1

Basic Mathematics 1.1

Chapter Basic Mathematics

INTEXT EXERCISE: 1
4. (i) when both x and y are rational
1. a 2 +b = 3 2 +4
x + y: rational
a 2 -3 2 = 4-b
x - y: rational
2 ]a - 3g = 4 - b xy: rational
For a, b to be integers, x/y : rational
LHS is irrational x y : rational or irrational
RHS is integral (ii) both are irrational
& LHS = RHS only if both are equal to zero x + y: rational or irrational
& a-3 = 4-b = 0 x - y: rational or irrational
xy: rational or irrational
&a=3 & b=4 x
2.
(i) Let x = 0.18 = 0.181818.... y : rational or irrational
100x = 18.18 = 18.181818.... x y: not defined
& 100x - x = 18 (iii) one is rational, one is irrational
& 99x = 18 x + y: irrational
18 2 x - y: irrational
& x = 99 = 11
xy: rational (if one is zero) or irrational (if both non
(ii) x = 0.16 = 0.161616.... zero)
100x = 16.161616.... x
y : rational (if numerator is zero) or irrational (if
100x - x = 16 both non-zero)
99x = 16 x y: irrational or rational (if y is rational), not defined
16 if y is irrational
& x = 99
(iii) x = 0.423 a-b rational
5. a- b= = rational
a+ b
10x = 4.23
1000x = 423.23 & a - b : rational .... (1)
1000x - 10x = 423.23 - 4. 23 a + b : rational .... (2)
990x = 419 Add & 2 a : rational + rational
419 a : rational
x = 990 & a: rational
3. Let 2 be a rational number Subtract (1) from (2)
b & 2 b : rational - rational
& 2 = a where a and b are relatively prime & b : rational
integers & b: rational
b2 6. The decimals in x are non-terminating and non
& 2 = 2 & b 2 = 2a 2
a repeating, Hence the number ‘x’ is irrational
Since 2a 2 is even, b 2 must be even, 7. N = 7 7 4 9 5 8 P 9 6 Q
& b is even & b = 2c Sum of digits of N = 55 + P + Q
& ]2cg2 = 2a 2 & 4c 2 = 2a 2 57 + Q is divisible by 3
& a 2 = 2c 2 & Q can be equal to O, 3, 6, 9
& a 2 is even & 4 Values
& a is even 8. P can be any digit
However, two even numbers cannot be relatively Q = O, 4, 8
prime, So 2 cannot be expressed as a rational number of ordered pairs
fraction & 2 is irrational. (P ,Q) = 10 # 3 = 30
1.2 Mathematics
9. For N to be divisible by 8 10. Seven = 22 + P
Q = 0 or 8 Sodd = 33 + Q
Seven - Sodd = P - Q - 11
For Q = 0, P = 8
& For P - Q - 11 to be divisible by 11
For Q = 8, P = 0 or 9 P - Q = O & P = Q
& 3 ordered pairs for (P ,Q) & P and Q are same digits
& 10 possible values.
INTEXT EXERCISE: 2
1. B + C = !4 + 6. A and B disjoint & n ] A + Bg = 0
A , ]B + C g = "1, 2, 3, 4 , n ] A , Bg = n ] Ag + n ] Bg - n ] A + Bg
2. n ] A + Bg = n ] Ag + n ] Bg - n ] A , Bg = n ] Ag + n ] Bg
= 16 + 14 - 25 7. n ] A , Bg = n ] Ag + n ] Bg - n ] A + Bg
=5 = 200 + 300 - 100
3. B' = U - B = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 , = 400
A + B' = "1, 2, 5 , = A 8. Number of subsets of first set = 2m
N P
4. a x b

Number of subsets of second set = 2n
y
o z
2 m - 2 n = 56
c 2 n ]2 m - n - 1g = 8 # 7
H
& m = 6, n = 3
a + b + c + x + y + z = 30
9. Total subsets = 26 = 64
a + x + y = 12
Out of these one is the null set remaining
b + x + z = 16 = 64 - 1 = 63.
c + y + z = 18 10. Proof of ] A , Bg ' = A' + B'
a + b + c + 2 ^ x + y + z h = 46 Let P = ] A , Bg ' and Q = A' + B'
& x + y + z = 46 - 30 = 16 Let x be an arbitrary element of P, then
5. n(A) = 40% of 10,000 = 4,000 x ! P & x ! ] A , Bg '
&xY ! ] A , Bg

n(B) = 20% of 10,000 = 2,000
&xY ! A and x Y !B

n(C) = 10% of 10,000 = 1,000 & x ! A' and x ! B'
& x ! A' + B'
n (A + B) = 5% of 10,000 = 500, n (B + C) = 3% of
&x!Q
10,000 = 300
Therefore P 3 Q ....(1)

n(C + A) = 4% of 10,000 = 400, n(A + B + C) = Again, let y be an arbitrary element of Q, then
2% of 10,000 = 200 y ! Q & y ! A' + B'
& y ! A' and y ! B'

We want to find n(A + Bc + Cc) = n[A + (B , C)c]
&yY ! A and y Y !B
= n(A) – n[A + (B , C)] = n(A) – n[(A + B) , (A &yY ! A,B
+ C)] = n(A) – [n(A + B) + n(A + C) – n(A + B + & y ! ] A , Bg '
C)] &y!p
= 4000 – [500 + 400 – 200] = 4000 – 700 = 3300. Therefore Q 3 P ....(2)
Combine (1) and (2), to get P = Q.
INTEXT EXERCISE: 3
1. ] x - 1g2 ] x + 1g3 ] x - 4g < 0
& x ! 1 and 1 4

] x + 1g3 ] x - 4g < 0
& x ! ^- 1, 4h
& ] x + 1g] x - 4g < 0
 Basic Mathematics 1.3

2.
6x - 5 & x ! 6- 1, 1@ , [3, 3)
4x + 1 < 0
-1 5 Clearly x !- 1
Critical points: 4 and 6
& x ! (- 1, 1] , ! 2 + , [3, 3)
x 2 + 4x + 4
5 7. <0
−1 2x 2 - x - 1
4 6 ] x + 2g2
2x + 1g] x - 1g
&] <0
& x ! b 4 , 6 l
-1 5
1
2x + 1g] x - 1g
&] <0
] x - 1g] x + 2g 2
3. -1 - x <0 (Also, x !- 2)
Clearly, x !- 2 -1
Critical points: 2 , 1
Eliminating perfect square ] x + 2g2
x-1
-1 - x < 0
−1
x-1 1
& x+1 > 0 2

& x ! b 2 , 1l
-1


1 1
x3 ] x - 2g]5 - xg
x ! ^- 3, - 1h , ^1, 3h - !- 2 +
]x 2 - 4g] x + 1g
8. >0
& x ! ^- 3, - 2h , ^- 2, - 1h , ^1, 3h
x3 ] x - 2g]5 - xg

]2x - 1g] x - 1g2 ] x - 2g3 &]
x - 2g] x + 2g] x + 1g
>0
] x - 4g4
4. >0
Clearly x ! 0, 2, - 2, 5, - 1
Eliminating perfect squares ]2x - 1g] x - 2g > 0 x ]5 - xg
&]
x + 2g] x + 1g
(Also x ! 1 and x ! 4 ) >0

1
Critical points x = 2 and x = 2 x ] x - 5g
&]
x + 1g] x + 2g
<0
Critical points: x = 0, 5, - 1, - 2
1/2 2
x ! b - 3, 2 l , ^2, 3h - ! 4 +
1
2 1 0 5

] x - 1g ] x + 1g
2 3
& x ! ^- 2, - 1h , ^0, 5h - ! 2 +
x 4 ] x - 2g
5. #0
x+1 ]2 - x 2g] x - 3g3
] x + 1g] x 2 - 3x - 4g
Eliminating perfect squares x - 2 # 0 9. $0
(Also x ! 0)
]x 2 - 2g] x - 3g3
x + 1g] x - 4g] x + 1g
Critical points: x =- 1 and 2 &] #0

^ x - 2 h^ x + 2 h] x - 3g3
] x + 1g2 ] x - 4g
& #0
1 2
Eliminating perfect squares
& x ! 6- 1, 2@ - !0 + ^ x - 2 h^ x + 2 h] x - 3g
Also x ! 2 ] x - 4g #0
& x ! [- 1, 2) - ! 0 + (Also x !- 1, 4)
] x - 2g2 ]1 - xg] x - 3g3 ] x - 4g2 & Critical point: - 2 , 2 , 3, 4
6. x+1 #0
]1 - xg] x - 3g
Eliminating perfect squares x+1 #0
(Also x = 2, 4 will be part of solution) − 2 2 3 4
] x - 1g] x - 3g & x ! 6- 2 , 2 @ , 63, 4@
& x+1 $0
Critical points: x =- 1, 1, 3 But x !- 1, 4
& x ! 6- 2 , 1h , ^1, 2 @ , 63, 4h
1 1 3
1.4 Mathematics
10. x - 5x 2 + 4 < 0
4

& ] x 2 - 4g] x 2 - 1g < 0 2

1 1
& ] x - 1g] x + 1g] x - 2g] x + 2g < 0
2

& x ! ^- 2, - 1h , ^1, 2h
& Critical point: - 1, 1, - 2, 2

INTEXT EXERCISE: 4
1. f ] xg = 3x3 + 6x 2 - 4x - 5 & f ]1 g and f ]- 2g = 0
By Remainder theorem, Remainder = f ]- 3g & x - 1 and x + 2 are factors of the polynomial
f ]- 3g = 3 ]- 3g3 + 6 ]- 3g2 - 4 ]- 3g - 5 & x 2 + x - 2 is a factor
=- 20 f ] xg = k ] x 2 + x - 2g] x - ag
2. f ] x g = x 3 - 6x + k Also, f ]- 1g = 4 and f ]2g = 28
By factor theorem, f ]2g = 0 &- 2k ]- 1 - ag = 4
& 23 - 6 ]2g + k = 0 & k ]a + 1g = 2 ....(1)
&k=4 and 4k ]2 - ag = 28
3. By Remainder theorem, k ]2 - ag = 7 ....(2)
Remainder = P ]1 g
-1
Solving (1) and (2) k = 3 and a = 3
P ]1 g = 1 4 - 3 ]1 g2 + 2 ]1 g + 1 = 1 & f ] xg = 3x3 + 4x 2 - 5x - 2
4. By factor theorem, f ]ag = 0 8. Dividend = Divisor # Quotient + Remainder
f ]ag = a3 - a 2 ]ag + a + 2 = 0 & f ] xg = ] x3 - 3x + 2gQ ] xg + ax + b
& a =- 2 Put x = 1
5. f ] xg = 8x3 + lx 2 - 27x + m is divisible by f ]1 g = a + b = 4
2x 2 - x - 6 Put x = 2
& divisible by ]2x + 3g] x - 2g f ]2g = 2a + b = 7
By factor theorem & a = 3, b = 1
f b 2 l = 0 and f ]2g = 0
-3 9. Consider the polynomial as a polynomial in ‘a’

& 9l + 4m =- 54 and 4l + m =- 10 & P ]ag = a ]b 2 - c 2g + b ]c 2 - a 2g + c ]a 2 - b 2g
& l = 2, m =- 18 when a = b
6. 2x3 - ]2l + 1g x 2 + ]l + mg x + m P ]b g = 0
= ]2x 2 - x + 3g] x - ag & a - b is a factor of P ]b g
= 2x3 - ]2a + 1g x 2 + ]a + 3g x - 3a (By factor theorem)
Comparing LHS & RHS Similarly prove for b - c and c - a
2l + 1 = 2a + 1 & a = l 10. Consider the polynomial as polynomial in ‘a’
l+m = a+3 & m = 3 P ]ag = a 4 + 32b 4 + a3 b ]k + 3g
m =- 3a & a =- 1 & l =- 1 If 'a + 2b' is a factor of P ]ag then P ]- 2bg = 0
Ans: l =- 1, m = 3 & ]- 2bg4 + 32b 4 + ]- 2bg3 b ]k + 3g = 0
7. As the polynomial vanishes when & b 4 616 + 32 - 8 ]k + 3g@ = 0
x = 1 and x =- 2 &k=3
INTEXT EXERCISE: 5
1 1
1. If x + x = 2 & x4 + =2
1 1 x4
Squaring both sides x 2 + 2 + 2.x. x = 4 1
Again square both sides to prove x8 + 8 = 2
x x
1
& x2 + 2 = 2 2. Using the property
x
Squaring both sides If a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
1 1 Put a = 2x
& x 4 + 4 + 2.x 2 . 2 = 4
x x b = 3y
c = 4z and prove
 Basic Mathematics 1.5
8. Let the two numbers be ‘x’ and ‘y’
3. RHS = c x - y + y - z + z - x m
2
1 1 1
x + y = c ...(1)
1 1 1 x P
^ x - yh2 ^ y - z h2 ] z - xg2
= + + y = Q ...(2)

x P x+y P+Q
+ 2< F
1 1 1 & y +1 = Q +1
^ x - yh^ y - z h ^ y - z h]z - xg ]z - xg^ x - yh
+ + & y = Q

1 1 1 c P+Q
^ x - yh2 ^ y - z h2 ] z - xg2
= + + & y = Q

z-x+x-y+y-z CQ
+ 2= G & y = P+Q
^ x - yh^ y - z h] z - xg

1 1 1 P CP
From (2), x = y. Q = P + Q
^ x - yh2 ^ y - z h2 ] z - xg2
= + + + 0 = LHS
a c e
^ x + y + z h3 - x3 - y3 - z3
9. Let b = d = f = k
4.
14444444444444244444444444443 & a = bk
= ^ x + y + z - x h_^ x + y + z h2 + x 2 + x ^ x + y + z hi
c = dk
- ^ y + z h_ y 2 - yz + z 2 i
e = fk
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx + x 2
= ^ y + z h> 2 H 2a 4 b 2 + 3a 2 c 2 - 5e 4 f
+ x + xy + xz - y 2 + yz - z 2 2b 6 + 3b 2 d 2 - 5f 5
= ^ y + z h73x 2 + 3xy + 3yz + 3zxA
2 ]bk g4 b 2 + 3 ]bk g2 ]dk g2 - 5 ^ fk h .f
4

= 3 ^ x + y h^ y + z h] z + xg =
2b6 + 3b 2 d 2 - 5f5
5. (i) 1 + x 4 + x8
2b 6 + 3b 2 d 2 - 5 f 5
= 1 + 2x 4 + x8 - x 4 = k4 = G
= ] x 4 + 1g2 - ] x 2g2
2b6 + 3b 2 d 2 - 5f5

= ] x 4 - x 2 + 1g] x 4 + x 2 + 1g =k 4 =bbl
a 4

10. ]a + b + c g_ x + y + z i = ^ax + by + cz h
(ii) x 4 + 4
= x 4 + 4 + 4x 2 - 4x 2 = ] x 2 + 2g2 - ]2xg2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

= ] x 2 + 2x + 2g] x 2 - 2x + 2g a2 x2 + a2 y2 + a2 z2 a2 x2 + b2 y2 + c2 z2
a+b + b 2 x 2 + b 2 y 2 + b 2 z 2 = + 2abxy + 2bcyz
6. b + c
+ c 2 x 2 + c 2 y 2 + c 2 z 2 + 2acxz
Divide the Nr and Dr by ‘b’
a b a & a 2 y 2 - 2abxy + b 2 x 2
b +b b +1
= b c = c + a 2 z 2 - 2acxz + c 2 x 2
1+ b
b+b + b 2 z 2 - 2bcyz + c 2 y 2 = 0
& ^ay - bx h + ]az - cxg2 + ^bz - cy h = 0
2 2 2
+ 1 5 9 5 4 20
= 3 5 = 3 ' 4 = 3 # 9 = 27
1+ 4 & ay - bx = az - cx = bz - cy = 0
a x a x b y
a 3 3 # 7 21 & b = y, c = z, c = z
7. b = 5 = 5 # 7 = 35 ...(1)
b 7 7#5 35 a b a c b c
& x = y, x = z, y = z
c = 13 = 13 # 5 = 65 ...(2)
From (1) and (2) x y z
& a = b =c
a: b: c = 21: 35: 65
INTEXT EXERCISE: 6
^5 3 + 50 h^5 - 24 h
1. ^ 3 + 2 h ^5 - 24 h
2

75 - 5 2
^ 3 - 2 h^ 3 + 2 h
=
^5 3 + 5 2 h^5 - 24 h
= ^5 + 2 6 h^5 - 2 6 h
5 3 -5 2 = 3-2
5 ^ 3 + 2 h^5 - 24 h^ 3 + 2 h
= 5 2 - ^2 6 h = 25 - 24 = 1
2

5^ 3 - 2 h ^ 3 + 2h
=
1.6 Mathematics
3 2 4 3 6 ]2 nm + mg]2 2ng.2 n
2. - + 7. =1
6+ 3 6+ 2 3+ 2 2 nm + m .2 2m

3 2^ 6 - 3h 4 3^ 6 - 2h 6^ 3 - 2h
2 nm + m + 2n + n
& nm + n + 2m = 1
2
^ 6 + 3 h^ 6 - 3 h ^ 6 + 2 h^ 6 - 2 h ^ 3 + 2 h^ 3 - 2 h
= - +
& 2 nm + m + 3n - nm - n - 2m = 1
3 2^ 6 - 3h 4 3^ 6 - 2h 6^ 3 - 2h
= 3 - 4 + 1 & 2 2n - m = 1
= 12 - 6 - 18 + 6 + 18 - 12 = 0 & 2n - m = 0
& m = 2n
3. 91/3, 111/4, 171/6
LCM of 3,4,6 = 12 2+3 5
8. = a+b 5
The numbers can be written as 9 4/12, 113/12, 17 2/12 1-3 5
= ]6561g1/12, ]1331g1/12, ]289g1/12 Rationalising LHS
& ]6561g1/12 is the greatest ^2 + 3 5 h ^1 + 3 5 h
= a+b 5
& 3 9 is the greatest ^1 - 3 5 h ^1 + 3 5 h
6 = 12 + ^ 2 h + ^ 3 h
2 2
4. 47 + 9 5
Hence, 6+2 3 +2 2 +2 6
- 44 = a + b 5
- 47
a = 44
= 12 + ^ 2 h + ^ 3 h + 2 3 + 2 2 + 2 6
2 2
-9
b = 44
= ^1 + 2 + 3 h = 1 + 2 + 3
2

c xm m
l2 + ml + m2
& Given expression l
9.
x
1+ 2 + 3 -1 2+ 3
= = = x]l - mg]l + ml + m g
2 2

5+2 6 5+2 6
= xl - m
3 3

2+ 3
=
^ 2 h + ^ 3 h + 2 ^ 2 h^ 3 h c xn m
m m + mn + n
2 2
2 2
= xm - n
3 3

n
2+ 3 2+ 3
c xl m
n n + nl + l
2 2

= = =1
^ 2 + 3h = xn - l
3 3
2
2+ 3 x
2.3 n + 1 - 7.3 n - 1 Hence given expression
5.
3n + 1 + 2b 3 l
1 1-n = xl - m .x m - n .x n - l
3 3 3 3 3 3

= xl - m + m - n + n - l
3 3 3 3 3 3

n3n
2.3.3 - 7. 3 = x° = 1
=
10. a x = ^ x + y + z h
2.3 n y
3.3 n + 3

3 n ]6 - 7/3g
x
& ay = x+y+z
3 n ]3 + 2/3g
=
11/3 Similarly,
= 11/3 = 1
x + y + z = a x/y = a y/z = a z/x
b 1 l .27 -3 + b 1 l . ]25g-2 + ]641/6g-3
-10 -4
6. 3 5 x y z
& y = z = x
= 3 . ]3 g + 5 . ]5 2g-2 + _2 9 i
10 3 -3 4 6 -3

a
= 310 .3 -9 + 5 4 .5 -4 + 2 -2 &x=y=z= 3
1 1 17
= 3+1+ 4 = 4+ 4 = 4

INTEXT EXERCISE: 7
1. 2x - 5 = 7 5
For x < 2
5
For x $ 2 & 5 - 2x = 7 & x =- 1
2x - 5 = 7 & x = 6
 Basic Mathematics 1.7
2. 2x - 3 + 4 = 2 For 3 # x < 6
& 2x - 3 = 2 - 4 =- 2 6-x+x-3 = 1
LHS is always positive 3 = 1 Rejected
RHS is always negative For x < 3
& No solution. 6-x+3-x = 1
3x + 4 & x = 4 Rejected
3. 3 =7
& No solution
3x + 4 = 21 1
-4 7. For x $ 2
For x $ 3
2x - 1 + 2x + 3 = 6
3x + 4 = 21 4x = 4
17 x=1
& x= 3
-3 1
-4 For 2 # x < 2
For x < 3
1 - 2x + 2x + 3 = 6
- 3x - 4 = 21
4 = 6 Rejected
- 25
& x= 3 For x < - 3/2
4. 2x - 3 = 3x + 5 1 - 2x - 2x - 3 = 6
3 4x =- 8
For x $ 2
x =- 2
2x - 3 = 3x + 5 3
& x =- 8 : Rejected 8. For x $ 2
-5 3 2x - 3 + 2x + 1 + 2x + 5 = 12
For 3 < x < 2
6x = 9
3 - 2x = 3x + 5
3
& 5x =- 2 x= 2
-2 -1 3
& x= 5 For 2 # x < 2
For x < - 5/3 3 - 2x + 2x + 1 + 2x + 5 = 12
- 2x + 3 =- 3x - 5 2x = 3
-2 3
x =- 8 . Hence x = 5 , - 8 & x = 2 Rejected
-5 -1
For 2 # x < 2
5. 2 x + 3 = 3 x - 4 3 - 2x - 2x - 1 + 2x + 5 = 12
For x $ 4, 7 - 2x = 12
2 ] x + 3g = 3 ] x - 4g 2x =- 5
2x + 6 = 3x - 12 -5
x= 2
x = 18
-5
For - 3 # x < 4 For x < 2
2 ] x + 3g =- 3 ] x - 4g 3 - 2x - 1 - 2x - 2x - 5 = 12
2x + 6 =- 3x + 12 - 3 - 6x = 12
5x = 6 6x =- 15
6 -5
x= 5 x = 2 Rejected
For x < - 3 9. For x > 0
- 2x - 6 =- 3x + 12 x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0
x = 18 Rejected & ] x + 1g] x + 2g = 0
6. For x $ 6 & x =- 1, - 2 Both Rejected
x-6+x-3 = 1 For x < 0
2x = 10 x 2 - 3x + 2 = 0
x = 5 Rejected ] x - 1g] x - 2g = 0 x = 1, 2 Both Rejected
1.8 Mathematics
10. 3x - 5 < 2 5
For x < 3
5
For x > 3 5 - 3x < 2
3x - 5 < 2 3 < 3x
x < 3 & x ! ; 3 , 3 l ....(1) & x > 1 & x ! b1, 3 l ....(2)
7 5 7 5

Combining (1) and (2) x ! b1, 3 l
7

EXERCISE - 1
Numbers and Divisibility last terms - first terms
number of terms = common diff. +1
#
1. (a) 122 ' 16 + 7 # 3 = 12 16 12 + 7 # 3 = 9 + 21 = 30
Divisible by 4 & 204, 208 ,..., 396

#9
(b) 16 # 9 ' 12 + 9 # 2 = 1612 396 - 204
+ 9 # 2 = 12 + 18 = 30 number of terms = 4 +1

18 # 18 192
(c) 182 ' 12 + 3 = = 4 + 1 = 48 + 1 = 49
12 + 3 = 27 + 3 = 30

#6 Divisible by 5 & 205, 210, ..., 395

(d) 18 # 6 ' 12 + 7 # 2 = 1812 + 7 # 2 = 9 + 14 = 23

0.12 # ]0.0104 - 0.002g + 0.36 # 0.002 no. of terms = 395 -

205 190
5 + 1 = 5 + 1 = 38 + 1 = 39
2. 0.12 # 0.12
Divisible by both 4 and 5 no. of terms = 9,
0.12 # 0.0084 + 0.36 # 0.0020
= 0.120 # 0.120 (from part I) Divisible by 4 or 5
12 # 84 + 36 # 20
= 12 # 12 # 100 & no. divisible by 4 + no. divisible by 5 - no.

12 # 12 # 7 + 12 # 3 # 4 # 5 12 # 12 # ]7 + 5g divisible by both & 49 + 39 - 9 = 79.

= 12 # 12 # 100 = 12 # 12 # 100
Note. Every number which is divisible by 8 is also
12
= 100 = 0.12
divisible by 4. Another words we can say that
3. I. Divisible by both 4 and 5 means number divisible
numbers which are divisible by 4 or 8 means

by LCM of 4 and 5 i.e. 20: 220, 240, 260 ,..., 360 ; let numbers are divisible by 4. Similarly divisible by 5

nth term is 380. a1 = 220 , d = 20, an = 380 or 10 means divisible by 5. Hence divisible by 4 or

an = a1 + ]n - 1gd & 380 = 220 + ]n - 1g20

5 or 8 or 10 means divisible by 4 or 5.

4. (a) ]- 1g1/3 = x ]letg
& 380 - 220 = ]n - 1g20
x3 = 1 & x3 + 1 = 0 & ]x + 1g^ x2 - x + 1h = 0
& 160 = ]n - 1g20
one value of x is - 1, it is rational.
160
& n - 1 = 20 & n = 8 + 1 = 9.
(b) r is irrational
II. Divisible by 4 or 5 or 8 or 10. Note: For A.P.
1 1
(c) 0.001 = 1000 = 10 10 , it is irrational.
 Basic Mathematics 1.9
5. Let digits are one’s , ten’s and hundred’s place are 11 11 # 3 # 19 33 # 19 627
14 = 14 # 3 # 19 = 42 # 19 = 42 # 19
x, y and z respectively. 16 16 # 42 672 672
19 = 42 # 19 = 42 # 19 = 42 # 19
` Number = 100z + 10y + x
19 19 # 2 # 19 361 # 2 722
21 = 21 # 2 # 19 = 42 # 19 = 42 # 19
New number = 100 z + 10x + y
11 16 19
` Ascending order is 14 , 19 , 21
According to given condition

^100z + 10x + y h - ^100z + 10y + xh = 27

1 1 1
10. 1 + 1 = 1+ 1 = 1+ 3
1+ 1 1 + 1 + 4
4/ 3
9 ^ x - y h = 27 & x - y = 3
1+ 3


Hence the difference between the last two digits = 3. 1 4 11
= 1+ = 1+ 7 = 7
7/4
6. N = 123 # 132 # 14 11. Sum of first 50 natural number = 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 50

= ]2 # 2 # 3g3 # 132 # ]2 # 7g
= 2 ]1 + 50g = 25 # 51 = 1275
50

= ^22 # 3h3 # 132 # 2 # 7 = 26 # 33 # 132 # 2 # 7
12. b1 + 12 l $ b1 + 13 l $ b1 + 14 l $ b1 + 15 l $ b1 + 16 l $ b1 + 17 l $ b1 + 18 l
7 3 1
= 2 # 3 # 7 # 13 . 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9
Total number of factors = ]7 + 1g]3 + 1g]1 + 1g]2 + 1g = 2 $ 3 $ 4 $ 5 $ 6 $ 7 $ 8 = 2 = 4.5

= 8 # 4 # 2 # 3 = 192 Set Theory

7. Let numerator and denominator are x and y C T = 16

x 10 8
respectively. Therefore fraction is y . Given that 8

x 2
y = 3 According to given condition 13. n C ∪ T = 26
y = 3 y & 3 ]x - 6g = 2x
x-6 2 # x ` take coffee but not tea = 10

& 3x - 18 = 2x 14. Number of students brought maths books

= n ]mg = 19
& x = 18 . Hence numerator is 18.
Number of students brought physics books
LCM of "a, p, a ,
Note: LCM of ( a , q , a 2 =
p
HCF of "b, q, b , = n ^ ph = 16
8.
b b
HCF of "a, p, a , Number of students brought both books
HCF of ( a , q , a 2 =
p
LCM of "b, q, b , = n ^m + p h = 4

b b
1 2 3 HCF of 1, 2 and 3 Number of students brought either maths books or
HCF of 5 , 7 and 11 = LCM of 5, 7 and 11
physics books n ^m , ph = n ]mg + n ^ ph - n ^m + ph
1 1
= 5 # 7 # 11 = 385
= 19 + 16 - 4 = 31 . Total number of students = 40
11 16 19
9. There are three fractions 14 , 19 and 21 first make ` Students did not bring any book = total no. of

denominators are equal. Now take LCM of students - students brought either maths books or
physics books = 40 - 31 = 9
denominator. LCM of 14 , 19 , 21 = 42 # 19
1.10 Mathematics
15 - 4x 15 - 4x
Cricket 50-28 10 21. <4& 2 -4 < 0
= 22 Football x2 - x - 12 x - x - 12
50 10
8 60
15 - 4x - 4x2 + 4x + 48 63 - 4x2
<0& ]
x 4g]x + 3g
& <0
2
x - x - 12 -
Hockey
15. 48
4 dc 63 m - x2 n
2
4c mc 63 - x m
63
` Number of students play only cricket = 22. 2 2 +x 2
& ]
x - 4g]x + 3g ]x - 4g]x + 3g
<0& <0
Indian express Reader
Hindu 20 35 Total = 60 - 5 Here x ! 4, - 3
10 25
60 = 55
30
−∞ − − − ∞
neither 5
63 63
16. 30 + 35 - 55 = 10 −
2 2
Hence students read both = 10
63 m ^4, 3h
x ! c - 3, -
63 m c
17. A B
2
, - 3,
2
,
a 2
x2 + 1 x2 + 1 - 8x + 6
10 22. 4xx + 1
> 2 & - 2 > 0 & >0
b c -3 4x - 3 4x - 3

d x 2 - 8x + 7 ]x - 7g]x - 1g
& 4x - 3 > 0 & 4 ^ x - 3/4h > 0
C
a + 10 = 15 Here x ! 3/4
&a=5
a + b + c + 10 = 35 + + ∞
& b + c = 20 3/4
b + c + 10 + d = 45
` x ! b 4 , 1 l , ^7, 3h
& d = 15 3

Inequalities
Polynomials
18. x 4 - 2x2 - 63 # 0 or ^ x2 - 9h^ x2 + 7h # 0
23. ]x + ag]x + bg = x2 + bx + ax + ab
or ]x + 3g]x - 3g^ x2 + 7h # 0 , x2 + 7 > 0
= x2 + x ]b + ag + ab = x2 + ]a + bg x + ab
` ]x + 3g]x - 3g # 0


+[ ]+ 24. ^ x + y - zh2 = x2 + y2 + ]- zg2 + 2xy + 2y ]- zg + 2 ]- zgx
3
3 .
Hence x ! 6- 3, 3@ = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy - 2yz - 2zx

25. 25x2 + 16y2 + 40xy = 25 ]1 g2 + 16 ]- 1g2 + 40 ]1 g]- 1g

x 4 + x2 + 1 x 4 + x2 + 1
>0& ]
- 5g]x + 1g
19. > 0 ; x 4 + x2 + 1 > 0
2
-
x 4x 5 - x
= 25 + 16 - 40 = 1
−∞ + + ∞

1 5
26. ]a + bg3 + ]a - bg3 + 6a ^a2 - b2h
Hence x ! ^- 3, - 1h , ^5, 3h = ^^a + b h + ^a - b hh

x
^]a + bg2 + ]a - bg2 - ]a + bg]a - bgh + 6a ^a2 - b2h
20. < 1 & x < x2 + 2 & x2 - x + 2 > 0
x2 + 2
= 2a _a2 + b2 + 2ab + a2 + b2 - 2ab - a2 + b2 i + 6a ^a2 - b2h
& bx - 2 l + 2 - 4 > 0
2
1 1

= 2a ^a2 + 3b2h + 6a ^a2 - b2h

& bx - 2 l + 4 > 0
1 2 7
= 2a3 + 6ab2 + 6a3 - 6ab2

It is true for all real x. ` x ! R = 8a3 .

 Basic Mathematics 1.11

27. ]a + bg - ]a - bg =
3 3
9+7+6 7
& 9-7 = a+b 7

^^ a + bh - ^ a - bhh^]a + bg2 + ]a - bg2 + ]a + bg]a - bgh 16 + 6 7

& 2 = a+b 7 & 8+3 7 = a+b 7
= 2b ^2a2 + 2b2 + a2 - b2h = 2b ^3a2 + b2h & a = 8, b = 3
2 ` ^a, bh = ^8, 3h
28. p - bp + a = 0
p2 - cp + d = 0 5 + 2 ^ 5 - 2h - ^ 5 + 2h
2 2
37. 5 -2 -4 5 - 4 5
^ 5 + 2h^ 5 - 2 h
- = = =- 8 5
p ]c - bg = ]d - ag
5 +2 5 -2 5-4

d-a Method II
p = c-b
5 - 2 and 5 + 2 are reciprocal to each other
2 = x + x l - 2 = ]3 g - 2 = 9 - 2 = 7
1 b 1 2
29. x2 + 2
x
= ^ 5 - 2 h - ^ 5 + 2 h =- 4 5 - 4 5
5 -2 5 +2 2 2
-
30. Let k be added, then 5 +2 5 -2
1 1 x2 - 1
x + k = x & k = x - x = x =- 8 5

31. By given condition 38. x = 3 + 2 # 3 + 2 = 3 + 2 + 2 6 = 5 + 2 6 , y = 1

3- 2 3+ 2 3-2

]2 g2 + 3q ]2 g - 2q = 0 & 4 + 6q - 2q = 0 x-y 5+2 6 -1 4+2 6 2 ^2 + 6 h

Now,
x - 3y = 5 + 2 6 - 3 = 2 + 2 6 = 2 ^1 + 6 h
& 4 + 4q = 0 & 4q =- 4 & q =- 1
2+ 6 1- 6 2-2 6 + 6 -6 - 6 -4
= # = =
32. x + 4 = ;b x + 1x l - 2E - 2
4 1 2 2
1+ 6 1- 6 1-6 -5
x
= ^6 - 2h2 - 2 = ]36 - 2g2 - 2 = ]34g2 - 2 =
6 +4
2 = 5
1156 - 2 = 1154 39. 2 = 21/2 = 23/6 = 81/6
3
4 = 41/3 = 4 2/6 = 161/6
33. a3 + b3 = ]a + bg6]a + bg2 - 3ab@
3
3 = 31/3 = 3 2/6 = 91/6
= 10 6]10g - 3 ]21g@ = 10 # ]100 - 63g = 370
2
3
2 = 21/3 = 2 2/6 = 41/6
34. ]x + 1g3 - ]x - 1g3 = "^ x + 1 h - ^ x - 1 h, & 3 4 is the greatest

"]x + 1g2 + ]x - 1g2 + ]x + 1g]x - 1g, ]32g-3 = 5 1 1 1 1 1

]32g3 ]32g3/5 ]25g3/5 23 8
40. 5
= = = =
OR
= 2 "2x2 + 2 + x2 - 1 , = 2 ^3x2 + 1h
6]32g-3@1/5 = 532?-3/5 = 625@-3/5 = 2 -3 = 1
8
Surds and Indices
]729g2.5 = 3 ^93h5/2 = $^93h2 .3 = $^3 6 h 2 . 3 = 35 = 243
1 1
41. 3 5 5

35. Here x = 3 + 8 and y = 3 - 8 are reciprocal to

x2 = ^^ x2h1/3 h
1/4 1 1
42. 4 3
= x 2 # 3 # 4 = x1/6
1 1
each other. So, = 3 - 8 or x = y Ratio and Proportion
3+ 8
= y2 + x2 = ^3 - 8 h + ^3 + 8 h = 2 732 + ^ 8 h A 43. Let number of coins of 25p , 10p and 5p are x,y and
1 1 2 2 2
+
x2 y2
z respectively.
= 2 ]9 + 8g = 34
` x: y: z = 1: 2: 3 & x = k, y = 2k, z = 3k, k ! N
3+ 7 Now, 25x + 10y + 5z = 3000p ]= Rs .30g
36. Given that, = a+b 7
3- 7 or 25k + 10 ]2kg + 5 ]3kg = 3000
3+ 7 3+ 7 or 25k + 20k + 15k = 3000 & 60k = 3000 & k = 50
& # = a+b 7
3- 7 3+ 7
` Number of 5p coins = z = 3k = 3 # 50 = 150
1.12 Mathematics
44. Let third number be k Modulus Function

20 6k 52. x - 3 =- 1 & It is not possible, because

` first number = k + k # 100 = 5

50 3k x - 3 > 0, ` x = z
and second number = k + k # 100 = 2

6k 3k 6 3 53. x2 - 3x + 2 = 2 & x2 - 3x + 2 = ! 2
` 5 : 2 = 5 : 2 = 12: 15 = 4: 5
take +ve, x2 - 3x + 2 = 2 & x2 - 3x = 0 & x ]x - 3g = 0
120 150
Method II: 100 : 100 = 12: 15 = 4: 5
& x = 0, 3
45. Let boys and girls are 7x and 8x respectively.
take -ve, x2 - 3x + 2 =- 2 & x2 - 3x + 4 = 0
20
New ratio = 7x + 7x. 100 10 42x 44
: 8x + 8x. 100 = 5 : 5 = 42: 44
= 21: 22 D / b2 - 4ac = 9 - 16 < 0 roots are imaginary.
120 110
Method II: 7 # 100 : 8 # 100 = 42: 44 = 21: 22 Hence solution will be x = 0, 3
46. Let third proportional of 12 and 30 is k
54. x2 + x + 1 = x2 + x + 2
30 # 30
12: 30 = 30:k & k = 12 = 75
1
Now mean proportional of 9 and 25 is 9 # 25 Let x2 + x + 1 = y ` y = y + 1 & y =- 2
= 225 = 15 1 3
Now, x2 + x + 1 =- 2 & x2 + x + 2 = 0,
Hence, required ratio = 75 : 15 = 5 : 1
3
Here D / b2 - 4ac = 1 - 4.1. 2 < 0
47. Let income of A and B are 5x and 4x respectively.
By given condition, ratio of saving = 2x: 2x ` x is not real i.e. imaginary or complex. Hence

Now 2x = Rs.1600 & x = Rs.800 x=z

` Income of A = 5x = 5 # Rs 800 = Rs 4000
55. 3x + 5 + 4x + 7 = 12
48. A:B:C = 2:3:4 & A = 2K, B = 3K , C = 4K
Case I. If x < - 4 - ]3x + 5g - ]4x + 7g = 12
7

A B C 2K 3K 4K 2 3 2
Now, B : C : A = 3K : 4K : 2K = 3 : 4 : 1
24
Multiply by LCM of 3 & 4 = 12 & - 7x = 24 & x =- 7
A B C 2 3 2

Case II. If - 4 G x < - 3 - ]3x + 5g + ]4x + 7g = 12
` B : C : A = 12 # 3 : 12 # 4 : 12 # 1 = 8: 9: 24 7 5

A 3
49. 2A = 3B & B = 2 & A: B = 3: 2 = 15: 10 & x = 10 it is not possible
B 5
4B = 5C & C = 4 & B: C = 5: 4 = 10: 8
a x ! ;- 4 , - 3 l
7 5

Hence. A: C = 15: 8
-5
50. 43.5: 25 = ]22g7/2: 25 = 27: 25 = 22: 1 = 4: 1
Case III. If x $ 3

51.
4x 2 - 3y 2 12
= ]3x + 5g + ]4x + 7g = 12
2x 2 + 5y 2 19
76x 2 - 57y 2 = 24x 2 + 60y 2 & 12x = 0 & x = 0

52x 2 = 117y 2 - 24
Hence x = 0, 7
2 2
4x = 9y
x 3
& y = 2
 Basic Mathematics 1.13

EXERCISE - 2
Numbers and Divisibility 6. x = 6a + 4, y = 6b + 5
x2 + y2 = ]6a + 4g2 + ]6b + 5g2
1. 6 12 + 2 75 - 3 98
= 36a2 + 48a + 16 + 36b2 + 60b + 25
= 6 4 # 3 + 2 25 # 3 - 3 49 # 2 = 6 ^6a2 + 8a + 6b2 + 10b + 6h + 5

= 12 3 + 10 3 - 21 2 ` remainder = 5

= 22 3 - 21 2 7. b1 - 1 lb1 - 1 lb1 - 1 l ... b1 - 1 l ,

6 7 8 n+4

2. Let numerator and denominator of fraction are n and 5 6 7 n+2 n+3 5

6 $ 7 $ 8gn+3 $ n+4 = n+4
d respectively. 8. 1 ]2 g + 3 ]2 g + 5 ]2 g + 7 ]2 g + 9 ]2 g + 11 ]2 g + 13 ]2 g

= 2 51 + 3 + 5 + ... + 13? = 2 # 2 ]1 + 13g = 98

If value is 1 means numerator = denominator 7

By given condition, 9. (a) 2222 (b) 222 = 2 484
2

22
(c) 2222 (d) 22 = 22 = 216
4

40 100
n - n # 100 = d + d # 100 & 60n = 200d
` greatest is 222 i.e.(b)
2

n 10
& d = 3
10. Three digit numbers which when divided by 6 leaves
10
Hence, original fraction = 3 a remainder of 5 = 101 , 107 , 113 , 119 , 125, ...
when dividied by 5 leaves a remainder
n 200 10
Method II: 60n = 200d & d = 60 = 3 3 = 103, 108, 113, ... Hence required smallest three

763 = ^73h21 = ]343g21 = ]344 - 1g21

digit number = 113.
3.
11. 2.7435 = 2.74 + 0.0035 + 0.000035 + .... to 3
= 21 C0 ]344g21 - 21 C1 ]344g20 + 21 C2 ]344g19 ... + 21 C20 ]344g - 21 C21 35 35 35
= 2.74 + + + + ... to 3
10 4 106 108
= ]344g621 C0 ]344g20 - 21 C1 ]344g19 + ... + 21 C20@ - 1
= 2.74 + 4 ;1 + 2 + 4 + ... to 3E
35 1 1

10 10 10
= ]344g621 C0 ]344g20 - 21 C1 ]344g19 + ... + 21 C20@ - ]344 - 343g 35 # 1 35 102
= 2.74 + 4 1 = 2.74 + 4 # 99
10 10
= 344 621 C0 ]344g20 - 21 C1 ]344g19 + ... + 21 C20 - 1@ + 343
1 - 100

35 27161
` required remainder = 343. = 2.74 + 9900 = 9900

4. Unit digit of 1781 + 2781 + 3781 + ... + 9781 12. Number divisible by 4,5 and 6 means number

divisible by LCM of 4,5 and 6.

Now unit digit of 1781, 2781, 3781, ..., 9781 are
LCM of 4,5 & 6 & 4 = 2 # 2, 5 = 1 # 5, 6 = 2 # 3
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 respectively. So, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +
` LCM = 2 # 2 # 3 # 5 = 60
...+ 9 = 45 Hence unit digit is 5
Required number are 240, 300, 360, ..., 540

5. Any prime number ‘p’ greater than 5 can be written ` Number between 200 and 600 are divisible by 4,5

as 6n - 1 or 6n + 1 So, when ‘p’ is divided by 6 the 540 - 240 300
and 6 are60 + 1 = 60 + 1 = 6
remainder can be either 1 or 5 Note: Total number =
last number - first number
+1
common difference
1.14 Mathematics
Set Theory 18. Let the number of people in the village be 200.

13. Let n ] Ag = p and n ] Bg = q

By given condition, 2 p = 2 q + 15
if q = 0, 2 = 2 + 15 = 1 + 15 = 16 = 2 & p = 4
p o
& atleast 100 people read a newspaper. Of these 100,
at most 25 people read more than one newspaper
& atleast 75 read exactly one newspaper
4 75
& “Exactly one” is read by atleast 200 people

` n ] Ag = 4, n ] Bg = 0
1
= 37 2 %

14. Number of subsets in first and second sets are 2 m Inequalities (Solve for x:)

and 2 n respectively, by given condition, x2 - 5x + 12 x2 - 5x + 12

19. 2 >3& 2 -3 > 0
x - 4x + 5 x - 4x + 5
2 m = 2 n + 56 if x2 - 5x + 12 - 3x2 + 12x - 15
& >0
x2 - 4x + 5
n = 3, 2 m = 23 + 56 = 8 + 56 = 64 = 26 & m = 6
- 2x2 + 7x - 3 2x2 - 7x + 3
& 2 >0& 2 <0
x - 4x + 3 x - 4x + 3
` n = 3, m = 6
]2x - 1g]x - 3g
< 0 & ]2x - 1g]x - 3g < 0
]x - 2g2 + 1
&
15. Let rain in morning and afternoon are denoted by p
a ]x - 2g2 + 1 > 0
and q respectively. By given condition,
` x ! b 2 , 3l
1

n ^ p , q h = 7, n ^ p h = 6, n ^ q h = 5, 1/2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
20.
n ^ p + q h = 0 , given that total number of observing x-2 + x-1 > x & x-2 + x-1 - x > 0
x ]x - 1g + x ]x - 2g - ]x - 2g]x - 1g
days = d. & ]x - 2g]x - 1gx >0

` n ^ p h = d - 6, n ^ q h = d - 5 x 2 - x + x 2 - 2x - x 2 + 3x - 2
x ]x - 1g]x - 2g
& >0

Now n ^ p , qh = n ^ ph + n ^ q h - n^ p + qh & 7 = d - 6 + d - 5 - 0 ^ x + 2 h^ x - 2 h
x ]x - 1g]x - 2g
& > 0
& 2d = 18 & d = 9
(+) (+) (+ ∞ )
0 1 2
16. Bengalis = 80, Gujarathis = 40, Muslims = 70, − 2 2

& x ! ^- 2 , 0 h , ^1, 2 h , ^2, 3h

Hindu = 120 - 70 = 50
21. ]x - 1g]x - 2g]x - 3g > 1 & ]x - 1g]x - 2g]x - 3g - 1 > 0
Suppose all hindu are bengalis then 80 - 50 = 30 ]x + 1g]x + 2g]x + 3g ]x + 1g]x + 2g]x + 3g
]x - 1g]x - 2g]x - 3g - ]x + 1g]x + 2g]x + 3g
]x + 1g]x + 2g]x + 3g
Muslims are Bengalis. & >0

` Minimum Bengali, Muslims is 30. - 12x2 - 12

&]
x + 1g]x + 2g]x + 3g
>0
17. Bengalis = 70, Gujarathis = 35, Maharashtrians = 15 12 ^ x2 + 1h
&]
x + 1g]x + 2g]x + 3g
< 0, ` x2 + 1 > 0
Muslims = 75, Hindu = 120 - 75 = 45.
` ]x + 1g]x + 2g]x + 3g < 0
If all Hindus are Bengalis means minimum −∞ − (−)
3 2 1
Bengalis, Muslims = 70 - 45 = 25
` x ! ^- 3, - 3 h , ^- 2, - 1 h
 Basic Mathematics 1.15
]2x - 2g
22. ^ x2 - 2xh]2x - 2g - 9 2 26. x + y + z - 3xyz =
3 3 3

^ x - 2xh
#0
^ x + y + zh^ x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - zx i
^ x2 - 2xh2 ]2x - 2g - 9 ]2x - 2g

^ x2 - 2xh & x3 + y3 + z3 - 3 ]- 1g =
& #0

]2x - 2g7^ x2 - 2xh2 - 9A ]1 g7^ x + y + zh2 - 3 ^ xy + yz + zx hA

^ x2 - 2xh
& #0
& x3 + y3 + z3 + 3 = ]1 g2 - 3 ]- 1g = 1 + 3 = 4
]2x - 2g^ x2 - 2x + 3h^ x2 - 2x - 3h

& #0
x2 - 2x & x3 + y3 + z3 = 4 - 3 = 1
2 ]x - 1g"]x - 1g2 + 2 ,]x - 3g]x + 1g
x ] x - 2g
& # 0, x ! 0, 2
27. Degree of zero polynomial is not defined

(−∞ − ] ( − ] ( − ] 28. x2 - 5x + 6 = 0 & ]x - 3g]x - 2g = 0

1 1

& x = 2, 3 & common root either 2 or 3.
x ! (- 3, - 1] , (0, 1] , (2, 3]

23. ^ x2 + 3xh]2x + 3g - 16 ]22x + 3g $ 0

7
If 2 is common then 22 + 2m + 3 = 0 & m =- 2
^ x + 3xh
^ x + 3xh ]2x + 3g - 16 ]2x + 3g
2 2 If 3 is common then 32 + 3m + 3 = 0 & m =- 4

^ x2 + 3xh
& $0
7
Hence value of m is either - 2 or - 4
]2x + 3g7^ x + 3xh - 16A
2 2

x ] x + 3g
& $0
29. Let numbers are a and b, where a > b .
]2x + 3g^ x + 3x - 4h^ x + 3x + 4h
2 2

x ] x + 3g
& $0 a - b = 5 .........(i) a2 - b2 = 65 ..........(ii)

a2 - b2 = ]a - bg]a + bg & 65 = 5 ]a + bg
]2x + 3g]x + 4g]x - 1g'b x + 3 l + 7 1
2

2 4

x ] x + 3g
& $ 0, x ! 0, - 3 & a + b = 13 ...(iii)
[ + ) [ + ) [ + ∞ ) Now adding equation (i) and (iii), we get
4 3
−
2 2a = 18 & a = 9 Hence larger number is 9.

x ! [- 4, - 3) , :- 2 , 0g , [1, 3)
3
30. ^a1/8 + a -1/8h^a1/8 - a -1/8h^a1/4 + a -1/4h^a1/2 + a -1/2h

Polynomials = ^a2/8 - a -2/8h^a1/4 + a -1/4h^a1/2 + a -1/2h

24. ^ x + 2y + 2zh + ^ x - 2y - 2z h = ^a1/4 - a -1/4h^a1/4 + a -1/4h^a1/2 + a -1/2h

2 2

= 2 ^ x2 + 4y2 + 4z2 + 8yz i = ^a2/4 - a -2/4h^a1/2 + a -1/2h

= 2x2 + 8x2 + 8z2 + 16yz = ^a1/2 - a -1/2h^a1/2 + a -1/2h = ^a2/2 - a -2/2h = ^a - a -1h

a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc 31. 2 _ 3 + 3 + 3 + ...3 i

25. =
ab + bc + ca - a2 - b2 - c2
]a + b + cg^a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - cah Let x = 3 + 3 + 3 + ...3

^ab + bc + ca - a2 - b2 - c2h & x = 3 + x & x2 = 3 + x
=- ]a + b + cg =- ]- 5 - 6 + 10g =- ]- 1g = 1 & x2 - x - 3 = 0 & x =
1 ! 1 + 12
2
write b =- 6 , here given 5 =- 6 ` 2 _ 3 + 3 + 3 + ...3 i = 2x = 1 ! 13

But x is positive Hence 2x = 1 + 13

1.16 Mathematics
4 5 9 4 ] x + 3g + 5 ] x + 1g 9 40. 3 $ 3 5 = 3 1 / 2 $ 51 / 3 = 3 3 / 6 $ 5 2 / 6 =
32. x + 1 + x + 3 = x + 2 & ]
x + 1g]x + 3g
= x+2

9x + 17 9 = ^33h1/6 ^52h1/6 = ]27g1/6 ]25g1/6

& 2 = x + 2 & 9x2 + 17x + 18x + 34
x + 4x + 3
= ]27 # 25g1/6 = ]675g1/6 = 6 675
= 9x2 + 36x + 27 & 7 = x

2 # 2 # 2 = 2 2 + 2 + 2 = 23/2 = ]23/2g
1 1 1
41.
1/2
33. x2 + 12 = 66 & b x - 1x l + 2 = 66 & b x - 1x l = 64 = 82 = 2 3/ 4
2 2

x
1 42. 5 x - 3 $ 32x - 8 = 225 = 25 # 9
` x - x =! 8

34. ]a + b + cg2 = ^a2 + b2 + ch + 2 ]ab + bc + cag
& 5 x - 3 $ 3 2x - 8 = 5 2 $ 3 2

& x - 3 = 2 and 2x - 8 = 2 & x = 5

= 16 + 2 ]10g = 36
43. 25x ' 2 x = 5 220 & 25x - x = ]220g1/5 & 2 4x = 2 4
` a + b + c =! 6
` 4x = 4 & x = 1
35. Use polynomial long division method.
Ratio And Proportion
36. Use polynomial long division method.
44. 5x2 - 13xy + 6y2 = 0
Surds and Indices
& 5x2 - 10xy - 3xy + 6y2 = 0
37. 3 + 2 and 3 - 2 are reciprocal to each other
& 5x ^ x - 2y h - 3y ^ x - 2y h = 0


= ^ 3 - 2h = 3 + 2 - 2 6 = 5 - 2 6
3- 2
x=
2

& ^ x - 2y h^5x - 3y h = 0
3+ 2

= ^ 3 + 2h = 3 + 2 + 2 6 = 5 + 2 6
3+ 3 x 2
y=
2
x - 2y = 0 & x = 2y & y = 1 & x: y = 2: 1
3- 2
x2 + xy + y2 = ^5 - 2 6 h + ^5 - 2 6 h^5 + 2 6 h + ^5 + 2 6 h x 3
2 2
or 5x - 3y = 0 & 5x = 3y & y = 5 & x: y = 3: 5

= 2 ]25 + 24g + ]25 - 24g = 98 + 1 = 99 45. Salaries of ravi and sumit are 2k and 3k respectively
2 1 3 2K + 4000 40
38. + - By given condition, 3K + 4000 = 57
5+ 3 3+ 2 5+ 2
^ 5 + 3 h^ 5 - 3 h ^ 3 + 2 h^ 3 - 2 h & 114K + 228000 = 120K + 160000
= +
5+ 3 3+ 2
^ 5 + 2 h^ 5 - 2 h & 228000 - 160000 = 120K - 114K
-
5+ 2 68000
& 68000 = 6K & K = 6
= 5- 3+ 3- 2- 5+ 2=0
68000
` Sumit’s salary = 3K = 3 # 6 = 34000
= ^55h20 = ]3125g20
5 1 1
39. (a) 5 1/4
=5 20

46. Let numbers are 3K and 4K

(b) 41/5 = 4 4/20 = ]4 4g20 = ]256g20
1 1

LCM of 3K, 4K is 12K

= ]4 g
1
(c) 4 1/2
=4 10/20 10 20

By given condition, 12K = 180 & K = 15

(d) 31/2 = 310/20 = ^3 h
1
10 20
` first number = 3K = 3 # 15 = 45

` smallest is ]256g = 41/5 = 5 4
1
20
 Basic Mathematics 1.17
47. water : Gold = 1 : 19, water : copper = 1 : 9, Modulus Function

water : Alloy = 1 : 15. Let quantity of gold and 50. Given that x - 2 x + 1 + 3 x + 2 = 0

copper are x and y respectively by given condition, If x < - 2 , - x + 2 ]x + 1g - 3 ]x + 2g = 0

19x + 9y = ^ x + y h 15 & - 2x - 4 = 0 & x =- 2

& 19x + 9y = 15x + 15y & 4x = 6y & 2x = 3y If - 2 # x < - 1 , - x + 2 ]x + 1g + 3 ]x + 2g = 0

x 3 & 4x + 8 = 0 & x =- 2
& y = 2 & x: y = 3: 2
If - 1 # x < 0 , - x - 2 ]x + 1g + 3 ]x + 2g = 0
48. Let total number of students is school is 100
& It is invalid
Number of boys
If x $ 0 , x - 2 ]x + 1g + 3 ]x + 2g = 0
3 3
= 100 # 3 + 2 = 100 # 5 = 60
& 2x + 4 = 0 & x =- 2 it is not possible since x $ 0.
Number of scholarship holder boys
Hence, x =- 2. is the only solution
20
= 60 # 100 = 12
51. x - x = 0 & x = x & x =! x
2 2
Number of girls = 100 # 3 + 2 = 100 # 5 = 40 for +ve , x = x , it is true for all 0 # x < 3

Number of scholarship holder girls for - ve , x =- x & 2x = 0 & x = 0

25 Hence, x ! [0, 3)
= 40 # 100 = 10
52. x 2 + 3x + 2 + x + 1 = 0
Total scholarship holder students = 12 + 10 = 22
& ]x + 2g]x + 1g + x + 1 = 0
` Non scholarship holder students
If x < - 2 , x2 + 3x + 2 + x + 1 = 0 & x2 + 4x + 3 = 0
= 100 - 22 = 78.
& ]x + 3g]x + 1g = 0 & x =- 3, - 1
Hence 78% students does not get the scholarship.
Hence, x =- 3
Method II:
If - 2 # x < - 1 , - x2 - 3x - 2 + x + 1 = 0
Required percentage
&- x2 - 2x - 1 = 0
3 2
= 3 + 2 # 80 + 3 + 2 # 75 = 48 + 30 = 78

& x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 & ]x + 1g2 = 0

49. Let quantity of first and second kind of tea are x and
& x =- 1
y respectively. By given condition
If - 1 # x , x2 + 3x + 2 + x + 1 = 0
Rs .44 # x + Rs .39 # y = Rs .42 ^ x + y h
& x2 + 4x + 3 = 0
& 44x + 39y = 42x + 42y & 2x = 3y
& ]x + 3g]x + 1g = 0 & x =- 3, - 1
x 3
& y = 2 & x:y = 3:2
` x =- 1 . Hence x =- 3 and - 1
1.18 Mathematics
53. x2 + 1 - x2 - 1 = 0 & x2 + 1 = x2 + 1
55. 2x + 4 > 0
It is always true for x ! R because x + 1 > 0
2

We have 2x > 0 , so 2x + 4 > 0 for 6x ! R

54. 2 - 7x < 8

& - 8 < 2 - 7x < 8 & - 10 < - 7x < 6

10 -6
& 10 > 7x > - 6 & 7 > x > 7

`x!b 7 , 7 l
- 6 10

1. Given that A1, A2, A3, ........ be squares such that for 2. Let (1 – x + x 2 …..) (1 + x + x 2 …)
each n $ 1, the length of the side of An equals the
= a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + ......

length of diagonal of An + 1 .

put x = 1

Let an be the side length of An,

1(2n + 1) = a0 + a1 + a2 + ......a2n ……..(i)
an = 2 an + 1 6n $ 1
put x = - 1
a
& n+1 = n
a (2n + 1) # 1 = a0 - a1 + a2 + .....a2n ……..(ii)
2

replace n with (n - 1), (n - 2), .....3, 2, 1
Form (i) + (ii)

a
4n + 2 = 2 (a0 + a2 + ....)
& n = n-1
a .....(i)
= 2 # 61
2
an - 2
& 2n + 1 = 61 & n = 30
a
& n-1 = ..... (ii)
2
a1
a
& 2= ..... (n - 1)
2

multiplying these n - 1 equations we get,
n-1
an = a1 d
1
n
2

put a1 = 12
1 n-1
& n = 12 # d
a n
2

Now given that area of An is less than one,
i.e. (an) 2 < 1


put the value of an
144

& <1
2(n - 1)
& (n - 1) > 144
2
n
& -1 $ 8
n
& $9

Hence the smallest value of n is 9 .