Decreasing Perchloroethylene in the Los Angeles Basin and Potential Locations of Perchloroethylene Emission Sources

Richard J. Kirchner Saint Johns University - MN August 8, 2012

Goals
Perchloroethylene Background Decreasing Perchloroethylene in the Los Angeles Basin Can 5045 in SARP 2012 Data Locating Perchloroethylene Sources

Perchloroethylene (C2Cl4)
Clear and colorless dry cleaning solvent Atmospheric lifetime~ 5 months 10 pptv background Hazardous to human health Section 7412 of Title 42 of the United States Code
Hazardous Air Pollutant

2012 EPA health assessment

IRIS likely human carcinogen

Methodology
SARP 2012 WAS
2L/electro-polished/stainless steel/conditioned

Gas Chromatography
Rowland-Blake Research Lab

Modifying chromatograms
Chromeleon

Final Data Set

Gas correlations, trends, outliers

Decreasing C2Cl4
140 120 C2Cl4 (pptv) 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 CO (ppbv) y = 0.2079x - 23.215 R = 0.8384

ARCTAS 2008
C2Cl4 (pptv)

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 100

CALNEX 2010
y = 0.16x - 15.11 R = 0.6009

200

300

400

500

CO (ppbv)

140 120 C2Cl4 (pptv)

SARP 2011
C2Cl4 (pptv)

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

SARP 2012

100 80 60 40 20 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 CO (ppbv) y = 0.1435x - 11.728 R = 0.52356

y = 0.2891x - 21.228 R = 0.48605

100

200

300

400

500

CO (ppbv)

Campaign (Year)

RaAo C2Cl4:CO (pptv/ ppbv) 0.208 + 0.015 0.184 + 0.015 0.160 + 0.015 0.143 + 0.022 0.289 + 0.086

R^2

ARCTAS (2008) *2009* CALNEX (2010) SARP (2011) SARP (2012)

0.838 0.601 0.524 0.486

Decreasing C2Cl4
0.40

0.35

0.30

C2Cl4:CO (pptv/ppbv)

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00 ARCTAS (2008) *2009* CALNEX (2010) Campaign Year SARP 2011 SARP 2012

Decreasing C2Cl4
0.40

0.35

0.30

C2Cl4:CO (pptv/ppbv)

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00 ARCTAS (2008) *2009* CALNEX (2010) Campaign Year SARP 2011 SARP 2012

SARP 2012
140.00 y = 0.2858x - 20.261 R = 0.47249 120.00

100.00

C2Cl4 (pptv)

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00 0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00 CO (ppbv)

250.00

300.00

350.00

400.00

DAN
Program that identifies outlying data points Inputs:
Meteorological data Coordinates Sampling frequency

Program Results

 June 2012 City of Albany New York April 23, 2012 New York City March 26, 2012 EPA grants $62,000 to Harrisburg Pennsylvania March 10, 2011 state of California declares a statewide ban of perchloroethylene by 2023

Conclusion and Future Work

Perchloroethylene has decreased in the LA Basin for the years 2008 2011 Outlying data points may be used to identify potential emission sources
Holiday Village Cleaners

DAN is a useful tool that may be applied to other gases and sampling areas Ground sampling validation Improve DANs algorithm

References
"Content about United States Environmental Protection Agency." American Drycleaner. American Trade Magazines LLC, n.d. Web. <http://www.americandrycleaner.com/topics/United%20States%20Environmental %20Protection%20Agency>. Dimmer, C. H., A. McCulloch, P. G. Simmonds, G. Nickless, M. R. Bassford, and D. Smythe-Wright. "Tropospheric Concentrations of the Chlorinated Solvents, Tetrachloroethen and Trichloroethene, Measured in the Remote Northern Hemishpere." Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001): 1171-182. ,893. Hurst, Dale F., Peter S. Bakwin, and James W. Elkins. "Recent Trends in the Variability of Halogenated Trace Gases over the United States." Journal of Geophysical Research103.D19 (1998): 25,299-25,306. Kleiman, G., and Prinn G. R. "Measurement and Deduction of Emissions of Trichloroethene, Tetrachloroethene, and Trichloromethane (chloroform) in the Northeastern United States and Southeastern Canada." Journal of Geophysical Research 28th ser. 105.D23 (2000): 28,875-28. OSHA. "Reducing Worker Exposure to Perchloroethylene." Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2005): 1-28. Simpson, Isobel J., Simone Meinardi, Nicola J. Blake, F. Sherwood Rowland, and Donald R. Blake. "Long-term Decrease in the Global Atmospheric Burden of Tetrachloroethene (C2Cl4)." Geophysical Research Letters 31 (2004): 1-5. 42 USC CHAPTER 85 AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL 01/03/2012 (112-90). <http:// uscode.house.gov/download/pls/42C85.txt>. <http://www.physsci.uci.edu/~rowlandblake/> <http://www.espo.nasa.gov/solve/payload/er2/was.html> <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetrachloroethylene.svg> <http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/dry-cleaning4.jpg>

Acknowledgements
Greg Hartt Dr. Donald Blake Rick Pasetto Rowland-Blake Research Group SARP 2012 WAS Group Dr. Emily Schaller Rick Shetter & NSERC NASAs P3-B Flight Crew SARP 2012 NASA Rafe Day