Exp 2

METU-EEE EE 313-Analog Electronics Laboratory
Experiment 2
2-1
2. DC REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Objectives
The objective of this experiment is to become familiar with the principles of the operation
of DC regulated power supplies.

2. Equipment:
- HP E3631A Power Supply
- HP 34401A Digital Multimeter
- HP E33120A Function Generator
- HP 54645 Oscilloscope

3. Background:
Electrical power is transmitted as a sinusoidal AC voltage. However, electronic circuits
usually need a DC power supply to bias the transistors and integrated circuits. Therefore,
an electronic system requires a power supply circuit to convert AC power to DC power.
In a typical electronic power supply, the AC signal is distorted to create a signal that
contains a DC component and several AC components. A steady state DC voltage can be
obtained by rectifying the AC voltage, filtering it to a DC level and finally regulating it with
a regulator circuit. Figure 2.1 shows the block diagram of a typical electronic power
supply.
T
R
A
N
S
F
O
R
M
E
R
D
I
O
D
E
R
E
C
T
I
F
I
E
R
F
I
L
T
E
R
R
E
G
U
L
A
T
O
R
L
O
A
D
+
AC
Input
Voltage
-

Figure 2.1 - Block diagram of a typical electronic power supply.
In Turkey, the rms value of the AC voltage is 220 V and the frequency is 50 Hz. For most
of the power supply designs, we need to decrease the amplitude of this AC voltage before
Experiment 2
2-2
applying it to the rectifier circuit. This can be done by using a transformer as shown in
Figure 2.2.

Transformers:
Transformer is an electrical device consisting of a magnetic core and one or more
windings, used to change the voltage of an AC circuit from one value to another.
N:1
+
V
1
-
+
V
2
-
i
1
i
2

Figure 2.2 - Schematic of a transformer.

If the transformer is ideal:
N
V
V
1
2
=

(1)
2 2
.i N i =

(2)

Rectifiers:
The conversion from AC to DC is performed by altering the sinusoidal waveform of the
input signal to produce an output with a nonzero DC voltage. The average of DC value of
a periodic waveform is defined as
}
=
T
avg
dt t f
T
f
0
) (
1

(3)
where T is the period of f(t).

Obviously, a perfectly sinusoidal signal has zero average or DC value. In order to obtain a
DC signal from an AC voltage source, we can pass the input signal through a nonlinear
circuit, and alter the symmetry of the waveform. We know that diodes are nonlinear
circuit elements and they can be used for this purpose. An example of a diode rectifier
circuit known as the half-wave rectifier is shown in Figure 2.3.
Experiment 2
2-3
AC
Input
+
V
1
-
+
V
out
-
+
V
2
-
t
V
m
t
V
out
V
2
V
m

Figure 2.3 Schematic and input & output waveforms of a half-wave rectifier.
In order to understand how this circuit operates lets assume that the diode is ideal with a
zero turn-on voltage. It will conduct when V
2
is greater than zero and during this time
V
out
=V
2
. When V
2
is smaller than zero the diode turns OFF and V
out
=0 V. The average or
DC value of V
out
can be calculated by using Eq. 3 to be:
t
m
DC
V
V =

(4)
The half-wave rectifier is simple to construct; however, it is inefficient since it produces a
small DC voltage when compared with the AC signal amplitude (V
m
). The following figure
shows a more efficient rectifier known as the full-wave rectifier.
t
V
2
+
V
2
-
-
V
3
+
+
V
1
-
D
1
D
2
R
L
- V
out
+
AC
Input
D
1

ON
D
1

OFF
D
1

ON
t
V
3
D
2

OFF
D
2

ON
D
2

OFF
t
V
out

Figure 2.4 Schematic and input & output waveforms of a full-wave rectifier.
The circuit includes two half-wave rectifiers operating on alternating halves of the sine-
wave circle. When D
1
is ON, D
2
is OFF and vice versa. You can use Eq 3, to calculate the
DC value of Vout but there is a simpler way. It is obvious that the area under the full-
wave rectified signal is twice that of the half-wave rectified one. Therefore, the DC value
of the full-wave rectified signal will be twice that of the half-wave rectified waveform or
t
m
DC
V
V 2 =

(5)
Experiment 2
2-4
This form of the full-wave rectifier was used extensively in the early days of electronics
when the semiconductor components (e.g. diodes) were expensive. With the rapid
developments in the electronics technology, the manufacturing cost of the semiconductor
circuit elements has decreased significantly and the following form of the full-wave
rectifier known as the bridge-type full-wave rectifier has become more popular than that
employing a center-tapped transformer.
AC
Input
+
V
1
-
+
V
2
-
R
L
-V
out
+
t
V
2
t
V
3
t
V
out
D
1
D
2
D
4
D
3

Figure 2.5 Schematic and input & output waveforms of a bridge-type full-wave rectifier.
This circuit employs for diodes but it needs much smaller transformer than that needed for
a center-tapped design (a transformer is much more expensive than a semiconductor
diode). When V
2
is positive D
1
and D
2
are ON (D
3
, D
4
are OFF). The equivalent circuit is:
+
V
out
-
V
2
i
L
D
1
D
2
R
L

Figure 2.6 The equivalent circuit of the bridge-type full-wave rectifier when V
2
is
positive.
When V
2
is negative D
3
and D
4
turn ON and D
1
, D
2
go OFF. The equivalent circuit is:
V
2
-
V
out
+
i
L
D
4
D
3
R
L

Figure 2.7 The equivalent circuit of the bridge-type full-wave rectifier when V
2
is
negative
Experiment 2
2-5

The resulting current flow through the load is still positive. As a result V
out
is a full-wave
rectified sine-wave. Note that the negative polarity side of the load resistor is not
connected to the ground of the transformer.

Filters:
The half-wave and full-wave rectified signals obtained by rectification may be suitable for
supplying DC power to certain systems such as DC motors. However, in electronic circuits
where a pure DC component is required, filtering is necessary to make the output voltage
more like that from an actual DC source. A capacitor connected across the output
terminals of the rectifier circuit is one of the most popular filters. Since it is easier to
analyze, lets make a half-wave rectifier first and connect a capacitor across its output
terminals.
AC
Input
+
V
1
-
+
V
out
-
+
V
2
-
+
V
C
-
C
R
L
V
out
t
V
m
V
2
V
out
t
V
2
V
r
t
1
t
2
t
3
T
without R
L
(first case)
with R
L
(second case)
i
L

Figure 2.8 Schematic of a half-wave rectifier with a filter. Output waveforms are shown
without and with R
L
.

Lets temporarily remove R
L
(first case) and assume that V
2
is a sine wave and the
capacitor is initially discharged. For t>0, as V
2
starts to increase, the diode turns ON, the
capacitor starts charging and V
C
=V
out
follows V
2
. This will go on until V
2
reaches its first
peak. At this moment, V
2
starts to decrease and the diode becomes reverse biased and
turns OFF. Since R
L
is removed in this case, the capacitor will be connected to an open
circuit (assuming that the reverse saturation current of the diode is negligible) and V
C

stays constant at V
m
. Obviously, the diode will never turn ON again, since V
2
will never
exceed V
m
again. Beyond the first half circle of V
2
during which the initial charging the
diode takes place, output is a constant DC voltage.

Experiment 2
2-6
Now, lets connect the load resistor R
L
as shown in Figure 2.8. The resistor is in parallel
with the capacitor and it will discharge the capacitor when the diode is OFF. Therefore, a
variation (ripple) in the output voltage, V
r
is seen (second case). Obviously, to keep the
ripple small, the time constant t =R
L
C must be large compared with the period of the
input signal.

In the time interval form t
1
to t
2
the capacitor discharges exponentially towards zero with
the voltage
t /
) ( ) (
t
m out C
e V t V t V
= =

(6)
using the point t=t
1
as the zero time reference point for the start of the decay. When V
2

reaches V
C
at t=t
2
, the diode turns back ON and the capacitor is recharged. In a good
power supply the ripple voltage V
r
is small. Therefore, the diode conducts for only a very
small portion of the entire circle and we can assume that the capacitor discharging time is
nearly equal to T. Then,
t / t
m r m
e V V V
=

(7)
Moreover, since the time constant t is much greater than the period of the sine wave, T,
we can use the approximation
x e
x
+ ~1
for small x
(8)
and we obtain
C R
T V T
V V
L
m
m r
= =
t

(9)
In case we can not represent the load as a simple resistor R
L
, we can use the current
drawn by the load. If the load current is I
L
,
C
T I
V
L
r
=

(10)
The following figure shows the related circuit for a full-wave rectifier. For a full-wave
rectifier T is replaced by T/2 in the equations given above.
Experiment 2
2-7
F
u
l
l

-
W
a
v
e
R
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
AC
Input
+
V
1
-
+
V
out
-
+
V
2
-
+
V
C
-
C
R
L
V
out
t
V
out
t
V
r
without R
L
with R
L
i
L
F
u
l
l
-
W
a
v
e
R
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r

Figure 2.9 Schematic of a full-wave rectifier with a filter. Output waveforms are shown
without and with R
L
.

It can be shown that the peak diode current can be much larger than the average diode
current. Therefore, you have to ensure that this quantity does not exceed the diodes
maximum current-handling capability.

The AC content of the output signal relative to the DC content, defined as ripple factor,
shows the efficiency of the filter circuit,
signal of value DC average
signal of component AC the of value rms
factor ripple
) (
=

or
% 100 ] / ) ( [ =
DC r
V rms V r

(11)
If we assume that the output voltage waveform of a full-wave rectifier with a capacitor
filter can be represented in a piecewise linear form, the DC output voltage can be
approximated as
2
r
m DC
V
V V =

(12)
fC
I
V
C
T I
V V
L
m
L
m DC
2 2
= =

(13)
where f is the fundamental power line frequency.
Experiment 2
2-8
Assuming the ripple waveform is triangular; its rms value can be found as
3 2
) (
r
r
V
rms V =

(14)

RC Filter:
Using an additional RC filter section, it is possible to reduce the amount of ripple while
reducing the DC output voltage. Figure 2.10 shows the schematic of the additional RC
filter.
+
V
out
-
C
2
R
L C
1
R
Rectifier
Output
RC Filter

Figure 2.10 Schematic of the additional RC filter.
The analysis of the RC filter can be done by using superposition. The voltage across C
1

can be considered as a DC voltage, V
DC
, plus the ripple voltage, V
r
(rms). The voltage
across C
2
is composed of V
DC
and V
r
(rms) as shown in Figure 2.11.
R
L
V
DC
R
DC Analysis
+
V
DC
-
R
L
R
+
V
r
(rms)
-
C V
r
(rms)
AC Analysis

Figure 2.11 DC and AC equivalent circuits of the RC filter.
L
DC L
DC
R R
V R
V
+
= '

(15)
The DC voltage across C
1
is attenuated by a resistor divider network of R and R
L
. Now,
lets calculate the ripple voltage across C
2
. The AC impedance of C
2
is
2
C
1
=
e
C
X

(16)

Experiment 2
2-9
If RL>XC then R
L
//X
C
~ X
C
and
) (
) (
) ( '
2
2
rms V
X R
X
rms V
r
C
C
r
+
=

(17)

If the value of the resistor R is chosen large enough, the following simplification can be
made
) ( ) ( ' rms V
R
X
rms V
r
C
r
=

(18)

Therefore, the ripple voltage of the RC filter will be smaller than that of a capacitor filter
by the factor X
C
/R.

Regulators:
One of the most important quantities defining a power supply performance is the ripple
factor. As the current drawn by the load increases, the ripple at the output also increases,
and the DC voltage at the supply output will be approximately equal to V
m
-V
r
/2. If we
want to prevent the output voltage from varying when the load is changed, we need to
include a circuitry called regulator in our design. Two important specifications for a
power supply are the load regulation and line regulation.

Load regulation is the ability of a power supply to resist variations in the output voltage
when the load is changed.

% 100
) (
) ( ) (
=
load no V
load full V load no V
regulation load
DC
DC DC

(19)

Line regulation is defined as the percentage variation in the output voltage for a given
variation in the input voltage. In some locations the AC line voltage may vary significantly
(by tens of volts), and a good power supply must resist these variations by keeping the
DC output voltage steady.

load full
voltage input in change
voltage load in change
regulation line | % 100 =

(20)
Experiment 2
2-10
Obviously, the regulation of an ideal power supply is 0 %. In a non-ideal power supply, we
can reduce the ripple voltage by using a larger capacitor. This will also improve the load
regulation. However, when we increase the value of the capacitor, we increase both the
physical volume of the capacitor and the cost. Also, an increase in the capacitor value will
result in an increase in the diodes peak current calling for more powerful and probably
more expensive diodes. Another way to improve the load regulation of the power supply
is to keep the capacitor small and add a regulator circuit.

Simple Zener Diode Regulators:

The I-V characteristic of a zener diode is given in Figure 2.12.
i
D
v
D
-V
Z
I
Zmin
slope=1/r
Z
slope=1/r
D
V
0
I
S

i) ON (i
D
>0)
ii) OFF (-V
Z
<v
D
<0)
iii) ZENER (v
D
<-V
Z
and |i
D
|>I
Zmin
)
Figure 2.12 I-V characteristic and operation regions of a zener diode.

Zener diodes are normally reverse biased so that they maintain a constant voltage across
their terminals over a specified range of current. As long as the circuit load line intersects
the diode curve in the zener region, the voltage across the diode will be approximately
constant. When used as a regulator, the zener diode maintains a DC output voltage that
+ v
D
-
i
D
r
D
V
0
I
S
r
Z
V
Z
Experiment 2
2-11
is essentially constant even though the load current may vary. Figure 2.13 shows a simple
zener diode regulator.
R
L
R
1
+
V
out
-
Unregulated
Input
V
in
I
L
I
in
I
Z

Figure 2.13 Schematic of a simple zener diode regulator.
If V
in
is smaller than the breakdown voltage of the zener diode (V
z
), the zener will behave
as a reverse biased diode. In this mode, the zener will not regulate the output voltage.
Therefore, V
in
must be larger than V
z
and the magnitude of the current through the zener
diode must be larger than I
zmin
. If these conditions are satisfied, the voltage across the
zener diode will be approximately constant at V
z
. However, remember that V
in
must not
be too large not to dissipate excessive power on the diode. This configuration is known as
the zener shunt regulator.

Lets assume that R
1
=35 , R
L
=50 , V
z
=5 V, I
zmin
=10 mA and maximum allowed zener
power dissipation is 1 W for the circuit in Figure 2.13. Lets find the allowed range of input
voltages for which the circuit will work probably. We will neglect r
z
.

To find the lower limit for V
in
, note that when the diode is just on the verge of zener
breakdown, I
z
will be equal to I
zmin
=10 mA. I
L
will be 100 mA (I
L
=V
Z
/R
L
and V
z
=5 V), so I
in

will be 110 mA. Therefore, the minimum value for V
in
should be 8.85 V (V
in
=V
Z
+R
1
.I
in
).

The maximum allowed value of V
in
can be determined by finding out when the diode has
the largest allowed value of current in it. Since the maximum allowed power dissipation is
1 W, I
zmax
is 200 mA (P
zmax
=V
z
.I
zmax
). In this case, the current through the 35 resistor
will be 300 mA and V
in
=15.5 V.

Therefore, this circuit will produce a constant 5 V output even if the input voltage is varied
between 8.5 V and 15.5 V.

Improved Regulators:
The zener regulator circuit introduced in the preceding section is a low cost regulator
circuit that can be used if the regulation requirements are not strict. However, it has
some major disadvantages. First of all, its load and line regulation may be quite large.
Secondly, a powerful (high wattage) zener diode is required since the entire current flows
Experiment 2
2-12
through the zener diode when the load is disconnected. This requirement can be
eliminated by using the following circuit which is called series-pass regulator.
R
1
V
z
+
-
I
B
I
R
+
V
in
-
I
L
I
Z
+
V
out
-
R
L

Figure 2.14 Schematic of a series-pass regulator.

The regulator is similar to the simple zener diode regulator; however, it includes a
transistor connected between the load and the zener.
BE Z out
V V V =

1 +
= =
|
L
R B R Z
I
I I I I

(21)
The purpose of introducing a transistor in the circuit is to reduce the effective load current
drawn from the zener portion of the circuit by a factor of (+1). This reduces the power
requirements for the zener diode.

By adding feedback to the regulator its load and line regulation can be improved. The
block diagram of a regulated DC supply with feedback is shown in Figure 2.15.
REFERENCE COMPARATOR MEASUREMENT
CONTROL
Filter
Output
+
V
out
-

Figure 2.15 The block diagram of a regulated DC supply with feedback.

The output voltage is measured and compared to a reference voltage. The comparator
then drives the control element to modify the output voltage if necessary.
1) Measurement Section: The simplest form of measuring circuit is a simple voltage
divider as shown in Figure 2.16. Adjustable measuring circuit is used for a variable
voltage supply. In writing the expression for V
k
, it has been assumed that the comparator
part does not load the measurement part.
Experiment 2
2-13

R
2
R
1
V
out
V
k
+
-
+
-

(a)fixed

out k V
R R
R
V
2 1
2
+
=

R
2
R
1
R
V
out
V
k
+
-
+
-
R

(b) variable

out k V
R R R
R R
V
2 1
2 '
+ +
+
=

Figure 2.16 Schematic of the voltage divider.

2) Reference Section: A zener diode is commonly used as a reference element as
shown in Figure 2.17. The current across the zener diode must be constant.

R
V
in
V
Z
+
-
+
-

Figure 2.17 Schematic of the reference section.

3) Comparison Section: The comparison element can be a simple transistor circuit as
shown in Figure 2.18. The circuit compares the zener diode voltage, V
Z
, appearing at the
emitter to the measurement circuit voltage, V
k
, appearing at the base. If the output
voltage is less than the desired value, a current that is smaller than the quiescent current
will flow to the control element. The control element is designed in a way that this will
lead to an increase at the output voltage.

R
a
R
2
R
1
R
V
out
V
z
+
-
+
-
to control circuit

Figure 2.18 Schematic of the comparison section.
Experiment 2
2-14
4) Control Section: The control element is driven by the comparator to compensate for
any changes in the output voltage. There are two types of comparators: series and shunt.
The series control requires that the load current must be conducted by the emitter of the
transistor. The shunt controller requires that the transistor withstand the full output
voltage. Therefore, series controller is used in low current, high voltage applications and
the shunt controller is used in high current, low voltage applications. Control section is
shown in Figure 2.19.

V
in
V
out
+
-
+
-
R
L
to comparator

Figure 2.19 Schematic of the control section.

A practical regulator circuit is shown in Figure 2.20.

Q2
R
1
R
5
R
3
R
4
V
out
V
z
+
-
+
-
R
2
Q1
+
-
Unregulated
V
in
I
B1
I
C2
I
R1
R
3

Figure 2.20 Schematic of the regulator circuit.

A fraction of the output voltage is compared with the reference voltage V
Z
. The difference
is amplified by Q2. R1 provides the base current for Q1 and R2 biases the zener diode at
the proper point of the zener diode at he proper point of the zener region.

Now, lets see what happens when the load resistance is suddenly decreased. Under
normal operating conditions Q2 is in the active mode and I
c2
=I
R1
-I
B1
. If R
L
is decreased,
V
out
will tend to decrease n I
c2
and an increase in I
B1
which in turn, leads to an increase in
I
L
compensating for the reduction in R
L
and restoring V
out
.

Integrated Circuit Voltage Regulators

Integrated circuit (IC) regulators have some advantages over discrete element regulators.
IC regulators offer fixed output voltage with very low load regulation (load currents can
vary from milliamperes to amperes), internal overload thermal protection and short circuit
protection. The voltage regulators are classified as positive regulators, negative regulators
and adjustable output regulators.
Experiment 2
2-15
A three terminal IC voltage regulator providing a positive regulated voltage over a range
of load currents is shown in Figure 2.21. 78XX series positive voltage regulators and 79XX
series negative voltage regulators can be given as examples of IC regulators. 78XX series
can provide fixed voltage from 5 V to 24 V. The LM317 is another example with output
voltage regulated at any setting over the range 1.2-37V.

Regulated
V
out
Unregulated
V
in
C
Voltage
1 Regulator 2
7805
3

Figure 2.21 Connections of the IC voltage regulator.

Reference Books on Regulators
1. R. Boylestad, L. Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory.
2. D. Comer, Modern Electronic Circuit Design.

I. PRELIMINARY WORK

1) Read the BACKGROUND section
2) Consider the circuit in Figure 2. PW-1 which is designed to deliver 5 V DC to a 10 KO
resistive load.

C
R
L
50
220V
rms
N:1
V
out
+
-
10K
+
-

Figure 2.PW-1

a) Assume that the diode is ideal and determine the required transformer turns
ratio.
b) The ripple at the output is desired to be less than 5 % of the output voltage.
Choose a suitable value for the capacitor.

3) Design a voltage multiplier which gives a DC output equal to the 4 times of the peak
voltage of the AC input. Comment on the performance of the circuit for driving resistive
load. (Hint: Although you can achieve the requirements with a transformer. Your
design should not have any transformers since a voltage multiplier does not have
any.)

Experiment 2
2-16

4) Design a 6.2 V regulated power supply by using the general form shown in Figure
2.PW-2 the capacitor is large enough and you may neglect ripple. You may also
neglect r
z
for parts b) and c).

C
R
L
220V
rms
14.5 : 1
V
out
+
-
+
-
R
Full-Wave
Rectifier

Figure 2.PW-2
a) Select the zener breakdown voltage for the diode.
b) Assume that I
zmin
=5mA for the zener. You need a regulated output voltage
for R
L
650 O. Select a suitable value for R. What is the main disadvantage of
using a very small R?
c) Use your answer to part b) and select a power rating (allowed power
dissipation) for zener diode so that the diode will be under full-load and no-load
conditions.
d) Determine the load regulation of your design for R
L
between 650 O and
for r
z
=50 O

5) Use the zener diode of problem 4 to design a 5.5 V regulated supply which has the
general form shown in Figure 2.PW-3.

C
14.5 : 1
R
Full-Wave
Rectifier
R
L
V
out
c
| =100
c
220V
rms
+
-

Figure 2.PW-3

a) Select a suitable value for R to obtain a regulated output voltage for
R
L
650 O.
b) Use your answer to part a) and select a power rating (allowed power
dissipation) for the zener diode so that the diode will be OK under full-load and no-
load conditions.
c) Determine the load regulation of your design for R
L
between 650 O and
for r
z
=50 O.
d) What are the advantages of this circuit when compared with that of
problem 4?

Experiment 2
2-17
II. EXPERIMENT

1) Set up the circuit shown in Figure 2.EP-1.

100 F
10 KO
10 KO
pot
Vin
S2
S1
+
-
V
out
V
C

Figure 2.EP-1

Get Vin from the function generator. Observe the input signal on the scope. Adjust the
potentiometer to 0 O.
a) Close the switch S2 (S1 open) and observe the half-wave rectified signal
at the output. Adjust the magnitude of the signal to 10 V.
b) Close the switch S1 (S2 open) and observe the voltage across the
capacitor by using the oscilloscope.
c) Close S2 (S1 is already closed) and observe the output voltage.
d) Measure the DC voltage at the output by using a DC voltmeter and record it.
e) Determine the ripple voltage, Vr, record it and compare the measure value
with that predicted by Eq. 9. Write your comment.
f) Change the load resistance with the potentiometer and observe the change
in the ripple voltage.

C
22 F
10 KO
Vin
S2
S1
V
out
Full-Wave
Rectifier

Figure 2. EP-2

Get Vin from the function generator.

a) Observe the full-wave rectified signal at the output with S1 open and S2
closed. Adjust the amplitude of the signal to 10 V.
b) Close S1 (S2 is already closed) and observe the output signal.
c) Using a DC voltmeter measure the DC voltage at the output and record it.
d) Measure the ripple voltage using the oscilloscope and record it.

Experiment 2
2-18
OPTIONAL (PART 3)

22 F
Vin
Full-Wave
Rectifier
470 O
10 F
10 KO

Figure 2.EP-3

Repeat parts c-f of (2) and compare the results with those of (2).

4) Set up the zener regulator circuit that you have designed in problem 4 of the
preliminary work (Figure 2.PW-2) with C=100 F and R
L
=680 O. The input to
the full-wave rectifier will be supplied by the transformer.
a) Observe the voltage across the load and record it. Is the voltage perfectly
regulated? Write your comment.
b) Replace with a 10K potentiometer, change the load resistance and observe
the output voltage. Record the potentiometer position at which the regulation is
lost. Is there agreement between the measurement and your calculation in problem
3 of the preliminary work?
c) Disconnect the potentiometer, measure the output voltage and calculate the
load regulation. Is there any discrepancy between the results of the preliminary
work and the experiment? Write your comment.

5) Set up the circuit that you have designed in problem 5 of the preliminary work with
C=100 F and R
L
=680 O. Repeat the steps given in (4). Write your comments.

6) Set up the circuit in Figure 2.21 of the background section with C=1 F (Connect
the input port of the circuit to the output of a full-wave rectifier with a capacitor
filter as shown in Figure 2.EP-4). Calculate the load regulation of the circuit (R
L

=220 O at full load) and compare the regulation of the circuit with those of (4)
and (5).

100 F
Full-Wave
Rectifier
1 F
560 O
Vin
1 7805 3
2
R
L

Figure 2.EP-4
Experiment 2
2-19
EE 313 EXPERIMENT 2
DC REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES

NAMES: 1.
2.
SECTION:

STEP 1

(a) S1 Open, S2 Closed

(b) S1 Closed, S2 Open (c) S1 Closed, S2 Closed

V
OUT

t(msec)

V
OUT

t(msec)

V
OUT

t(msec)

(f) V
OUT-DC
= .. V

(e) V
r
= . V
P-P

Comments & Comparisons :

(f) R
LOAD
= 10 KO V
r
= .. V
P-P
R
LOAD
= 20 KO V
r
= .. V
P-
Explain the change in the ripple with respect to change in R
LOAD
:

Experiment 2
2-20
STEP 2

(a) S1 Open, S2 Closed (b) S1 Closed, S2 Closed (c) V
OUT-DC
= .. V

V
OUT

t(msec)

V
OUT

t(msec)

(d) V
r
= ...........V
P-P

(e) V
OUT-AC
= ... V
RMS

Commets & Comparison :

(f) Calculate the ripple factor:

STEP 3

(c) V
OUT-DC
= .. V

(d) V
r
= ......... V
P-P

Compare steps 2 and 3.

Experiment 2
2-21
STEP 4
C= 100 F R
L
=680 O

(a)

V
OUT

t(msec)

Comments:
(b) R
L
= 10KO potentiometer is connected.
R
L
= ..O when regulation is lost.
Comment on the measurement and calculation in problem 4 of preliminary work:

Experiment 2
2-22
STEP 5
C= 100 F R
L
=680 O

(a)

V
OUT

t(msec)

Comments:
(b) R
L
= 10KO potentiometer is connected.
R
L
= ..O when regulation is lost.

Comment on the measurement and calculation in problem 5 of preliminary work:

STEP 6

V
IN
= V
OUT
of a full wave rectifier circuit
C=1 F R
L
= 220 O
Load regulation=..

Compare the regulation of circuits in steps 4 and 5:

Exp 2

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METU-EEE EE 313-Analog Electronics Laboratory

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