Dr.Lakshmi Priya Thyagarajan, Ph.D.

,
Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology Government College of Technology Coimbatore-641013
Lakshmi Priya Thyagarajan Jan 30 2012 11:20 PM

A few words about Father of Classical Genetics Garden pea: experimental material of Mendels work

Steps of Mendels Experiment Mendels laws of inheritance

Deviation from Mendelian laws Applications of Mendelian laws

Monohybrid

cross Trait flower color (purple & white) Pureline Result: F1 generation: all purple flowers F2 generation: 75% purple and 25% white

 Incomplete

Dominance

Co-dominance

A gene can have more than two alleles, i.e., multiple allelism e.g. human blood types

Phenotypes

of some heterozygotes reveal types of dominance other than full dominance Many genes have alleles that can kill the organism (contd.)

 Hershey-Chase

Experiment Griffiths Experiment Avery, Mc Leod and Mc Carty Experiments

 Transformation

Griffith

discovered transformation in 1928, 17 years later Avery, MacLeod and McCarty demonstrated that DNA was the transforming principle. What is its importance besides these discoveries? Steps involved in transformation Co-transformation

 Transduction

Generalised

and Specialised Transduction

 Conjugation

 Different

forms of DNA

Replication

DNA ---------------- RNA-------------- protein

transcription translation

 Replication

DNA making a copy of itself

Making a replica

Transcription

DNA being made into RNA

Still in nucleotide language

Translation

RNA being made into protein

Change to amino acid language

 Eukaryotic

topoisomerases can relax positive supercoils.Relaxing the unbound positive supercoil leaves the negative supercoil fixed (through its binding to the nucleosome histone core) and results in an overall decrease in linking number. Indeed, topoisomerases have proved necessary for assembling chromatin from purified histones and closed-circular DNA in vitro.

1. 2. 3.

4.
5. 6.

What enzyme unzips DNA? Does DNA have 1 or many replication forks? What enzyme adds more nucleotides to the parent DNA strand? What enzyme puts the new pieces of DNA together? What enzyme proofreads DNA? Why is DNA considered semi-conservative

 Rolling

Circle Replication with examples D-Loop replication with examples

 Deletion

part of the chromosome is missing

Starts with breaks in the chromosome Radiation, heat, viruses, chemicals, etc. May cause an unpaired loop May give rise to pseudodominance Cri-du-chat syndrome (Chrom. #5)

 Duplication

doubling of a segment of a chromosome

Tandem Reverse tandem Terminal tandem Position Effect of barring eyes in Drosophila

 Inversion

results when a segment of a chromosome is excised and then reintegrated in an orientation 180 degrees from the original orientation.
Pericentric inversion Paracentric inversion Resulting from a dicentric bridge

 Translocation

change in position of chromosome segments and the gene sequences they contain to a different location
Nonreciprocal intrachromosomal Nonreciprocal interchromaosomal Reciprocal interchromosomal