Review Exercises for Chapter P 15.

(a) y (b)
300

19

1.81x3

14.58x2

16.39x

10

17. (a) Yes, y is a function of t. At each time t, there is one and only one displacement y. (b) The amplitude is approximately 2.35 1.65 2 0.35.

0 0

The period is approximately 2 0.375 0.125 0.5. 2.

(c) If x

4.5, y

214 horsepower. (d)

4

(c) One model is y

0.35 sin 4 t

0 0

0.9

19. Answers will vary.

Review Exercises for Chapter P

1. y x y 2x 3 20 2x 3 3x 3 0,
3 2

0y 00 x x 1 2

3 0

y-intercept x-intercept

3 2,

3. y x y

5. Symmetric with respect to y-axis since 0 0 x x 1 2 1 1 0, 2 2 1 1, 0 x 2y y-intercept x-intercept x2y x

2

4y 4y

0 0.

0y 00

x2

1 x 2

7. y
y

1 2x

3 2

9.

1 3x 2 5x

5 6y

1
6 5 2 5x 6 5

11. y

6x
y

x2

y y

3 2 1

Slope:
x
1 2 3

2 5 6 5
y x
10 3 2 5 5 5

y-intercept:

1 2

x
3 2 1 1 1

20 13. y

Chapter P 5 x ,5

Preparation for Calculus 15. y 4x2 25 17. 3x 4x Xmin = -5 Xmax = 5 Xscl = 1 Ymin = -30 Ymax = 10 Yscl = 5 7x x y Point: 4, 1 4y 4y 8 20 28 4 1

Domain:
y
5 4 3 2 1

x
1 2 3 4 5

19. You need factors x y xx x3 2 x 4x. 2.

2 and x

2 . Multiply by x to obtain origin symmetry

21.
5 4 3 2 1

23.

1 1 1

t 0 t t

1 1 4 3 7 3

5 2

( 5, ) ( 3 , 1) 2
x 1 2 3 4 5

5 2

Slope

5 2 1 5 3 2
3 2

3 2 7 2

3 7
2 3

25.

5 y

0 5

27.

0 y

x 2

3 2x

2 3x

2y

3x
y 4 2

10

3y

2x

6
y 4 2

(3, 0)
x 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 x 2 4 6 8 2 4

2 4

(0, 5)

Review Exercises for Chapter P 5 (b) Slope of line is . 3 y 78 3y 2 (d) x 850t 12,500 12,500. $9950 35. y x x2 2x x 2 0 12 0 4 5 x 3 5x 5x 2 2 10 3y 22

21

29. (a) 16y

4 64 0

7 x 16 7x 7x 4 0 2 0 2x 0

2 14 16y

(c)

m y 2x y

31. The slope is V3 33. x y2 y 0

850. V 850 3

Function of x since there is one value of y for each x.

y 4 3

Not a function of x since there are two values of y for some x.

y 3 2 1 x 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 1

x 3 2 4

37. f x

1 x

39. (a) Domain: 36 Range: 0, 6 1 1 1 (b) Domain: all x 1 1 1, 0 1 x x x Range: all y

x2 0

6 x 6

or

6, 6

(a) f 0 does not exist. f 1 x x f 1 1 1 1 41. (a) f x x3

y
3

5 0

or or , ,

, 5 , 5, , 0 , 0,

(b)

x x x , x

(c) Domain: all x or Range: all y or

c, c
c
0

2, 0, 2

(b) f x

x
y

c 3, c
c
0

2, 0, 2

1 3 2

c
2 3

2
x
2

x
2 2 3

CONTINUED

22

Chapter P

Preparation for Calculus

41. CONTINUED (c) f x

y

c, c

2, 0, 2

(d) f x

cx3, c
y

2, 0, 2

2 1

3 2

0
x
3 2 1

c
2 1 2 4 1 2

0
3

43. (a) Odd powers: f x

2

x, g x

x3, h x

x5

Even powers: f x
4

x2, g x

x4, h x

x6

g h

g h f

f
3 2 0 3

The graphs of f, g, and h all rise to the right and fall to the left. As the degree increases, the graph rises and falls more steeply. All three graphs pass through the points 0, 0 , 1, 1 , and 1, 1 . (b) y y 45. (a)
x

The graphs of f, g, and h all rise to the left and to the right. As the degree increases, the graph rises more steeply. All three graphs pass through the points 0, 0 , 1, 1 , and 1, 1 .

x7 will look like h x x8 will look like h x

y

x5, but rise and fall even more steeply. x6, but rise even more steeply. (b) Domain: 0 < x < 12

40

2x

2y y A

24 12 xy x x 12 x 12x x2

0 0

12

(c) Maximum area is A 36. In general, the maximum area is attained when the rectangle is a square. In this case, x 6. 49. (a) Yes, y is a function of t. At each time t, there is one and only one displacement y. (b) The amplitude is approximately 0.25 0.25 2 0.25.

47. (a) 3 (cubic), negative leading coefficient (b) 4 (quartic), positive leading coefficient (c) 2 (quadratic), negative leading coefficient (d) 5, positive leading coefficient

The period is approximately 1.1. (c) One model is y (d)

0.5

1 2 cos t 4 1.1

1 cos 5.7t 4

2.2

0.5

Problem Solving for Chapter P

23

Problem Solving for Chapter P

1. (a) x2 6x 9 x Center: 3, 4 x2 6x y2 3
2

y2 8y y

8y 16 4
2

0 9 25 16

4 (b) Slope of line from 0, 0 to 3, 4 is Slope of tangent line 3 3 is Hence, 4 y 0 3 x 4 3 x 2 3 x 4 9 2 3 3, 9 4 3 x 4 9 2 0 y 3 x 4 Tangent line

Radius: 5 4 3 0 6 4 . 3 (d)

(c) Slope of line from 6, 0 to 3, 4 is 3 Slope of tangent line is . Hence, 4 y 0 3 x 4 6 y 3 x 4

9 2

Tangent line

Intersection:

3. H x

1 x 0 0 x < 0

y 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 x 1 2 3 4

(a) H x

2
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 1 3 4

(b) H x

2
4 3 2 1

x 1 2 3 4

4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4

x 1 2 3 4

(c)

Hx
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4

(d) H

x
4 3 2

x 1 2 3 4

4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4

x 1 2 3 4

1 (e) 2H x
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4

(f )

Hx

2
4 3

1 x 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 x 1 2 3 4

24

Chapter P

Preparation for Calculus 100 x 2 x2 2 50x

5. (a) x Ax

2y xy

100 y x 100 x 2

7. The length of the trip in the water is 22 x2, and the length of the trip over land is 1 3 x 2. Hence, the total time is T 4 2 x2 1 3 4 x
2

Domain: 0 < x < 100 (b)

1600

hours.

0 0

110

Maximum of 1250 m 2 at x (c) A x 1 2 x 2 1 2 x 2 1 x 2 100x 100x 50

2

50 m, y

25 m.

2500 1250

1250

A 50

1250 m 2 is the maximum. x 9 3 4 2 4.41 2.1 f 2 2 2 4h h 4 h, h 0 4 2 1 1 4 2 h h h2 h h2

50 m, y

25 m.

9. (a) Slope (b) Slope (c) Slope (d) Slope

5. Slope of tangent line is less than 5. 3. Slope of tangent line is greater than 3. 4.1. Slope of tangent line is less than 4.1. f 2 2 4

(e) Letting h get closer and closer to 0, the slope approaches 4. Hence, the slope at 2, 4 is 4. 11. (a) At x (b) x 3x2 x2 x 1 and x I x2 3
2

3 the sounds are equal. x 4 x2 9 3 4 1, 0 2I 3 y2

2

y2 y2 6x y2 y2

y2

3y2 2x 1
2

Circle of radius 2 centered at

Problem Solving for Chapter P 13. x x 1

2

25

d1d2 1
2

1 1 1 1 1 0 2 x2 2. y2
( 2 , 0)
2 1 2 1

y2 x 1
2

1 1

2 2

y2 y4 y4 y4 2y2 y2 or
2

y2 x x2 1

x y2 2x2 2x2y2 y4

( 2 , 0)
x 2

2 2y2 2x2 x2

(0, 0)

x4

2x2 x4

1 2x2y2

Let y

0. Then x4

2x2 x

x2

Thus, 0, 0 ,

2, 0 and

2, 0 are on the curve.