnapIbpw CkvemanI kaqln\v XnI Bhnizmkw \IpIbpw sNbvXpshXmWv A_q_Iv(d)s {][m\ `cWt\. Iqn hnip JpB t{ImUoIcWw AXnalmb kw`mh\bmWv. acnpXn\papv Xs Dadn(d)s\ Jeo^bmn hkznv sNbvXp. P\ GIIWvTambn AXwKoIcnpIbmbncpp.

Da(d)
A_q_Iv(d)s\tmse {]K\mb kzlm_nbmWv l{kv Dadp ^mdqJv(d). {]hmNIcpsS c mw Dcm[nImcnbmbncpp Dadp ^mdqJv(d). t]jymcpw tdmammcpambp kwL\w Da(d)s `cWn in {]m]np. apXn\mbncw hcp apkvenw ]SbmfnI Adp]Xn\mbnctmfw hcp t]jy ssk\ytmSv kAvZp_v A_ohJvJmkzns t\XrXzn Gpapn. CtXkabw baqn JmenZv_n heoZns t\XrXzn \mXn\mbnctmfw apkvenwI Hcp encw tdmammsc s]mcpXn ]cmPbsSpn. t]jy km{amPyw Ncn{Xns `mKamhpIbpw tdma km{amPyns X{{][m\ e ]nSnSpIbpw sNbvXp. t]jybpsS Xem\amb aZmC\ns\ eyamn kAvZp_v A_ohJvJmkzpw ssk\yhpw \Snb bpw FSpp ]dbmhXmWv. ssS{Kokns Ingt Icbn B[p\nI _KvZmZns m\mbncpp aZmC D mbncpXv. ssS{Kokv ISmWv aZmC\nset Xv. \mhnItk\ Cm

apkvenw ssk\yw ISocp \nv ssZhoI \maapcnv ssS{KokneqsS IpXncsb ]mbnp. t]jym `bNInXcmbn HmSpIbmbncpp. ]t, Ah ASnbncpn. HSpw \lmhns t]m\nefn \nv t]jy ssk\ys apkvenwI aenbSnp. Cu hnPbn AXymmZw ]mSnsv Da(d) ]dp. "{]hmNIs Im]mSpI ]npScpI. \n ZpjnmXncpm \np \Xv.'

ss_Xp aJvZnkns tamN\w

Da(d)s `cWImev \S {][m\ kw`hhnImkfnsemmWnXv. tdma km{amPyns `mKamb kndnbbnembncpp ss_Xp aJvZnkv. ss{IkvXhcmbncpp AXns ]cn]meI. baqn JmenZv_n heoZns t\XrXznep ssk\yw tdma ssk\ys tamNnntm Xs `cWm[nImcnbmb lnJ Xem\w kndnbbn \nv tImmnt\mnfntev amnbncpp. apkvenwI ss_Xp aJvZnkv D]tcm[ntm ss{IkvXh knv Xmdmbn. Da(d) t\cnv hp kntcJ XmdmWsambncpp AhcpsS B hiyw. hnhcadntm Aen(d)sb {]Xn\n[nbmn Da(d) kndnbbn hp. ss{IkvXhcpsS [\hpw A`nam\hpw apkvenw `cWn ]qkpcnXambncnpsav IcmsdgpXn HpshpsImSpp. ]t, CuPn]vXn \npw CkvemanI Jnem^ns\Xnsc tdmam ]pXnb AkzXI krjvSnp. Awdp_v\p Bkzns\ CuPn]vXv tamNnnm Da(d) NpaXesSpn. c p hjw sIm v CuPn]vXv Ckvemans hcpXnbn hp. _J, en_nb Fnhbpw apkvenw ssk\yw IogSn.

Dkvam(d)
kzKw sIm v ktmjhm Adnbnshcmbncpp Dkvam(d). \_nbpsS c p s]asf hnhmlw sNbvXp "Zpqssd\n' F A]cm`n[m\nednbsp. Da(d) \ntbmKn Hcp {]tXyI kanXn P\fn \nv A`n{]mbamcmmWv Dkvam(d)s\ Jeo^bmbn XncsSpXv. aqmw Jeo^bmbn `cWtasSpptm {]mbw Fgp]Xv hbv. 12 hjw `cWw \Sn. Ingv Kkv\nbpw Im_qfpw hscbp {]tZifpw ]Snmdv SpWojybpw CkvemanI Jnem^ns `mKambn. CkvemanI Jnem^ns Iogn Hcp {]_eamb \mhnItk\ cq]oIrXambXv Dkvam(d)s {][m\ kw`mh\IfnsemmWv.

Aen(d)
\_nbpsS PmamXmhv. CkvemanI aptfn t\Xr]camb ]phlnp. ]mw hbn Xs XuloZns XWen hp. hnm\n AenbpsS ss\]pWyw {]hmNI FSpp ]dncpp. Dkvam(d)s\ AmX sImesSpnbtmgmWv Aen(d) Jeo^bmIpXv. Dkvams LmXIs\ Is m Ignbm IgnhpsIh Fv ]ecpw Atls A[nt]nncpp. CkvemanI Jnem^ns\ On`namm\p h{Pmbp[ambn Ah Cu {]iv\s D]tbmKsSpn. Dkvam(d)s LmXIsc I p]nSnm\p ImeXmakw FpsIm msWv Amcyn hntbmPnv tcJsSpnb BCix(d), Xzlx(d) Fo {]apJ kzlm_nIsf Aen(d) t_m[ysSpnbncpp. ]t, Ipgm Fm A\pcRvP\ {iatfbpw Anadnp. Ahv Ckvemans, kaqlns Pohhambncpp th nbncpXv. apkvenwIsf XneSnnm, Da(d) apsmcn apdnbnv \Inb, B`ycinI InWp {ianp. AXn\m Cu Ln Jeo^v asmcp Imcyhpw {inm Ignncpn. BCix(d)bpw Aen(d)bpw Xnep mnb A\pcRvP\w Cu On{ZinI XpScm A\phZnn. Aen(d)bpw apBhnbx(d)hpw Cu hnjbn CSp. Hcp Gpapep mbn.

]ckv]cw ]ncnbpwappXs JpBs ASnm\n HpXop mbn. CtXpSv a\pjycpsS a[yw Ip^vdmsWp ]dv JhmcnPpI cwKsn. Ah Aen(d), apBhnbx(d), {]iv\n a[y\mb Awdp_v Bkzv(d) Fnhsc h[nm\mbn Dgdn \Sp. HSphn Ah Aen(d)sb sImesSpn. AenbpsS acWtijw Iq^m aI lk(d)s\ \n_nv `cWtanp. kndnbbnse KhWdmbncp apBhnbx(d)v CXv Zlnn. Cmcyw Adntm C\nsbmcp Ipgn\p \nmsX lk(d) m\XymKw sNbvXp. CXmWv BapPamA (kwLSnXhjw). CtXmsS Jnem^pdminZx Ahkm\npIbmbn. cmjv{Sn kwhn[m\w, kmaqlnI \hoIcWw, \bX{w Fo hninjvS aqeyfn Jnem^pdminZx temINcn{Xn anIp\npp. Hcp henb temIs Dsmm\pw A[nImc hntI{oIcWtmsSbpw P\Iob klIcWtmsSbpw Bm YXtbmsSbpw Hcp ]pXnb `cW kwkvImcw krjvSnm IgnXv Jnem^pdminZxbpsS kw`mh\Ifn anIXmWv.

apeqnv
Jnem^pdminZxp tijw XncsSps `cWIqSasnepw apBhnbx(d) Bbncpp `cWm[nImcn. CdmJv hntamNI\mb kAvZp_v\p A_ohJvJmkzv(d) Hcn apBhnbx(d)sb I tm "Aemap Asse AplaenIv'(Hm cmPmth Atv Amlphns kpc D mhs.) FmWs{X A`nkwt_m[\ sNbvXXv. AtX, CkvemanINcn{Xw C\n cmPm[n]XyntXmWv. apeqInmWv, Jnem^. Ccp]XpsImambncpp apBhnbx(d)bpsS `cWImew. cmPyv {Iakam[m\n\v ]db `wKsampap mbn. Dcm{^n CkvemanI `cWn\pIogn hXv Atlns ImemWv. ZamkvIkmbncpp apBhnbm `cWns Bm\w. kwkvImcns AXn{]mNo\amb Cu \Kcw CkvemanI Ncn{Xnse Imb tI{amWv. imnbpw kam[m\hpw IfnbmSnbncp Imeambncpp apBhnbbptSXv. P\fpambn \ s]cpamambncpp. hnIk\ns ]ShpIfneqsS Cu `cWw P\a\pIfn Zo]vXamb kvacWIfpWpp. apBhnbx(d) Xs ]nKmanbmbn ]p{X bkoZns\ \ma\ntiw sNbvXp. CkvemanI Ncn{Xn BZys {]hWXbmbncpp Cu \ma\ntiw. InkvdmbptSbpw ssIkdptSbpw amXrIbmWnsXv Ames {]apJ kzlm_nI XpdSnp. aqp hjmew am{Xw \_ntbmSv klhknm `mKyw e`n apBhnbx(d)\v Ckvemans cmjv{Sob hyhnXnsbpdnp [mcWpdhmbncpp Cs\sbmcp Zpch kw`hnm\p ImcWw. BZyw {]Xn, ]ns A[nImcw F coXn Anadnp. BZyw A[nImcw ]ns {]Xn Fmbn amdn. CkvemanI cmjv{Sob Ncn{Xn Cu {]hWX apkvX^m Iam]mjbpsS ImeLtmfw bmsXmcp Cfhpw XmsX \ne\np.

I_ebpsS Io
bkoZns m\mtcmlWs FXn P\ Aen(d)bpsS ]p{X\mb lpssk(d)s t\XrXzn kwLSnp. Iq^m lpssk(d)\v ]npW {]Jym]np. s]sv Iq^bnseWsav Ah A`yYnp. Fm {]apJ kzlm_nI Cu \os FXnp. lpssk(d) kv{XoIfpw IpnIfpaSp Fgp]nct mfw t]tcmsSmw ]pdsp. Ah Iq^bnsepwapt bkoZns KhWdmb C_v\pknbmZv AhnsS Fnbncpp. knbmZns `ojWn tIv Iq^m lpssk(d)\v \Inb ]npW ]nhenp. am{Xa lpssk(d)s {]Xn\n[nbmb C_v\pDssJens\ Ah knbmZn\v

]nSnpsImSppIbpw sNbvXp. lpssk(d) Iq^mcpsS Cu \S]Snbn \ncmi\mbn abntev aSm Xocpam\nsnepw {]XnImcZmlap C_v\pDssJens ktlmZcm bm{X XpScm \n_npIbmbncpp. bq{^okv \ZoXocp I_ebn Fnbtm C_v\pknbmZns Bbncw `SmcSp ssk\yw Ahsc XSp. lpssk(d) H\h[n A\pcRvP\ \nti aptmpshsnepw bkoZns\ ss_Av sNWsa Bhiyn knbmZv Ddp\np. [oc\mb lpssk(d) AXv kXnn. Gpapep mbn. {]hmNIcpsS {]nbs ]u{Xs\ Ah \njvIcpWw h[nsp am{Xa AwKhntZw \Sn, hnPbw BtLmjnpIbpw sNbvXpshXv Gsd ZpxJIcambn. \_n(kz)bpsS ]u{Xt\mSv sNbvX Cu almsXn\p amp\Im P\mIpambncpn. {]apJ kzlm_nI Ioscmgpn. aZo\m A_vZpmln_v\p kpss_(d)s\ `cWm[nImcnbmn. {]Xn sNbvXp. CXn tcmjmIpe\mb C_v\pknbmZv aZo\bn hv aqpamkmew Iq \cta[w \Sn cu{Z \ramSn. CXn\nsS bkoZv acWsXp ImcWw ssk\yw Xncnpt]mbn. bkoZns ]nKmanI `cWtam aSnp. CkvemanI temIw A_vZpmln_v\p kpss_(d)s\ `cWm[nImcnbmbn AwKoIcnp. Fm kndnbbn bkoZns IpSpw_amb _\qDabpw C_v\pkpss_dns BfpIfpw Xn \S bps XpSv kndnbbn kpss_(d)s `cWw Ahkm\np. ap `mKfn `cWw XpSp. CXn\nSbn Daho `cWw in {]m]npIbpw A_vZpaenIv hnPbw t\SpIbpw sNbvXp. lmPp_v\p bqkp^pambp bpn kpss_(d) acWstXmsS Hcp bpKsamSpn.

A_vZpaenIns `cWw
CXn\ptijw kndnbbn ahm\p_v\p lIw F Dam IpSpw_mwKw Jeo^bmbn hmgnsp. HXpamks `cWn\p tijw Abm acWaSp. ]p{X A_vZpaenIv Jeo^bmbn. CdmJn \npw Cdm\n \npap JhmcnPn On{ZXIsf Atlw FXnp tXmnp. Dcm{^nbn \np __co Iem] ASnan AXns\ ]cn]qambn CkvemanI Jnem^n sIm php. HutZymKnI `mj Ad_nbmnbpw \mWb ASnndnbpw Atlw CkvemanI km{amPys kzbw ]cym]vXXbntev \bnp. lnPvd 8696 ImeLnembncpp aenIns aI heoZv `cnncpXv. CkvemanI km{amPyns hym]vXn Cv ssN\bpsS AXnn hsc Atlw Fnp. _pJmd, kaJv, Iohv, ImivK Fo {]tZi PbnSn ssN\bpsS AXnn hsc heoZns tk\m\mbI\mb JpssX_x Fngnncpp. ssN\bpsS AXnnbn \nv \b]camb ]S\ov XpSw Ipdnth heoZv Acnp. ssk\yw Xncnpt]mbXp ImcWw ssN\mhnPbw \SpIbp mbn. CtX ImeLnemWv ]mnm CkvemanI km{amPyns `mKambXv. Atd_ybn \nv ebntev hcnIbmbncp GXm\pw kv{XoIfpw IpnIfpaSp I, AXn hne]nSnp ]mcntXmjnIfp mbXp ImcWw ISsmm ]mcntXmjnIsfSpv bm{Xmsc _nIfmn ]nSnp. Chsc tamNnnm klmbnWsamhiysp Jeo^ heoZv knnse `cWm[nImcnbmb Zmlndn\v IsgpXn. ]t, B Iv Zmln ]nnon hensdnp. CtXpSv aplZv _n Jmknw F heoZns tk\m\mbI knv B{Ianp. bpn Zmln sImsp. As\ ]mnm CkvemanI km{amPyns `mKambn Xop.

kvs]bn, t]mpK Fo {]tZi IogSm\mbncpp heoZns ASp DZyaw. aI`cWIqSambncpp Amev AhnsSbp mbncpXv. dm{knv F `cWm[nImcnbpsS ssk\yns\Xnsc apkvenwI ]S\ow XpSn. Hcp ss{IkvXh t\Xmhv dm{knns\Xncn apkvenw ssk\yns klmbw tXSpIbpw sNbvXp. XzmcoJv_v\p knbmZv F tk\m\mbI dm{knns ssk\ys ]cmPbsSpn. kvs]bn\pw t]mpKepw Ds Apepkv IogSn. ]ncWokv ]X\ncI Xm n {^mkns AXnn hsc Cu ssk\yw Fnbncpp. ]ns aptmp t]mIm Jeo^bpsS A\phmZap mbncpn. kpsseam A_vZpaenImbncpp ASp `cWm[nImcn. heoZns ktlmZc\mbncpp Ctlw. tImmnt\mn D]tcm[nXp Cu `cWImembncpp. ISenepw Icbnepw Htc kabw D]tcm[nsp. ]t, Cu D]tcm[n apkvenwIv \mi\jvSw kw`hnp. aphogvNbpw `W Inbpambncpp CXn\p ImcWw.

Dadp_v A_vZp Akokv

lnPvdx 99101 ImeLn CkvemanI Jnem^ns t\Xrm\p h Dadp_v A_vZp Akokv bYmY Jnem^ns ]p\xm]\n\pth n {ianbmfmWv. cmPhmgvN P\pta Agnphn {IqcXIfn Atlw Jn\mbncpp. P\ \n_nv Atls `cWtanp. bYmYhpw CkvemanIhpamb coXnbn Atlw `cWamcw`np. AgnaXnbpw kzP\]]mXhpw Atlw XpSpamn. CXv kzmcn Xs apdpapdppfhmn. \nn]vXXmcyv Ax]pcfn Aep\Sm\p Ahkcw \Inbn. amXrIm]camb Dadp_v A_vZp Akokns `cWhpw \nb{Whpw A apkvenwIsf Ckvemantem\bnp. knnse cmPmZmlndns ]p{X Pbv nwKv t]mepw Ckvemans\ tXSn hp. ]t, \nn]vX Xmcyw Atln\v CcnsmdpXn \Inbn. Dadp_v A_vZp Akokns\ Nne hnjw sImSpv sImesSppIbmbncpp. apsmXv hbmbncpp {]mbw.

lnimap_v\p A_vZpaenIv
Dahohwinse {]Kcmb `cWm[nImcnIfpsS Ahkm\ Inbmbncpp lnimap_v\p A_vZpaenIv. Ccp]Xv hjambncpp `cWImew. ]IzaXnbpw kaY\pambncpp Atlw. Jpdmkm, Xpnm, Aao\nb, Ak_Pm, Dcm{^n FnhnSfn Xes]mnb Iem]w HXpnop. djybpsS sXp`mKv Xpn hwins `mKambn Jk hwiw Hcp im]`cWw \Sn hncpp. Akss_Pm\nepw Aao\nbbnepw Ah B{IaWw Agnphnp. ZmKnm hgnsbnb apkvenw ssk\yw Ahsc ]cmPbsSpn. samtdmtmbpsS sXt Ap kqkv ]Ww Ckvemans A[o\Xbn hXpw ]Snmd ]mnm\n Imivao hscbp {]tZifpw Cybn Dbn, KpPdmv, _kqPv Fo {]tZifpw IogSnbXpw lnimans `cWImemWv.

Dahn hnShmpp
lnimans ]nKmanbmbn hXv A_vZpaenIns ]p{X heoZmWv. kpJtemep]\pw aZy]m\nbpambncpp Ctlw. tKm{X]]mXnXzw Cu kabv Xes]mn. AXn IpSpn Atlw h[nsp. heoZv c mas ]p{X bkoZv _n heoZmbncpp ASp `cWm[nImcn.`cWcwKw CkvemanIamm Atln\p \n_ap mbncpp. A[nImcw

`{Zambncpn. Jnem^n\v ]e AhIminIfpw cwKv hp. Bdpamkn\p tijw Atlw acWaSp. XpSv ktlmZc C_vdmlow heoZv `cWtasSpp. cmPIpSpw_n Xs {]iv\ Xes]mnbXv Cmembncpp. Ctlns acWtijw ahm\p_v aplZv A[nImctasSpp. ]t, B`yc nXnKXn Ipgpadnp t]mbncpp. \_n(kz)bpsS IpSpw_amb lminw IpSpw_n \npw Iem]{iafp mbn. AmknIfpw ioCuIfpw tbmPnp. ]ns ]ncnp. Dahn Jnem^ns\Xnsc Iem]w sNbvXp.

Amkn bpKw
A_vZp Amkv k^v^mlv Bbncpp Hmw Amkn Jeo^x. \mev hjambncpp `cWImew. CdmJnse Aw_m ]Ww Bm\ambn Atlw `cnp. Daho `cWns Ncn{Xhpw Nnfpw ambvm Ctlns t\XrXzn AcpXm ]eXpw kw`hnp. Dahn `cWm[nImcnIfpsS {IqcXIncbmb Aen IpSpw_ns ]npWtbmsS `cWn h AmknI `cWnsenb tijw Aen IpSpw_s adp. lk(d)s Xmhgnbn s] C_vdmlow, aplZv Fnh Jeo^x akzqdns Imev Iem]smSn Dbn. Ch c pt]scbpw _\cmm Jeo^x ssk\ys Abtmtgpw Ch cmPyw hnp. ]noSv Xncnphp _kzd, aZo\ Fnh tI{amn Iem]w s]mn. ]t, Ch ]noSv h[nsp. _KvZmZv \Kcn\v ASnd ]mInbXv akzqdns Imembncpp. Amkn Jeo^amv Bm\amphm\mbncpp CXv. ssS{Kokns Xocv Anhmcan Cu \Kcw CkvemanI Ncn{Xn Gsd ]pIs]XmWv. Ccp]Xv eambncpp Av _KvZmZnse P\kwJy. ]Xns\mbnctmfw ]nIfpw ]Xn\mbnctmfw tdmUpIfpw H\h[n sXcphpIfpw AhnsSbp mbncpp.

alvZn_n akzq
lnPvdx 158169 ImeLambncpp alvZn `cWImew. Aen IpSpw_n\v s]mXpsh kam[m\ns Imeambncpp. _\cms Aen IpSpw_s tamNnnp. AhcpsS kzp XncnpsImSpp. ]t, ioCu ]mcmb CkvamCuenI Iem]{iaw Ahkm\nnncpn. lmdq dioZns `cWImeambncpp XpSv. aX`\mbncpp lmdq. tdmam Imefmbn \Inbncp Icw \Im hnkXnp. CXphsc Ah \Inb Icw Xncnp tNmZnpIbpw sNbvXp. lmdq ssk\nI \ow XpSn. Jq\nb, Amd Fo \KcfSw tdma ssk\ys ]cmPbsSpn ho pw Icw \n_amn Atlw Xncnpt]mp.

aAvaq
lnPvdx c mw \qm ns Ayn AenbpsS ]m Fp ]dbsSph Atd_ybn `cWw ]nSnp. aplZv Fbm abnepw kpsseam aZo\bnepw B[n]Xyw t\Sn. Amkn Jeo^bmb aAvaq Hcp XnI ioCu ]]mXnbmbncpp. ioCuIfpsS Fmw Camamb Aen cnfmsb IncoSmhIminbmbn aAvaq \nbnp. CXv AmknIsf Akzcmn. HSphn aAvaq\v Xocpam\w ]nhent n hp. lnPvdx 247 Jeo^x apXhnens acWtmsS Amko Jnem^ns Hmw Lw inYneambn. ba\n bAv^qcnI `cWw ]nSnsSpp. lwZm JanXzv Fbm t\XrXzw \In JdmanXznI _kzdbn Iem]w Agnphnp. CuPn]vXv KhWdmbncp AlvaZv Xpeq kndnb ]nSnsSpp.

XpSv lnPvdx 266 apX 507 hsc CkvamCuenIfpw JdmanXznIfpw amdnamdn Atd_ybpsS `cWw ]nSnp. A{Iantbpw sImbptSbpw ImeLambncpp CsXmw. lnPvdx 402 aqkhnI abn `cWw ]nSnp. ]Xns\mmw \qm ns Bcw`n AZ, lauv FnhnSfn aB\nI A[nImcw ]nSnp. lnPvdx 447 kPpJn hwins t\Xmhv XpKvcnbpw 455 kpsselnIfpsS t\Xmhv Aen aplZpw a `cnp. lnPvdx 470 Alkmbnse JdmanXzn `cWw Dssa\nIfpambp Gpapen XIp. lnPvdx 532 apX 566 hscbp ImeLfn AlvaZp_v\p kpsseam Caman `cWw \bnp. lnPvdx 564 kzemlpo Aq_n CuPn]vXv KhWdmbn A[nImctap. 564 Atlw ba IogSn. Ime{ItaW ss{IkvXh Icfneapt]mb ss_Xp aJvZnkv ^ekvXo D]tcm[nv kzemlpo Xncnp ]nSnp. ss{IkvXhv Atlw A`bw \In. kpnI icmhpIbpw ioCuI (AenbpsS ]w Fv ]dbsSpXv ChmWv) bnpIbpw sNbvXXv Cu ImeLnembncpp. lnPvdx 598 lk\o hwimc\mb JXmZXp_n CZvcokv AhnsS `cWw m]npIbpw sNbvXp. JXmZp tijw Aq_nIfns akvDuZv bqkp^v a ]nSnsSpp. Aq_nIp tijw dkqenI lnPvdx 625 apX 850 hsc `cnp. dkqen hwinse Da_v Aen lnPvdx 626 apX 647 hsc a apX Kfauv hscbp {]tZiw `cnp.

bqtdm]ym hcpp
]Xn\mw \qm ns Ayn bqtdm]ym Atd_ybnsen. 1498 \PvZnep AlvaZv_n amPnZmWs{X Cybntep hgn t]mpKokv Inm\pw IncmX\pamb Kmav ImWnpsImSpXv. A_pv Dam\nepw lpapkznepw hym]mcm[n]Xyw Inn. 1565 ba apgph\pw A_pZpsshcnv AIko F Dkvam\n A\pIqenbmb `cWm[nImcnbpsS Inembncpp. Dkvam\nbmb keow Hma "JmZnap ldssa' F t]cn Adnbsp. 1521 t]mpKokpIm _lvssd B{Ianp. hnhcadn Dkvam\n Jeo^x t]mpKokpImcpambn s]mcpXn _lvssd Xncnp]nSnp. Icamap hmWnPyw \nept]mbXn\m Dkvam\n Jnem^v kmnI {]Xnknbnsp. Bkv{Snb, bqtdm]ym Fnhcpambn Xpnbnse Dkvm\nbm Jnem^n\p Gpapt nbpw hp. 1602 _lvssd IogSnb jm Amkv Hma\pambn 1622 Cunym I\n kJyap mn. lpapkzse t]mpKokv IpI Ahkm\nnp. Fm akvJXzn t]mpKokpIm kzm[o\apdnp. UpImcpw CwojpImcpw Atd_ybn kzm[o\w t\Sm acnp. ]Xns\mmw iXIn Atd_ybn UpImv hmWnPy kzm[o\ap mbn.

B[p\nI Atd_y
]{ mw \qm ns Bcw`tmsS \PvZn aplZv_n A_vZp hlvlm_v XpSnsh ]cnjvIcW {]m\w Atd_ybn kzm[o\w t\Sn.Ckveman \ncmt]w \Sphncp BNmc A\mNmcfmn ap{ZbSnsp.len aZvl_pImc\mbncpp hlvlm_v FXv B[p\nI A\pbmbnIfn \nv Atln\p khntijXbmWv. ]qoI ]WvVnXm apgph\pw AbmfpsS \osXnsc kapZmbs t_m[hXvIcnp. CkvemanI kaqln henb kzm[o\anmsX hmSncnpWnhoWpt]mth B {]m\s ]noSv {]Ncnnm tlXpIambXv AXn\p e`n cmjv{Sob ]n_eambncpp. F.Un.1765 ZC `cnncp aplZv _v\p kDuZv hlm_ns Bibfn BIrjvS\mbtXmsS Abmv cmjv{Sob kzm[o\w e`np.Alkm, ADssb\x Fo {]tZi Abmv Iognembn. Ccp]Xv hjw \o sNdpp\nn\p tijw dnbmZpw a^qlbpw hlm_ns Nnm[mcv cmjv{Sobambn XeIp\nt n hp.

10

1765 aplZv_v\p kDuZv acWsSptm Atd_ybpsS a[yIng {]tZi apgph\pw Atlns {]m\n\p Iognembntmbncpp. kDuZn\p tijw A_vZp Akokv 1803 A[nImctap. _lvssd\pw Ham Xochpw kDuZv `cWns Iogn hXv AmemWv. 1814 _kzd, I_e, kndnb Fo \mSpI IqSn kDuZv_n A_vZp Akokns t\XrXzw ]nSnsSpp. CXn\nsS Dkvam\nm Jnem^pambn Gpapn. 1811 apX 1818 hsc Gpap XpSp. A_vZp kpDuZv ]cmPbsp. CuPn]vXnse KhW aplZenbpsS ]p{X C{_mlow ]mj ZCm ]Ww IogSn. ]t, Dkvam\nm Jnem^ns {]Xn\n[nI Xopw A\nkvemanI `cWw \SnbXn\m B `cWIqSw kDuZnbn \npw XpSpamsp. 1824 aplZv_v\p kDuZns ]p{X\mb Xpn CuPn]vXpImcn \nv dnbmZv tamNnnp `cWw ]p\xm]np. 1834 XpnbpsS ]p{X\mb ss^k A[nImcn hp. Cmev {_nojv km{amPyw Atd_ybnse ]e efnepw kzm[o\apdnp. 1865 ss^k acnp. ]p{Xm Xn A[nImc InSacambn. 1865 ss^k acnpwapv Xs XpnI InSacw apXseSpv Atd_y ]nSnncpp. 1875 A_vZp c ma dnbmZn A[nImcn hp. B[p\nI Atd_ybpsS `cWm[nImcnsbdnbsSp C_v\pkpDuZv A[nImctaXv 1876 emWv. 1904 Xpn kJys tXmnp A[nImcw `{Zamn. 1919 lnPmkv A[o\Xbnemn. 1925 aZo\bpw Pnbpw ]nSnsSpp. 1928 kwbp Atd_ybpsS `cWm[nImcnbmbn. CXmWv kDuZn Atd_y F t]cn AdnbsSp cmjv{Sw. 1934 se bpn ba\nse Camw blvbmsb ]cmPbsSpn kDuZn Atd_y \Pvdm ssIhisSpn. 1953 C_v\p kpDuZns acWspSv XpSv ss^k _nA_vZp Akokv, `cWkmcYytap. 1982 Pq 13\v `cWtasS 31 \v acWaStm, IncoSmhIminbmb BKkvXn `cWtasSpp. kDuZv_v\p A_vZp Akokv cmPmhmbn. JmenZv_n A_vZp Akokv Fnh ^lZv _n A_vZp Akokv 2005 Pqsse A_vZpm_n A_vZp Akokv 2005