' : ' 20) 2'(

.
. AND
O(N^2). . N

N . -
.
. AND ,
O(N^2). N"

' 25) 3'(

N crash )(consensus
.
8) .( Crash f -
.
8) .( Crash f -
) (f+1.
9) .( ?
f=N-1 .

. :
: f+1

: f+1

. f f- .
) f -
FT consensus(47-53 7
f . f .
.

 ' : 25) 4'(

- . M N -
) ( .
2N . . N -

DFS :

, 1-
DFS - . ,

2N-2 :

' : ' 35) 1'(

10) .( DFS )
(
5) .(
5) .(
15) .( ' ) .O(N
.

. 2 .65-83
O(M) .
O(M) .
. ) (M , ) (VISITED
) ( . " .
, Visited
.

 ' 20) 2'(

.
. AND
) O(N . N
) (.

.
. N
.0 .
.0-
O(N). :

' 25) 3'(

10) .(
) .O(NlogN
15) .( ) (NlogN .
? ) . (

. 3 .28-46
. . ).O(N
: 2

. -
.

' 20) 4'(

) (
. -
(causality). Vector Clock


Pj Pi . Pi
. Pj ,Pi k
:
.1 ) k - ( VC - Pi Pj
.2 ) k - ( VC - Pi Pj
Pj . k Pi
) , ( VC. -

' : ' 30) 1'(

.

) 10(
) O(D ) .O(M
) .
(.

) 10( Reject .
.

5) .( .
5) .( ' ? .

. 2 30-47
. Parent . .Reject
Message Parent
.Reject
.

. , .Parent

' 30) 2'(

" . N -
.
. /
.

.

 .
3M<N +1 -M :
25) .( "
.
5) .(

. .
.
" ) (
N^2 .

' 15) 3'(

) (NlogN -
. ?
?

O(N) . .
: 2

. -
.

' 25) 4'(

10) .( Casually Ordered Broadcast - VC
.
5) .( ? FIFO Order -
10) .( ? Total Order -

. VC - . Pi Pj
:
.1 ) (kj Vk .
.2

Pj Vj .

 10 46-54
. Pi Pj
.

.'
Casually Ordered
Total Order